bio quiz questions
G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis
The cell cycle is a series of events that occur in which order?
genetics
The scientific study of the transmission of traits from one generation to the next is called __________
X and Y
The sex chromosomes in humans that make an individual a male are __________. >
Anaphase
The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
female
XX
male
XY
male
XhY
DNA only
deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, thymine base
during cell division daughter cells are genetically identical to the mother cell
ew molecules of DNA are synthesized by copying the genetic sequence of another molecule of DNA, which we call the template, so that __________.
The individual represented in this karyotype is a _________. picture of three small karyos
female with Down syndrome
Both DNA and RNA
guanine base, nucleotide, phosphate
maternal and paternal chromosomes
homologous chromosomes
dna
is a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell, shaped like a double helix, and associated with the transmission of genetic information
Malginant Tumors
is an abnormally growing mass of cells that is actively spreading through the body.
character
is an inherited feature that varies from individual to individual
protein
is made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, attached to one another in long chains.
trait
is one particular variation of a character.
transcription
is the first step of gene expression, during which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA.
Genotype
is the genetic makeup of an organism.
translation
is the process in which mRNA codons are converted into an amino acid sequence.
metastasis
is the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites in the body.
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
benign tumor
s a lump of abnormal cells that, although growing out of control, remains at its original site.
ribosome
serves as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
haploid gametes
sperm and egg
RNA only
uracil base, ribose sugar, single-stranded
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
Interphase
A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during
can synthesize DNA from an RNA template
A characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that makes it different from some other RNA viruses is that it __________.
her egg cells
A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the:
Deoxyribose
A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
phosphate group
A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms
monohybrid cross
A genetic cross involving parents that differ in a single character is called a
four haploid cells
A single cell passing through meiosis and cytokinesis results in the formation of __________.
hydrogen bond
A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
recessive allele
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Autosomes
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
replication
DNA copies itself via the process of
CGTCATC
DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides. Suppose that a portion of one of the two strands of a DNA molecule has the sequence GCAGTAG.
small
DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.
prophase I.
During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?
homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs
During prophase I of meiosis,
3
Early geneticists wondered how only four nucleotides could specify the sequence of 20 amino acids in proteins. Today we know that there is a genetic code in which __________ nucleotide(s) code(s) for each amino acid.
they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect
How do mutations affect an organism?
dominant
If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is expressed in the organism is called the _________ allele
Recessive
If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is not expressed in the organism is called the ___________ allele
Her genotype cannot be determined.
Imagine that a deaf male has a child with a hearing female. You know that the male must have the genotype dd, but the female could be either Dd or DD.
A specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule codes for the lipase enzyme. The base sequence that codes for the lipase enzyme is duplicated during DNA replication.
Lipase is an enzyme (a type of protein) that breaks down fats.
gene locus
Location of a gene on a chromosome
four haploid cells
Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces
Alleles
Most human genes come in alternate versions calle
male ... the male can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome
Part A Part complete In humans, the __________ determines the sex of the offspring because __________.
chromosomes
Part complete Most of an organism's DNA is carried by its __________.
Metaphase
Part complete The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
before a cell divides
Replication of chromosomal DNA occurs __________
Meoisis II
Same as I, but now 4 haploid cells form
meiosis ... fertilization
Sexual reproduction requires the cellular process of __________ followed by __________.
The anticodon of an incoming __________ molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA __________ at the ribosome
TRNA .... codon
multiple alleles
The ABO blood group in humans is an example of __________ producing four phenotypes.
Both are composed of nucleotides.
What do DNA and RNA have in common?
lose water by osmosis and shrivel
An animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will __________.
cancer
An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have
nitrogenous base
An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA
base pairs
Any of the pairs formed between complimentary bases in the two nucleotide chains of DNA, such as A-T and C-G (DNA); A-U and C-G (RNA)
can produce offspring genetically identical to the one single parent
Asexual reproduction __________.
Cytokinesis
At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.
hypertonic ... greater
In osmosis, water moves across a selectively permeable membrane toward the __________ solution; that is, toward the solution with the __________ solute concentration.
Prophase
The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?
Telophase
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.
The correct order of events during meiosis is
from DNA to RNA to protein
The flow of information in a cell proceeds __________.
the order of the nucleotides in the molecule
The information carried by a DNA molecule is in __________.
cystic fibrosis
The most common lethal genetic disease in the United States is _____.
nondisjunction
Accidents can occur in meiosis wherein members of a chromosome pair fail to separate at anaphase. This is called __________.
Dominant allele
An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
active transport
"The use of energy to move molecules across a membrane" is the definition of __________. View Available Hint(s)
diffusion
The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called __________.
Phenotype
The physical traits of an organism are called its
rna
The principal role of _________ is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA out of the nucleus for the synthesis of proteins.
If a deaf man and a hearing woman have a deaf child, the mother's genotype must be Dd. If a deaf child is born to hearing parents, both parents must be Dd. The child of a deaf man and a DD hearing woman will definitely have hearing
Use the Punnett square from the introduction and the ones you drew for Part A to select the three statements that are true about the inheritance of this form of deafness.
They interfere with cell division
What is the primary characteristic of chemotherapy drugs that causes them to target cancer?
1/2
What is the probability of offspring with the genotype aa when you cross individuals of genotypes Aa and aa?
The chromosomes must be duplicated
What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?
cell replacement
Which of the following is a function of the cell cycle that, in eukaryotes, involves mitosis?
polygenic inheritance
Which of the following is used to define a phenotypic characteristic resulting from the expression of two or more genes?
a G paired with a T
Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?
XO
Which one of the following combinations of sex chromosomes results in Turner syndrome?
Water enters a plant by passing through the root cell membranes.
Which one of the following is an example of osmosis?
Phagocytosis
Which one of the following terms is sometimes called "cell eating"?
crossing over independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis random fertilization
Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?
the gene for hemophilia is sex-linked
Why are human males much more likely than human females to inherit the recessive condition hemophilia (a failure of the blood to clot properly)?
46
With the exception of gametes, a human cell contains __________ chromosomes.