bio quiz questions

G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

The cell cycle is a series of events that occur in which order?

genetics

The scientific study of the transmission of traits from one generation to the next is called __________

X and Y

The sex chromosomes in humans that make an individual a male are __________. >

Anaphase

The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

female

XX

male

XY

male

XhY

DNA only

deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, thymine base

during cell division daughter cells are genetically identical to the mother cell

ew molecules of DNA are synthesized by copying the genetic sequence of another molecule of DNA, which we call the template, so that __________.

The individual represented in this karyotype is a _________. picture of three small karyos

female with Down syndrome

Both DNA and RNA

guanine base, nucleotide, phosphate

maternal and paternal chromosomes

homologous chromosomes

dna

is a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell, shaped like a double helix, and associated with the transmission of genetic information

Malginant Tumors

is an abnormally growing mass of cells that is actively spreading through the body.

character

is an inherited feature that varies from individual to individual

protein

is made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, attached to one another in long chains.

trait

is one particular variation of a character.

transcription

is the first step of gene expression, during which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA.

Genotype

is the genetic makeup of an organism.

translation

is the process in which mRNA codons are converted into an amino acid sequence.

metastasis

is the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites in the body.

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

benign tumor

s a lump of abnormal cells that, although growing out of control, remains at its original site.

ribosome

serves as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

haploid gametes

sperm and egg

RNA only

uracil base, ribose sugar, single-stranded

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

Interphase

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during

can synthesize DNA from an RNA template

A characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that makes it different from some other RNA viruses is that it __________.

her egg cells

A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the:

Deoxyribose

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

phosphate group

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms

monohybrid cross

A genetic cross involving parents that differ in a single character is called a

four haploid cells

A single cell passing through meiosis and cytokinesis results in the formation of __________.

hydrogen bond

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

recessive allele

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

replication

DNA copies itself via the process of

CGTCATC

DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides. Suppose that a portion of one of the two strands of a DNA molecule has the sequence GCAGTAG.

small

DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.

prophase I.

During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?

homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs

During prophase I of meiosis,

3

Early geneticists wondered how only four nucleotides could specify the sequence of 20 amino acids in proteins. Today we know that there is a genetic code in which __________ nucleotide(s) code(s) for each amino acid.

they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect

How do mutations affect an organism?

dominant

If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is expressed in the organism is called the _________ allele

Recessive

If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is not expressed in the organism is called the ___________ allele

Her genotype cannot be determined.

Imagine that a deaf male has a child with a hearing female. You know that the male must have the genotype dd, but the female could be either Dd or DD.

A specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule codes for the lipase enzyme. The base sequence that codes for the lipase enzyme is duplicated during DNA replication.

Lipase is an enzyme (a type of protein) that breaks down fats.

gene locus

Location of a gene on a chromosome

four haploid cells

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces

Alleles

Most human genes come in alternate versions calle

male ... the male can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome

Part A Part complete In humans, the __________ determines the sex of the offspring because __________.

chromosomes

Part complete Most of an organism's DNA is carried by its __________.

Metaphase

Part complete The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

before a cell divides

Replication of chromosomal DNA occurs __________

Meoisis II

Same as I, but now 4 haploid cells form

meiosis ... fertilization

Sexual reproduction requires the cellular process of __________ followed by __________.

The anticodon of an incoming __________ molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA __________ at the ribosome

TRNA .... codon

multiple alleles

The ABO blood group in humans is an example of __________ producing four phenotypes.

Both are composed of nucleotides.

What do DNA and RNA have in common?

lose water by osmosis and shrivel

An animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will __________.

cancer

An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have

nitrogenous base

An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA

base pairs

Any of the pairs formed between complimentary bases in the two nucleotide chains of DNA, such as A-T and C-G (DNA); A-U and C-G (RNA)

can produce offspring genetically identical to the one single parent

Asexual reproduction __________.

Cytokinesis

At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.

hypertonic ... greater

In osmosis, water moves across a selectively permeable membrane toward the __________ solution; that is, toward the solution with the __________ solute concentration.

Prophase

The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?

Telophase

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

The correct order of events during meiosis is

from DNA to RNA to protein

The flow of information in a cell proceeds __________.

the order of the nucleotides in the molecule

The information carried by a DNA molecule is in __________.

cystic fibrosis

The most common lethal genetic disease in the United States is _____.

nondisjunction

Accidents can occur in meiosis wherein members of a chromosome pair fail to separate at anaphase. This is called __________.

Dominant allele

An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

active transport

"The use of energy to move molecules across a membrane" is the definition of __________. View Available Hint(s)

diffusion

The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called __________.

Phenotype

The physical traits of an organism are called its

rna

The principal role of _________ is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA out of the nucleus for the synthesis of proteins.

If a deaf man and a hearing woman have a deaf child, the mother's genotype must be Dd. If a deaf child is born to hearing parents, both parents must be Dd. The child of a deaf man and a DD hearing woman will definitely have hearing

Use the Punnett square from the introduction and the ones you drew for Part A to select the three statements that are true about the inheritance of this form of deafness.

They interfere with cell division

What is the primary characteristic of chemotherapy drugs that causes them to target cancer?

1/2

What is the probability of offspring with the genotype aa when you cross individuals of genotypes Aa and aa?

The chromosomes must be duplicated

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

cell replacement

Which of the following is a function of the cell cycle that, in eukaryotes, involves mitosis?

polygenic inheritance

Which of the following is used to define a phenotypic characteristic resulting from the expression of two or more genes?

a G paired with a T

Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?

XO

Which one of the following combinations of sex chromosomes results in Turner syndrome?

Water enters a plant by passing through the root cell membranes.

Which one of the following is an example of osmosis?

Phagocytosis

Which one of the following terms is sometimes called "cell eating"?

crossing over independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis random fertilization

Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?

the gene for hemophilia is sex-linked

Why are human males much more likely than human females to inherit the recessive condition hemophilia (a failure of the blood to clot properly)?

46

With the exception of gametes, a human cell contains __________ chromosomes.