Bio Study Guide Ch 8

A permanent change in the DNA base sequence due to an uncorrected mismatch error is called: a. mutation b. replication c. repair protein d. insertion

a

A scientist is interested in studying the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer: a. the scientist should select a prokaryotic cell b. the scientist should select a eukaryotic cell c. the scientist can select either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell d. the scientist will need to design a novel cell using DNA sequencing

a

Along one side of a DNA molecule, the nuceleotides are connected to each other by: a. covalent bonds between phosphate groups and sugar molecules b. hydrogen bonds between adenine and guanine c. covalent bonds between bases and sugar molecules d. hydrogen bonds between adjacent sugar molecules

a

Once replication in a DNA molecule is complete, each new DNA molecule contains: a. one old strand and one new strand b. the paired old strands and the paired new strands c. new DNA polymerase d. a new sequence of nucleotides

a

The difference between the different alleles of a gene is: a. their DNA base sequences b. the way they are copied when the cell divides c. the type of lipid they are composed of d. they are not heritable

a

The order of the base pairs in a DNA molecule: a. differs from species to species b. is identical in all organisms c. is identical in organisms of the same species d. differs from cell to cell in a given organism

a

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to: a. produce many copies of a selected DNA sequence b. insert DNA from one organisms into a new host c. screen for a particular gene d. deliver DNA products into a human patient

a

The two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by _________ bonds between their base pairs. a. hydrogen b. amino acid c. phosphate d. protein

a

When bases of DNA bind to the complementary strand: a. A always pairs with T b. A sometimes pairs with T c. A always pairs with C d. A sometimes pairs with C

a

When examining the two complementary strands of nucleotides in one DNA molecule, you would expect to find that: a. the sum of Gs and Cs in one strand would be equal to the sum of the Gs and Cs in the other strand b. the sum of Ts and As in one strand would be equal to the sum of the Cs and Gs in the other strand c. the sum of Ts and As in one strand would be greater than the sum of the Ts and As in the other strand d. the sum of As and Cs in one strand would be less than the sum of the Ts and Gs in the other strand

a

Which of the following must occur for a mismatch error to be repaired? a. DNA repair proteins identify damaged DNA b. the sequence of nucleotides in the damaged DNA sequence guides the synthesis of the correct DNA sequence c. DNA-eating enzymes within the nucelus destroy entire strands of damaged DNA d. the damaged DNA undergoes DNA replication one more time

a

A detective finds a miniscule spot of blood on a murder suspect's shirt. What method would she expect the police lab to use to get enough DNA from the blood droplet to perform DNA fingerprinting? a. inserting the blood's DNA into viral DNA b. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) c. inserting the sample's DNA into a plasmid d. DNA sequencing

b

A rapidly dividing cell is exposed to a chemical that converts the bond that forms between adenine and thymine to a covalent bond. Which of the following is most likely to occur? a. DNA replication would produce two molecules of DNA with mutations at every base that once held an A-T base pair b. DNA replication would not occur because the two nucleotide strands that make up the DNA molecule would not be able to separate c. DNA replication would occur more slowly because DNA repair proteins would have to fix the covalent bonds before replication could begin d. DNA replication would be faster because covalent bonds require less energy to break than hydrogen bonds

b

A scientist identifies a new cell with a single chromosome that is able to do gene transfer: a. this cell will likely be classified as a eukaryotic cell b. this cell will likely be classified as a prokaryotic cell c. this cell cannot be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic d. this cell will likely be classified as both prokaryotic and eukaryotic

b

A segment of DNA in a test tube replicates and produces many copies of itself. What was probably in the test tube that enhanced this process? a. repair enzymes b. polymerase c. plasmids d. a mutagen

b

DNA replication: a. involves the copying of only the parts of a chromosome that encode protein b. occurs before mitosis in the cell cycle c. is constantly occurring in all the cells in your body d. converts the double helix to two single helices

b

Damaged DNA may be repaired by a special class of: a. nucleotides b. proteins c. deoxyribose molecules d. phosphate bonds

b

If a segment of double-stranded DNA has 20% A, how much of it is C? a. 20% b. 30% c. 40% d. 60%

b

Replication of DNA cannot begin until: a. phosphate bonds between nucleotides are broken b. hydrogen bonds between complementary bases are broken c. covalent bonds between sugar molecules are broken d. hydrogen bonds between nucleotides in one strand are broken

b

The adenine bases in a DNA molecule are radioactively labeled. The DNA is then placed in a solution containing unlabeled nucleotides and the enzymes needed for DNA replication. The DNA molecule is allowed to replicate twice, forming 4 new DNA molecules. You would find the radioactively labeled adenine in: a. each of the eight strands b. two of the eight strands c. all but one strand d. six of the eight strands

b

The significance of specific base pairing in DNA is that: a. it stabilizes the sugar molecule b. it provides a method for making exact copies of DNA c. it prevents errors in DNA replication d. protein copies can be made directly from the DNA

b

DNA fingerprinting is based on regions of DNA that are variable between individuals. Many of these differences between individuals produce no change in phenotype. This type of mutation is: a. deletion b. insertion c. silent mutation d. substitution method

c

DNA polymerase is used in the lab to: a. perform gel electrophoresis procedures b. cure patients of certain genetic diseases c. make many copies of a DNA sequence d. attach DNA fragments to each other

c

Is a species that lacks DNA repair mechanisms likely to have more or fewer variations between individuals than a species that possesses repair mechanisms? a. fewer, because there are fewer ways to change the DNA b. fewer, because the repair mechanisms introduce more variation into the DNA sequence c. more, because more spontaneous mutations will go uncorrected d. more, because without a repair mechanism, the cell's DNA replication genes are inactivated

c

Mismatch errors are: a. almost always corrected by mutagens b. also called mutations c. almost always corrected by specialized proteins d. usually caused by mutated proteins

c

The hereditary genetic material present in all living cells is: a. carbohydrate b. protein c. DNA d. RNA

c

What part of a nucleotide accounts for the genetic variation between individuals? a. sugar b. phosphate c. base d. polymerase

c

What would be the result if DNA polymerase did not have the ability to proofread? a. DNA replication would not proceed at all b. DNA replication would proceed more slowly c. DNA replication would result in more mutations d. DNA replication would result in additional copies of DNA

c

When looking at a single-stranded piece of DNA, a. G will always be next to C b. G will always be next to G c. G will sometimes be next to T d. G will never be next to A

c

Which of the following does NOT correctly state a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA organization. a. prokaryotic DNA groups genes with related functions together, whereas eukaryotic DNA does not b. prokaryoticDNA has few noncoding regions, unlike eukaryotic DNA c. eukaryotic DNA is usually arranged more simply than prokaryotic DNA d. eukaryotic genomes contain more genes than prokaryotic genomes

c

A scientist uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to compare the sequence of a disease and a healthy gene. The scientist finds that these two genes are identical except for one G in place of a T at position 256 in the gene. This type of mutation is: a. deletion b. insertion c. silent mutation d. substitution mutation

d

How many phosphate groups are present in a single strand of DNA? a. the same number as there are adenine bases b. the same number as there are in adenine + thymine bases c. the same number as there are in guanine + cytosine bases d. the same number as there are adenine + thymine + guanine + cytosine bases

d

If one strand of DNA has the sequence CGATT, the sequence of the other strand of the same molecule will be: a. CGATT b. GCTUU c. TACGG d. GCTAA

d

In a strand of DNA, C will always be bound with: a. A b. T c. C d. G

d

The DNA primers used in polymerase chain reaction are: a. identical to the entire base sequence of one strand of the DNA b. produced when a gene of interest is read by restriction enzymes c. attached to the gene of interest by polymerase d. complementary to DNA sequences at both ends of the DNA sequence of interest

d

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique could be developed only after the discovery of bacterial enzymes that were able to withstand high temperatures. Why was it necessary to use such enzymes? a. only bacterial DNA can be copied using the PCR method, so bacterial enzymes were necessary b. bacterial enzymes can bind to DNA outside of a cell c. DNA can be cut into fragments only at high temperatures d. the temperature required to separate DNA strands during PCR degrades most normal enzymes

d

The sequence of DNA differs among individuals within a species. This is the basis for: a. mutation b. protein structure c. base pairing d. variations in phenotypes

d

When a cell divides, it: a. breaks down its DNA b. deletes old genetic information c. copies information from neighboring cells d. copies its own genetic information

d

Which of the following is not a base found in DNA? a. thymine b. adenine c. guanine d. uracil

d

Which of the following is true of eukaryotic genomes? a. they consist of a single chromosome b. most of the DNA codes for proteins c. genes are organized by function d. the DNA is in the nucleus of the cell

d

Which of the following will NOT generally cause mutations? a. chemicals b. radiation c. viruses d. DNA replication

d