Chapter 17: Endocrine System

Nervous System characteristics

- communicates by means of electrical impulses - reacts relatively quickly to continual stimulation

Endocrine System characteristics

- communicates by means of hormones - reacts more slowly - may continue responding long after stimulus stops - adapts relatively slowly

stage of resistance

- cortisol effects - water retention - immune system suppression

alarm reaction

- epinephrine effects - increased heart rate - liver glycogenolysis - bronchodilation

down-regulation

-In response to a chronic abundance of hormone, the target cell reduces the concentration of receptors. -"Decreased sensitivity" -Decreased response to an increase in hormone. -Decreased hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels.

up-regulation

-In response to a chronic lack of hormones, the target cell increases the concentration of receptors. -Greater response to the same magnitude of hormone release. -Increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training.

Permissive effect

A hormone enhances an organ's response to a second hormone, or increases the activity of the second hormone.

Luteinizing hormone

A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males. target tissue= Ovaries in females; testes in males.

Adrenal Cortex (hormones)

ACTH

ACTH

Adrenal cortex

Growth hormone

Almost every cell in the body

Beta endorphins

Analgesia in the brain

Secretion site of GH, LH, and FSH

Anterior Pituitary

Secretion site of TSH, ACTH, and PRL

Anterior Pituitary

What are the factors causing increased blood glucose by glucagon?

Decreased glycogenesis in the liver Increased glycogenolysis in the liver Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver Increased lipogenesis in fat cells

hormones; target tissues

Endocrine glands secrete ___________ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called ___________.

Check all of the hormones that are secreted by the gonads.

Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone

TRH and TSH function together to decrease the production of T3 and T4.

False

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; stimulates sperm production in males

Liver, Fat, Muscle, Bone ( hormones)

GH IGF

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Glucocorticoid hormone secretion

Check all that are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids Epinephrine Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Gonadocorticoids Norepinephrine

Glucocorticoids Mineralcorticoids Gonadocorticoids

Indicate all of the characterisitics that pertain to the hormone melatonin.

Helps to regulate circadian rhythm Low levels are linked with mood disorders

Secretion site of PIH and Somatostatin

Hypothalamus

Secretion site of TRH, CRH, and GnRH

Hypothalamus

Growth hormone

Increased growth in tissues

Testis/ovaries (hormones)

LH FSH

_____________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _____________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors.

Lipid-soluble; water-soluble

Prolactin (PRL)

Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Melanin production

Prolactin

Milk production in lactating women

Antagonistic effect

One hormone inhibits the secretion and action of another hormone, or has an opposite effect.

FSH and LH

Ovaries in females and testes in males

Luteinizing hormone

Ovulation and progesterone production; stimulates testosterone production in males

Mammary gland ( hormones)

PRL

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Pancreas

Secretion site of ADH

Posterior Pituitary

Secretion site of OT

Posterior Pituitary

Testosterone is an example of which type of hormone?

Steroid hormone

Pituitary ( hormones)

TRH GHRH CRH GnRH

Thyroid (hormones)

TSH

TSH

Thyroid gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Thyroid hormone secretion

Produced by Hypothalamic Hormones

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Prolactin-inhibiting hormone Somatostatin

Synergistic effect

Two or more hormones work together to produce a result.

Humoral stimulation

What is the name of the endocrine mode of reflex stimulation that releases hormone(s) due to direct stimulation from changing levels of nutrients or ions in the blood?

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs?

Glucocorticoids

Zona fasciculata

Mineralcorticoids

Zona glomerulosa

Sex steroids

Zona reticularis

Follicle-stimulating hormone

a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the formation of ova or sperm. Target tissue= Follicles in ovaries; seminiferous tubules.

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine

and cortisol rise.

Water-soluble hormones ________ pass through the cell membrane.

cannot

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

conserve sodium and excrete potassium.

Produced by the Hypothalamus

corticotrophin-releasing hormone growth hormone-releasing hormone gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

Hormone ___________ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells.

elimination

The adrenal medulla secretes

epinephrine and norepinephrine.

One example of a hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors is ________.

epinephrine.

The change in ACTH levels in response to stress causes a decrease in glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex.

false

Water-soluble hormones do not readily dissolve within the aqueous environment of the blood and require carrier proteins to be transported in the blood.

false

Produced by the Anterior Pituitary

follicle -stimulating hormone thyroid -stimulating hormone growth hormone.

The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete....

glucagon.

Growth hormone

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones; Target tissue= found in most tissues.

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the

hypothalamus.

Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion.

increase; decrease

Antidiuretic hormone (known as ADH or vasopressin)

increases water retention from renal tubules.

Transcription of mRNA is the result of the binding of __________- soluble hormones.

lipid

The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is

melatonin

Water-soluble hormones bind to ____________ receptors.

membrane-bound

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones.

Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this takes the form of

negative feedback inhibition.

Lipid-soluble hormones bind to ____________ receptors.

nuclear

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the

posterior pituitary

Thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth; Target tissue= thyroid stimulating hormone.

Produced by Anterior Pituitary Hormones

prolactin adrenocorticotropic hormone luteinizing hormone

Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to

prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.

Polypeptide hormones, such as FSH and TSH, and biogenic amine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, are all considered ____________ hormones.

protein

Tropic hormones

stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex; Target tissue= adrenal cortex.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

stimulates the melanocytes to produce melanin; target tissue= Melanocytes in the skin.

Beta endorphins

substances produced in the brain that create a feeling of well-being; Target tissue= brain.

An up-regulated cell has an increase in

the number of receptors available for binding.

An example of a hormone that binds to a nuclear receptor is ____________.

thyroid hormone.

A rise in glucocorticoids can promote insulin resistance

true

An increase in stress causes an increase in ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

true

Glucocorticoids suppress the immune system

true

Increased blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion.

true

TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary.

true

TSH stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland.

true