Bio Midterm Review MC- March 2022
which describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule
4 polypeptide chains called globins. There are 2 forms of globins: alpha and beta
what must happen during bone marrow therapy before being injected back into patient?
A virus carrying the normal gene is injected and then the DNA molecules carry the normal gene into the genome of stem cells
Which characteristic corresponds with stage 4 breast cancer?
Cancer has fully metastasized and spread outside the breast. Cancer is incurable.
what are not in energy drinks
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats
organic molecule
Contain chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms called hydrocarbons. Anything containing carbon
in a normal cell, G1 is the checkpoint for
DNA damage
which enzyme fits DNA to synthesize daughter strand
DNA polymerase
transcription process
In nucleus, RNA polyamerse exposes the nucleotide bases of DNA, a copy of mRNA is made from the DNA strand. Uracil is used instead of thymine. mRNA is edited and leaves the nucleus.
why would a researcher use PCR
PCR makes copies of a gene of interest, it can detect mutations and identify pathogens in infections
chemical digestion
Process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use
attached to sugars in DNA
adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
mutation in a tumor suppressor gene
allows unregulated cellular growth
DNA is made up of
alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups
cells growing towards tumor through capillaries
angiogenesis
benign tumors are not a threat because they
are not cancerous
digestive system function
breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste
examples of organic molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Apoptosis
cell death
Interphase
cell duplicates contents of cytoplasm, and DNA replicates in the nucleus. Chromosomes are not yet visible, pair of centrioles are outside the nucleus
Mutations in tumor suppressor genes and proto oncogenes can result in cancer. If both are mutated
cells can divide rapidly leading to cancer
cancer cells
cells that grow and divide continuously at an unregulated pace
DNA is compacted into
chromosomes
Metaphase
chromosomes aligned at spindle equator midway between spindle poles
where do tumor suppressor genes look for damage
code for proteins to find damage in G1 phase
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by
decreasing the activation energy
RBC shape
donut
DNA shape
double helix
largest amount of ATP is produced in which part of cellular respiration
electron transport chain
red blood cells are responsible for
gas exchange throughout the body
which traits are considered inheritable
genes: genetic diseases, hair eye color,
cancer can be influenced by
genetic or environmental factors
correct sequence of events in cellular respiration
glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
how do energy drinks work
increase energy levels, increase mental awareness, reduce muscle fatigue
in which stage does a cell spend most time
interphase
Phases of Mitosis
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis
purpose of translation
link amino acids together to form proteins from RNA
long term energy storage
lipids
purpose of transcription
make an RNA cope of a DNA sequence
sickle cell results in
malformed hemoglobin molecules
proteins
monomer: amino acids polymer: polypeptides, proteins
fats
monomer: glycerol, fatty acids polymer: triglyceride
Carbohydrates
monomer: monosaccharide polymer: polysaccharide
nucleic acid
monomer: nucleotide polymer: DNA, RNA
glucose is a
monosaccharide
cancer begins when
mutations disrupt the normal cell cycle
Telophase and Cytokinesis
new nuclear envelopes form around the daughter chromosomes. Each nucleus contains same number and kinds of chromosomes of parent cell. Division of cytoplasm begins
RBCs do not have
nucleus
in animal cells, DNA is located in the
nucleus
hemoglobin carries
oxygen to the body
tumor suppressor genes for breast cancer
p53 and BRCA1
mechanical digestion
physical breakdown of food
starch is a
polysaccharide
tumor suppressor genes
prevent unregulated cell growth, slow down cell cycle
if damage at g1 is too extensive a cell will
reach apoptosis
hemoglobin functions in
red blood cells
which cell contains millions of hemoglobin per cell
red blood cells
prophase
sister chromatids are held together at the centromere, spindle begins to assemble separating centromeres outside of the nucleus
Anaphase
sister chromatids separate, become daughter chromosomes. Spindle fibers disassemble and each pole gets set of daughter chromosomes
chemotherapy works by
targeting the cell cycle to prevent cell division in rapidly dividing cells
lipds are different because
they are hydrophobic
what is in energy drinks
vitamins, minerals, food additives, and stimulants.
translation process
within cytoplasm, mRNA moves to a ribosome, tRNA reads codons (3 nucleotides) of the mRNA. For each codon, the corresponding amino acid is brought to the ribosome by tRNA and assembled. The polypeptide is released and the ribosome and mRNA may be used again.
