Chapter 17: Endocrine System
Nervous System characteristics
- communicates by means of electrical impulses - reacts relatively quickly to continual stimulation
Endocrine System characteristics
- communicates by means of hormones - reacts more slowly - may continue responding long after stimulus stops - adapts relatively slowly
stage of resistance
- cortisol effects - water retention - immune system suppression
alarm reaction
- epinephrine effects - increased heart rate - liver glycogenolysis - bronchodilation
down-regulation
-In response to a chronic abundance of hormone, the target cell reduces the concentration of receptors. -"Decreased sensitivity" -Decreased response to an increase in hormone. -Decreased hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels.
up-regulation
-In response to a chronic lack of hormones, the target cell increases the concentration of receptors. -Greater response to the same magnitude of hormone release. -Increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training.
Permissive effect
A hormone enhances an organ's response to a second hormone, or increases the activity of the second hormone.
Luteinizing hormone
A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males. target tissue= Ovaries in females; testes in males.
Adrenal Cortex (hormones)
ACTH
ACTH
Adrenal cortex
Growth hormone
Almost every cell in the body
Beta endorphins
Analgesia in the brain
Secretion site of GH, LH, and FSH
Anterior Pituitary
Secretion site of TSH, ACTH, and PRL
Anterior Pituitary
What are the factors causing increased blood glucose by glucagon?
Decreased glycogenesis in the liver Increased glycogenolysis in the liver Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver Increased lipogenesis in fat cells
hormones; target tissues
Endocrine glands secrete ___________ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called ___________.
Check all of the hormones that are secreted by the gonads.
Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone
TRH and TSH function together to decrease the production of T3 and T4.
False
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; stimulates sperm production in males
Liver, Fat, Muscle, Bone ( hormones)
GH IGF
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Glucocorticoid hormone secretion
Check all that are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids Epinephrine Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Gonadocorticoids Norepinephrine
Glucocorticoids Mineralcorticoids Gonadocorticoids
Indicate all of the characterisitics that pertain to the hormone melatonin.
Helps to regulate circadian rhythm Low levels are linked with mood disorders
Secretion site of PIH and Somatostatin
Hypothalamus
Secretion site of TRH, CRH, and GnRH
Hypothalamus
Growth hormone
Increased growth in tissues
Testis/ovaries (hormones)
LH FSH
_____________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _____________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors.
Lipid-soluble; water-soluble
Prolactin (PRL)
Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Melanin production
Prolactin
Milk production in lactating women
Antagonistic effect
One hormone inhibits the secretion and action of another hormone, or has an opposite effect.
FSH and LH
Ovaries in females and testes in males
Luteinizing hormone
Ovulation and progesterone production; stimulates testosterone production in males
Mammary gland ( hormones)
PRL
Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Pancreas
Secretion site of ADH
Posterior Pituitary
Secretion site of OT
Posterior Pituitary
Testosterone is an example of which type of hormone?
Steroid hormone
Pituitary ( hormones)
TRH GHRH CRH GnRH
Thyroid (hormones)
TSH
TSH
Thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid hormone secretion
Produced by Hypothalamic Hormones
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Prolactin-inhibiting hormone Somatostatin
Synergistic effect
Two or more hormones work together to produce a result.
Humoral stimulation
What is the name of the endocrine mode of reflex stimulation that releases hormone(s) due to direct stimulation from changing levels of nutrients or ions in the blood?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs?
Glucocorticoids
Zona fasciculata
Mineralcorticoids
Zona glomerulosa
Sex steroids
Zona reticularis
Follicle-stimulating hormone
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the formation of ova or sperm. Target tissue= Follicles in ovaries; seminiferous tubules.
As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine
and cortisol rise.
Water-soluble hormones ________ pass through the cell membrane.
cannot
Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to
conserve sodium and excrete potassium.
Produced by the Hypothalamus
corticotrophin-releasing hormone growth hormone-releasing hormone gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
Hormone ___________ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells.
elimination
The adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
One example of a hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors is ________.
epinephrine.
The change in ACTH levels in response to stress causes a decrease in glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex.
false
Water-soluble hormones do not readily dissolve within the aqueous environment of the blood and require carrier proteins to be transported in the blood.
false
Produced by the Anterior Pituitary
follicle -stimulating hormone thyroid -stimulating hormone growth hormone.
The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete....
glucagon.
Growth hormone
hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones; Target tissue= found in most tissues.
Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the
hypothalamus.
Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion.
increase; decrease
Antidiuretic hormone (known as ADH or vasopressin)
increases water retention from renal tubules.
Transcription of mRNA is the result of the binding of __________- soluble hormones.
lipid
The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is
melatonin
Water-soluble hormones bind to ____________ receptors.
membrane-bound
A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.
molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones.
Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this takes the form of
negative feedback inhibition.
Lipid-soluble hormones bind to ____________ receptors.
nuclear
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the
posterior pituitary
Thyroid gland
produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth; Target tissue= thyroid stimulating hormone.
Produced by Anterior Pituitary Hormones
prolactin adrenocorticotropic hormone luteinizing hormone
Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to
prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.
Polypeptide hormones, such as FSH and TSH, and biogenic amine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, are all considered ____________ hormones.
protein
Tropic hormones
stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex; Target tissue= adrenal cortex.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
stimulates the melanocytes to produce melanin; target tissue= Melanocytes in the skin.
Beta endorphins
substances produced in the brain that create a feeling of well-being; Target tissue= brain.
An up-regulated cell has an increase in
the number of receptors available for binding.
An example of a hormone that binds to a nuclear receptor is ____________.
thyroid hormone.
A rise in glucocorticoids can promote insulin resistance
true
An increase in stress causes an increase in ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
true
Glucocorticoids suppress the immune system
true
Increased blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion.
true
TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary.
true
TSH stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland.
true