BIO Test 4

Lakukan tugas rumah & ujian kamu dengan baik sekarang menggunakan Quizwiz!

Select the correct statement about essential nutrients.

Essential nutrients must be obtained from diet.

Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?

Examine the teeth to determine how sharp or ground down they are.

Identical twins have identical genes. If one twin has type 1 diabetes, the other twin will also have type 1 diabetes approximately 50% of the time. What can you conclude from this information?

Genes are not the sole reason that individuals acquire type 1 diabetes.

George is a 67-year-old male who was recently diagnosed with emphysema, a condition that causes shortness of breath due to damaged alveoli. George's physician measured his breathing ability and found that he was able to exhale less air than a healthy male should be able to. What is George's residual volume compared to a healthy male?

George's residual volume will be higher compared to a healthy male.

In the figure given below, the clade Deuterostomia is most closely related to which two main clades?

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?

It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.

Air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 20% and its overall air pressure is 500 mm Hg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in this chamber?

100 mm Hg

Researchers measure animals' oxygen consumption (VO2) as a way to quantify metabolic rate. A researcher measured the VO2 for two animals, A and B, as function of ambient temperature and collected the data shown in the figure. One of the animals was an ectotherm, and one was an endotherm. Based on these data, which animal was the endotherm, and why?

Animal A is the endotherm because at colder temperatures endotherms need to warm themselves through their own metabolic activity.

The members of which clade in the phylum Cnidaria exist only as polyps?

Anthozoa

Which of the following best describes an artery?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the __________ explosion.

Cambrian

Select the correct statement about capillary beds.

Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.

You are observing an unknown animal species in the Amazon rain forest and want to know whether it is an ectotherm or an endotherm. Which of the following methods would be the least helpful in making this determination?

Determine the animal's urine production, and compare it to ambient temperature at various times throughout the day and night.

Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins?

Deuterostomes have indeterminate development.

In 2011 it was reported that scientists used GPS to create a "map" of bats' molar teeth (similar to how GPS can produce a topographic map of a mountain). Why would scientists want to pursue this project?

Differences in the features of the molars might suggest evolutionary adaptations to diet.

Suppose you drink several large glasses of orange juice at breakfast. What type of urine will you produce, and how?

Dilute urine will be produced by inhibition of ADH secretion.

How do endotherms and ectotherms differ?

Endotherms and ectotherms differ in the means by which they regulate their body temperature. Submit

Which of the following is an accurate statement about thermoregulation?

Endotherms and ectotherms differ in their primary source of heat for thermoregulation.

Vertebrates have two major communication and control systems: the endocrine system and the nervous system. Choose the correct statement describing the coordination of these systems.

Epinephrine functions as a hormone in the endocrine system and as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system.

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is _____.

Porifera

The longest time a human has been recorded holding their breath is over 22 minutes! When you hold your breath, what happens to your blood chemistry?

The CO2 concentration increases, the hydrogen ion concentration increases, and the pH decreases.

If the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is well substantiated in the future, then what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record?

The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete.

According to the figure below, what is the smallest monophyletic group that includes dinosaurs?

The group should include birds, the two dinosaur lineages, and the common ancestor of the dinosaurs.

What is true in the molecular phylogeny (B) that is not true in the traditional phylogeny (A)?

To maintain Deuterostomia as a clade, some phyla had to be removed from it.

Most individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes have an increased probability of having inherited the disease from both parents. Additionally, Caucasians have the highest diagnosed rate of type 1 diabetes. What can you conclude from this information?

Type 1 diabetes risk factors are likely more prevalent in Caucasians than in other races.

Identify the roles played by human gut bacteria.

Ulcers are caused by the acid-tolerant bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

In a phylogenetic tree, a lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the evolutionary history of the group is described as

a basal taxon.

Stroke occurs when _____.

a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue

One important evolutionary change that occurred with the rise of animals is

a change from a microbe-only environment to one of large producers, predators, and prey.

In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, __________.

a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change

Organisms with a circulating bodily fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have

a closed circulatory system.

The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing

a decrease in its oxygen content.

Edema, or swelling, is a potentially serious medical issue where a significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding cells and tissues occurs. If edema were to occur in the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs, what is the most likely outcome?

a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood

The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by

a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Trypsin is a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins at the carboxyl terminus of lysine or arginine amino acids. Suppose you added trypsin to a test tube with a protein that contained lysine and arginine amino acids and that the conditions allowed trypsin to be active. What would you expect to observe as the reaction occurred?

a decrease in the water concentration

A general rule relating the capacity of a specific animal's digestive system to provide adequate access to substrates for biosynthesis of cellular components as well as energy molecules needed for ATP production is that the animal should have access to

a diet that matches needed chemical energy, essential nutrient, and organic molecule building blocks.

Which of the following is radially symmetrical?

a doughnut

A football player has been rushed to the emergency room after passing out during practice on a hot day. The player is sweating extensively but appears to have normal blood pressure. As the attending physician, you need to give the player a drug to counteract his symptoms. Which of the following drugs would be best to give the player?

a drug that acts like ADH

Which of the following functions as both a mouth and an anus in members of the phylum Cnidaria?

a gastrovascular cavity

What conclusion is apparent from the data in the table?

The expansion in number of Hox genes throughout vertebrate evolution cannot be explained merely by three duplications of the ancestral vertebrate Hox cluster.

Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists?

The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes.

Thiazide is a medicinal drug that blocks reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the distal convoluted tubule. What effect will thiazide have on the resulting filtrate?

The filtrate will be more dilute.

Suppose homeostasis in a mammal was suddenly affected such that the osmolarity of the medulla of the kidney was equal along the entire length of the loop of Henle. How would this affect the filtrate at the junction of the descending and ascending loops of Henle?

The filtrate would be less concentrated than normal.

During mammalian labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced partly by the actions of oxytocin. This is an example of

a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop.

Natural selection refers to

a mechanism of evolution.

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

a mineralized, bony skeleton

In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion of nephrons with loops of Henle that extend deep into the renal medulla?

a mouse species living in a desert

A student catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a slimy substance on its surface, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, a tongue, and two small eyes. The student thinks it might be a marine hagfish or a lamprey. Which feature excludes the organism from possibly being a lamprey?

a slimy substance on its surface

Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having

a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as

absorption

The small intestine has a very large surface area that directly facilitates high rates of

absorption.

Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange

across the finest branches of the trachea and cell membranes.

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of

adaptive radiation.

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol. Protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes __________.

add a water molecule to break bonds

The endocrine gland that produces epinephrine is the

adrenal medulla

Which of the following chordates is least likely to look like other chordates?

adult tunicate

Which of these are amniotes?

all mammals

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system

allows for specialized regions with specialized functions.

In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the

alveoli

When digested, proteins are broken down into _____.

amino acids

Freshwater fish excrete nitrogenous wastes as __________.

ammonia

What is a primary, common evolutionary feature of all reptiles, mammals, and birds?

amniotic egg

Listed below are four adaptations of terrestrial vertebrates. Which is a characteristic only of truly terrestrial animals with NO need to return to water at any stage of the life cycle?

amniotic eggs

Which of the following groups contains members most closely associated with a wet or moist environment?

amphibians

A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be

an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain.

The diagnostic feature of Chondrichthyes is __________.

an endoskeleton of cartilage

In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X,

an increase in A always produces an increase in X, which results in an increase in A.

Use of the illegal drug MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, may cause hyperthermia (increased body temperature), which may cause a person to drink a lot of water. In addition, MDMA increases the production of vasopressin. What is the most likely outcome if a person takes MDMA and experiences hyperthermia, increased water intake, and increased vasopressin production?

an increase in blood pressure and the production of concentrated urine

An example of a homeostatic response is

an increase in body temperature that results from involuntary shivering.

The decline of cyanobacteria in the early Cambrian oceans was most likely related to

an increase in organisms with suspension-feeding mouthparts.

An increase in blood plasma pH from 7.3 to 7.4 will cause

an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules.

A biologist discovers the carcass of an animal that was recently partially eaten by a predator in the jungle. The animal's heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the

animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate.

A main difference between organisms with simple body plans and those with complex body plans is that

animals with simple body plans have a digestive compartment with one opening, whereas organisms with complex body plans have digestive tubes with two openings.

Abnormally reduced somatic growth (dwarfism) can be a consequence of decreased hormone secretion from the

anterior pituitary gland.

The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart

are able to prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

All hormones

are carried to target cells in the blood.

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians

are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures.

Members of the phylum Mollusca __________.

are soft-bodied and often covered by a shell

Carbohydrate digestion yields monosaccharides, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes

are types of hydrolysis reactions.

To survive, all animals must _____.

balance consumption of food with use and storage of nutrients

Why has natural selection favored the evolution of double circulation in birds and mammals?

because they use more energy than equivalent-size reptiles and amphibians

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are

both measured in animals experiencing a resting and fasting state.

Bacteria in the human gut are which of the following?

both pathogens and mutualists

Fossil steroid and molecular clock evidence suggests that animals originated __________.

both the first and the second choice listed

Hemoglobin and hemocyanin

both transport oxygen.

Animals obtain the energy they need for growth by

breaking down organic molecules.

The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____.

bronchiole

Suppose that a patient is diagnosed with a tumor in her parathyroid gland such that excess PTH is secreted. What can be given to the patient to counteract the effects of the tumor?

calcitonin

The "essential nutrients" for proper human nutrition include _____.

calcium, sodium, potassium, and other minerals

Different types of food are eaten by various groups of animals, but it is usually true that _____.

cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine

Hormones are __________.

chemical signals between cells, transported in blood or hemolymph

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?

choanocyte

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

chondrichthyans

All of the following are present in arterioles and in capillaries except

circular smooth muscle cells.

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes (genes that regulate development of anatomical structures) but no Hox genes (genes that regulate development of posterior-anterior axes and body segments). If true, this finding would

confirm the identity of sponges as basal animals.

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

defense

Which of the following mammals likely produces the most concentrated urine?

desert kangaroo rats

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the

development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls.

Different cells in the body are able to uniquely respond to the same hormones because

different target cells may use different signal transduction pathways.

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize

diffusion

Suppose a herd of dairy cows is given an excess of antibiotics, which enter their stomachs. What biological process will the cows now have difficulty performing?

digesting cellulose

The box jellyfish is a carnivore that feeds on fish, crustaceans, and plankton and contains a gastrovascular cavity. Suppose a box jellyfish had a mutation in its genome such that it could not secrete any molecules from its gland cells. What biological process would this box jellyfish have difficulty performing?

digestion of food into smaller particles

Homeostasis typically relies on negative feedback because positive feedback __________.

drives processes to completion rather than to a balance point

The hormone epinephrine causes opposite effects in two populations of target cells because __________.

each set of target cells has different receptor-transduction mechanisms

Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures?

earthworms

Increased ADH secretion likely occurs after

eating a large bowl of salty popcorn.

Which of the following can cause the LDL/HDL ratio to increase and thus increase the likelihood of a myocardial infarction?

eating more trans fats

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells and the organ where this hormone is synthesized are

erythropoietin and kidney, respectively.

The production of red blood cells is stimulated by

erythropoietin.

Animals can lose heat, but cannot gain heat, through the process of

evaporation

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by

evaporation.

Dialysis is a medical process used to treat patients whose kidney function is below normal. During dialysis, blood is removed from the body and filtered by an artificial membrane, and plasma and its proteins are separated from the cells. Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, and then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because

even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure.

People who live in agrarian societies eat more starch and have extra copies of the amylase gene compared with people who live in societies that depend on hunting or fishing. This is an example of

evolutionary adaptations to differences in diet.

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

exchange across the body surface−−marine invertebrate

After surgical removal of the gallbladder, a person might need to limit his or her dietary intake of __________.

fat

The richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is

fat in adipose tissue.

Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit from storing chemical energy as

fats.

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was

feet with digits.

Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following?

fibrinogen and immunoglobulin only

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome negatively affects various connective tissues in the body, including joints, heart valves, and organ walls. It is caused by defects in the production of collagen. What cell type might be affected in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

fibroblast

Sponges are most accurately described as

filter feeders.

Which process in the nephron is LEAST selective?

filtration

Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of

filtration from the glomerular capillaries.

The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is

firbin

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

fishes

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross

five membranes−−in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell−−to bind with hemoglobin.

Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in

flatworms

If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then

fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues.

Use the figure to identify the most recent common ancestor of Chordates and Arthropods. How many other taxonomic groups shown in this phylogenetic tree share that same common ancestor?

four

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)

four-chambered heart.

In osmosis, water undergoes net diffusion to an area of lower

free water concentration.

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

frogs

A hiatal hernia that disrupts the functional relationship between the smooth muscle in the esophagus and that in the stomach would be most likely to increase the frequency of

gastric reflux.

The hydra is an example of an organism with a simple body plan that uses the same site for both digestion and nutrient distribution. What is the name of that site?

gastrovascular cavity

Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians?

gastrovascular cavity

Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?

gene duplication

The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons are the result of activity by

gilia

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and thus their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (the figure). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistous version is more derived and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. If a physoclistous fish removes gas from its swim bladder, this fish's density cannot actually change until that gas arrives at the

gills

Which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

giraffe

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and thus their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (the figure). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistous version is more derived and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. Which graph properly depicts the relationship between the amount of gas in the swim bladder and the density of the fish?

graph x- slop (trust)

Hemolymph is found in the circulatory system of what kind of animal?

grasshopper

In which of the following animals are the circulatory fluid and interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid?

grasshoppers

The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at

grinding.

The gastrovascular cavity differs from the alimentary canal in that the gastrovascular cavity __________.

has only a single opening

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle

have plasma membranes of low permeability to water.

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the __________.

left atrium

Mitral valve prolapse is a condition where the mitral valve (the left atrioventricular valve) does not close fully and thus allows blood to flow "backward," which may be minor or severe depending on the extent of the condition. Into what structure would blood flow immediately "backward" in a person with mitral valve prolapse?

left atrium

Evidence indicates that an ancestral finch species from South America arrived on the Galapágos Islands and formed many new species, adapting to the diverse environments on the islands. With the evolution of these new bird species on the Galapágos Islands, we would expect to find a corresponding

increase in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands.

If ATP production or availability in a human kidney was suddenly stopped, urine production would

increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with

increased activity of the immune system.

Suppose you want to know whether a person's body temperature is higher than normal, but you cannot measure his body temperature. Which observation would suggest that this person's body temperature is higher than normal?

increased blood flow to capillaries in the integumentary system

Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships?

increased incidence of hard body parts in the fossil record

The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _____.

increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen

Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur.

ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. The fact below that distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition from

ingestion.

Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells

initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.

When a signaling molecule (ligand) binds to and activates a transmembrane receptor on the surface of a cell, the receptor directs information to the nucleus by

initiating a cascade of events that sends a signal to the nucleus.

An appropriate group of animals to choose for observing a Malpighian tubule is __________.

insects

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in

insects

Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?

insects and birds

After eating a carbohydrate-rich meal, the mammalian pancreas increases its secretion of

insulin

Julia is a 41-year-old female who is suffering from a condition that is causing frequent infections, difficulty in controlling her body temperature, and excess loss of water. What organ system is likely affected in Julia?

integumentary

All types of muscle tissue have

interactions between actin and myosin fibers.

In a cold environment that supports life, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equal size endotherm because the ectotherm

invests less energy in temperature regulation.

Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals, and it also regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish. Many scientists think that this wide range of functions indicates that prolactin

is an evolutionarily conserved hormone.

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus.

Imagine you are a biologist who is attempting to get an accurate measure of an animal's basal metabolic rate. The best time to measure the metabolic rate is when the animal

is resting and has not eaten its first meal of the day.

Ammonia

is soluble in water

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are

isoosmotic

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with a ________ environment.

isoosmotic; saltwater

The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is that

it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K, and some minerals are already present in high enough quantities from ingested food.

A necropsy (post-mortem analysis) of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because

it was so hyperosmotic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate.

The thermoregulatory response of an overheated dog, already in a very hot environment, is impaired if the response causes

its body temperature to match the environmental temperature.

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because

its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix.

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules

maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids.

Homeostasis is the __________.

maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment

The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary differ in that __________.

many anterior pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands, whereas posterior pituitary hormones regulate nonendocrine tissues

Organisms categorized as osmo-conformers are most likely

marine

Which of the following is unique to animals?

nervous conduction and muscular movement

The four major categories of tissues are __________.

nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle

The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in a

neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus.

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

no jaws

Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic eggs, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of which extant vertebrate group?

non-bird reptiles

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and thus their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (the figure). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistous version is more derived and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still

not sink.

If all of the animals died in a large region of an ocean, we would expect an increase in the

number of cyanobacteria.

Which of the following is NOT a major activity of the stomach?

nutrient absorption

A human red blood cell is in an artery of the left arm and is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the left thumb. To travel from the artery in the left arm to the cell in the left thumb, this red blood cell must pass through

one capillary bed.

As a property of enzymes, cooperativity refers to

one enzyme subunit altering the behavior of others.

The steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body because

only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors.

A collection of tissues functioning together is an

organ.

Terrestrial animals are __________.

osmoregulators that must obtain water from the environment

Proteins consist of amino acids linked to

other amino acids

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the __________.

pharynx

Choose the correct anatomical sequence that presents the order in which food in the digestive system passes through.

pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

reabsorption

If wild dogs take part in cooperative hunting, they will likely have a better outcome than if they hunt alone, especially if they share the prey. The dogs that cooperate are increasing the survival probability of one another. This is an example of

reciprocal selection.

A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to __________.

reduce the loss of body heat to the environment

Birds, insects, and many reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid, which __________.

reduces water loss compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but requires more metabolic energy to produce it

The lower esophageal sphincter surrounds the upper opening into the stomach. If this sphincter failed to properly constrict, there might be a problem with _____.

regurgitation of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus, commonly called "heartburn"

Connective tissues typically have

relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.

If a vial of blood if spun at high speeds in a centrifuge, it separates into three layers: erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, and plasma. Which component of blood is the least dense?

plasma

The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include

plasma proteins.

Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as

simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water.

Salivary amylase digests

starches.

Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the

stomach.

When the digestion and absorption of organic carbohydrates result in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is

stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels delivering blood to the gut is a likely response when an individual is

stressed and secreting stress hormones.

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as

suspension-feeding devices.

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

systole of the left ventricle

A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively binds to a specific hormone is called that hormone's

target cell.

A researcher is conducting an experiment to identify an unknown hormone. The experiment consists of exposing cells to the hormone and then determining where the hormone is located after a period of time. The researcher collects the data in the table below. What could be the identity of the unknown hormone? TrialApplied hormone concentration (ng/mL)Intracellular hormone concentration (ng/mL)110.62107.3310087

testosterone

Which of the following belong to the lobe-fin clade?

tetrapods

Lymphedema is a disorder in which the lymphatic vessels associated with capillary beds are blocked. What will be the long-term effect of lymphedema?

the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of

the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine

As a result of harvesting a higher proportion of older and larger cod and other fish species for food,

the age and size of fish reaching sexual maturity have decreased.

Which of the following clades contains the greatest number of animal species?

the bilaterians

The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is

the capillaries.

The flagella of choanocyte cells in a sponge are most similar in basic function to

the cilia of the trachea, moving mucous, dirt, and any liquid out of the human lung.

What structure directly supplies the renal pelvis with filtrate?

the collecting duct

When stimulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), the reabsorption of water is increased along

the collecting duct.

What does the human microbiome refer to?

the collection of microorganisms living on and in a human

The feeding mode of the extinct conodonts was

predation.

Coordinating body functions via release of chemical signals into the vascular system is accomplished by

the endocrine system.

Countercurrent exchange is evident in

the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills.

Interstitial fluid is

the fluid that surrounds body cells.

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when

the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise.

Damage to which brain structures will most likely cause impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle?

the medulla oblongata and the pons

Blood pH and cerebrospinal fluid pH are affected by carbon dioxide content. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as

the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing.

Which of the following was probably the LEAST important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion?

the movement of animals onto land

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is __________.

the number of circuits for circulation

All things being equal, which of these is the simplest explanation for the change in the number of Hox genes from the last common ancestor of insects and vertebrates to ancestral vertebrates, as shown in the table?

the occurrence of a single duplication of the entire seven-gene cluster

Which of the following has (have) both endocrine and exocrine activity?

the pancreas

Oxytocin secretion and milk release from the mammary glands of lactating female mammals are initiated by __________.

the physical sensation of the baby sucking at the nipple

Melatonin is secreted by

the pineal gland.

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that

the positive feedback's responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.

Please use the following information to answer the question below. Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 2 μμm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2,000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which is a nerve or muscle cell, and none of which has a cell wall. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. On the basis of the information in the paragraph, which of these should be able to be observed in Tp?

the presence of eggs

Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to

the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.

Urea is

the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans.

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT __________.

the pulmonary vein

The last common ancestor of all bilaterians is thought to have had four Hox genes (genes that regulate development of posterior-anterior axes and body segments). Most extant cnidarians have two Hox genes, except Nematostella, which has three Hox genes. On the basis of these observations, some have proposed that the ancestral cnidarians were originally bilateral and, in stages, lost Hox genes from their genomes. If true, this would mean that

the radial symmetry of extant cnidarians is secondarily derived rather than being an ancestral trait.

Which of the following is a point of conflict between the phylogenetic analyses presented in these two figures?

the relationship of taxa of segmented animals to taxa of nonsegmented animals

Most types of communication between cells utilize

the release or reception of chemical signaling molecules.

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that

they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps.

A human who has no access to fresh water and can only drink salty seawater instead

will excrete more water molecules than are taken in because of the high load of ion ingestion.

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

wind blowing across the body surface

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have

wings

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans

would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.

Use the figure to identify the most recent common ancestor of Echinoderms and Chordates. How many other taxonomic groups shown in this phylogenetic tree share that same common ancestor?

zero

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in the

hypothalamus

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the

hypothalamus

Which hormone is placed into the correct chemical class?

Calcitonin is a peptide hormone.

Kevin is sitting quietly at home reading his biology textbook. His stroke volume is 70 mL per beat, and his resting heart rate is 60 beats per minute. What is Kevin's cardiac output?

4.2 L/minute

Which enzyme has high activity in acidic environments?

pepsin

Please use the following information to answer the question below. The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. When in the feeding stage, a cycliophoran permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. Its body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate (have a body cavity that is a coelom) and do not molt (though their host does). What is true of the feeding stage of cycliophorans?1. It is chemoheterotrophic.2. It is sessile.3. Its tube feet allow it to feed efficiently.4. It has radial symmetry.

1 and 2 only

Using similarities in body symmetry and other anatomical features to assign an organism to a clade involves1. cladistics based on body plan.2. molecular-based phylogeny.3. morphology-based phylogeny.

1 and 3 only

Part complete Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry?1. Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects.2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians.3. All extant cnidarians are diploblastic.4. All cnidarians are acoelomate.

1 only

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes modern humans from other modern apes?1. Humans walk upright.2. Humans walk on two legs.3. Humans use simple tools.4. Humans are capable of symbolic thought.

1, 2, and 4 only

Please use the following information to answer the question below. Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 2 μμm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2,000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which is a nerve or muscle cell, and none of which has a cell wall. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. In which of the following ways is Tp similar to a typical animal?1. Tp is multicellular.2. Tp lacks muscle and nerve cells.3. Tp has cilia.4. Tp lacks cell walls.5. Tp does not have observable sperm cells.

1, 3, and 4 only

Please use the following information to answer the question below. The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. When in the feeding stage, a cycliophoran permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. Its body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate (have a body cavity that is a coelom) and do not molt (though their host does). Basing your inferences on information in the paragraph, to which clade(s) should cycliophorans belong?1. Eumetazoa2. Deuterostomia3. Bilateria4. Ecdysozoa5. Lophotrochozoa

1, 3, and 5 only

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen in such conditions is

160 mm Hg

At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg of 21% oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is

182 mm Hg

Use the figure to identify the most recent common ancestor (branch point) of Brachiopods and Echinoderms. How many other common ancestors (branch points) must be considered when comparing these taxa to Sponges?

2 additional common ancestors

Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments.2. Cambrian explosion occurs.3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments.4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas.

2 →→ 4 →→ 1 →→ 3

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose?1. amniotic egg2. paired fins3. jaws4. four-chambered heart

2, 3, 1, 4

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of

2,800 mL/minute.

Lisa is a healthy 21-year-old female with normal cardiovascular and respiratory function. Assuming she has a normal tidal volume and vital capacity, how much air is left in her lungs after a normal exhalation?

2.9 L

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true?1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi.2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect.3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic.4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means.5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

3 and 5

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific).1. lobe-fins2. amphibians3. gnathostomes4. osteichthyans5. tetrapods

3, 4, 1, 5, 2

The typical osmolarity of human blood is

300 mOsm/L.

Please use the following information to answer the question below. In the Himalayas, Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, reaches over 8,800 meters at its peak. At this altitude the atmospheric pressure is only 254 mm Hg. Although humans cannot survive at this altitude, the bar-headed goose can fly there without any problems. Bar-headed goose hemoglobin can bind the same number of oxygen molecules as human hemoglobin, but its affinities for binding oxygen are different (see graph below). What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that bar-headed goose hemoglobin can bind to?

In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is

4 months.

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure. Enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules occurs to the highest extent at location(s)

4 only

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure. Most of the digestion of fats occurs in location(s)

4 only

Please use the following information to answer the question below. In the Himalayas, Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, reaches over 8,800 meters at its peak. At this altitude the atmospheric pressure is only 254 mm Hg. Although humans cannot survive at this altitude, the bar-headed goose can fly there without any problems. Bar-headed goose hemoglobin can bind the same number of oxygen molecules as human hemoglobin, but its affinities for binding oxygen are different (see graph below). What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen on top of Mount Everest?

53 mm Hg

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Nitrogen gas is approximately 78% of the total gases in the atmosphere, so the approximate partial pressure of nitrogen is

592.8 mm Hg

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods2. vertebrates3. deuterostomes4. amniotes5. bilaterians

5→→ 3 →→ 2 →→ 1 →→ 4

Using the figure above, what is the minimum age of the common ancestor of Sponges and Cnidarians?

695 million years

At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is

80 mm Hg

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure. The agent(s) that help emulsify fats are produced in location

Please use the following information to answer the question below. In the Himalayas, Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, reaches over 8,800 meters at its peak. At this altitude the atmospheric pressure is only 254 mm Hg. Although humans cannot survive at this altitude, the bar-headed goose can fly there without any problems. Bar-headed goose hemoglobin can bind the same number of oxygen molecules as human hemoglobin, but its affinities for binding oxygen are different (see graph below). What is the approximate oxygen saturation percentage of bar-headed goose hemoglobin on top of Mount Everest?

90%

At what point in the following figure would blood pressure be highest?

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and thus their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (the figure). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistous version is more derived and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. How do a physoclistous fish and a physostomous fish compare in terms of the amount of energy each must use to maintain its position (depth) in the water column over the long term?

A physostomous fish uses more energy than a physoclistous fish. Submit

ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways?

ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na+ and water reabsorption.

Which of these is an example of negative feedback?

After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels.

Which of the following statements is correct?

All animals share a common ancestor.

Select the correct statement about osmoregulation.

All osmoconformers are marine animals.

Omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids are readily available in leafy green plants. What is one way to ensure that animals raised for commercial purposes have enough of these fatty acids in their diets such that fatty acid supplementation is not needed?

Allow the livestock adequate environment for natural grazing.

Chambers A and B are separated by a membrane permeable to substance X. The concentration of X is 5% in A and 15% in B. The volume of A is three times that of B. Which of the following will occur?

Although diffusion is random, the result will be the net movement of X from B to A.

Select the correct statement describing feedback control in animals.

An animal may be a regulator for one environmental variable but a conformer for another.

_____ in carbon dioxide in your tissues leads to _____ in the pH of cerebralspinal fluid and blood, which ultimately causes your breathing to speed up.

An increase ... a drop

Examine the figure of a human nephron. Where and when does osmolarity of the filtrate increase?

As the filtrate moves down the descending limb of the loop of Henle

Bar-headed geese hemoglobin can bind more oxygen at higher altitudes than human hemoglobin.

Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries?

Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.

At what point in the following figure would blood velocity be lowest?

Breathing is usually regulated by

CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors.

Which statement about endotherms and ectotherms is correct?

Ectotherms are more abundant and diverse than endotherms.

What is the significance of the evolution of Hox gene clusters during vertebrate evolution?

Duplication of Hox genes made increased morphological complexity possible.

The figure shows how glucose homeostasis is maintained by two antagonistic hormones, insulin and glucagon. Select the correct statement about these hormones.

Each of these hormones operates in a simple endocrine pathway.

Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic?

Echinodermata

Please use the following information to answer the question below. In the Himalayas, Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, reaches over 8,800 meters at its peak. At this altitude the atmospheric pressure is only 254 mm Hg. Although humans cannot survive at this altitude, the bar-headed goose can fly there without any problems. Bar-headed goose hemoglobin can bind the same number of oxygen molecules as human hemoglobin, but its affinities for binding oxygen are different (see graph below). In order to fly over Mount Everest, bar-headed geese must fly higher and increase their altitude. What will happen in bar-headed geese as they increase their altitude?

Fewer oxygen molecules will bind to hemoglobin.

Please use the following information to answer the questions below. Once a person turns 25 years of age, his or her BMR decreases by approximately 2% to 6% every 10 years. This is due to the fact that as you age, muscle mass decreases and fat levels increase. These changes decrease BMR and therefore the amount of calories the body burns at rest. If a person wants to stay the same weight between 10-year periods without changing his activity level, what action should he take?

He needs to lower his daily calorie intake by the same amount.

What has been shown to cause gastric ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

Which statement about lipoproteins is correct?

High-density lipoproteins are cholesterol transporters in the blood.

Please use the following information to answer the question below. Placozoan evolutionary relationships to other animals are currently unclear, and different phylogenies can be created, depending on the characters used to infer relatedness. Placozoans are multicellular invertebrates with a simple structure of only two tissue layers and only four cell types. They have the smallest amount of DNA measured in any animal. In comparison, sponges have no tissues but about 20 cell types. One species of placozoans, Tp (Trichoplax adhaerens), produces a neuropeptide almost identical to one found in cnidarians. The genome of Tp, although the smallest of any known animal, shares many features of complex eumetazoan (even human!) genomes. The next three questions refer to the phylogenetic trees that follow. In the trees, the outgroup is a taxon that is outside the group of interest; members of the group of interest are more closely related to one another than to the outgroup. Which tree(s) has (have) been created by emphasizing the structural simplicity of placozoans?

I only

II only

III only

Many people have a tendency to gorge on rich, fatty foods. How could such a preference have evolved?

In ancestral hunter-gatherer communities, individuals with a tendency to gorge on such foods when available would have had a selective advantage.

Select the example that accurately illustrates this statement: "The endocrine and nervous systems act together to regulate an animal's physiology."

In response to stress, neurosecretory cells in the adrenal medulla release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which mediate various fight-or-flight responses.

Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct?

In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs.

How are gases transported in insect bodies?

In tracheal systems

Hypoglycemia occurs when there are low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human. Which is likely the most effective way to treat hypoglycemia?

Increase the secretion of glucagon.

Some tissues contain microvilli, which are tiny extensions of cell surfaces that increase surface area to allow for more absorption and secretion to occur. What type of tissue has microvilli, and on what "side" of the tissue are microvilli found?

Microvilli are found on the apical side of epithelial tissues.

The fossil record shows that large brains (relative to body size) have evolved in certain lineages, including hominins. In such lineages, what can you infer about the relative costs and benefits of large brains?

Natural selection favored the evolution of larger brains, suggesting that the benefits of large brains outweighed the costs.

What is the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom?

Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue.

Select the correct statement about osmolarity.

Osmolarity measures the moles of solute per liter of solution.

What evidence suggests that vertebrates are more closely related to echinoderms than are any other invertebrate phyla?

Shared DNA sequences

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct?

Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

Look at the graphs and choose the correct statement describing the relationship between BMR (basal metabolic rate) and body mass of mammals. (Look carefully at the quantity being displayed on the y-axis of each figure.)

Small mammals have lower BMR, but use more calories per kilogram than large mammals.

African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia.

What happens during peristalsis in the digestive system?

Smooth muscle contracts to move food along the alimentary canal.

Select the correct statement about feedback regulation in endocrine systems.

Some homeostatic control systems rely on pairs of negatively regulated hormone pathways, each counterbalancing the other.

If someone is feeling stressed or anxious, hormones present in blood communicate with cells to begin breaking down stored energy if the body needs it. In this situation, how does stress affect metabolic rate?

Stress causes metabolic rate to increase.

How does the adrenal gland respond to stress?

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to short-term stress.

John is a 37-year-old male who is suffering from an unknown bacterial infection that is causing him to feel quite ill. John was prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics that kill a wide variety of bacteria. What effects would these antibiotics have on John's microbiome?

The antibiotics would likely change the diversity of his microbiome.

Please use the following information to answer the question below. In the Himalayas, Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, reaches over 8,800 meters at its peak. At this altitude the atmospheric pressure is only 254 mm Hg. Although humans cannot survive at this altitude, the bar-headed goose can fly there without any problems. Bar-headed goose hemoglobin can bind the same number of oxygen molecules as human hemoglobin, but its affinities for binding oxygen are different (see graph below). Which of the following best explains how the bar-headed goose can survive at an altitude of 8,800 meters?

The bar-headed goose has a structural difference in the hemoglobin protein as a result of evolution in the hemoglobin gene.

You just received a freshwater aquarium as a gift and decide to add more fish. When you get to the pet store, you find that the most beautiful fish are saltwater animals, but you decide to buy them anyway. What will happen when you put your expensive saltwater fish in your freshwater aquarium?

The cells of the fish will absorb too much water, and the fish will die.

In the process of intracellular digestion, what do you predict will happen if food vacuoles are unable to fuse with lysosomes?

The cells will not be able to utilize their hydrolytic enzymes.

Scientists have concluded that bdelloid rotifers have likely been asexual for 100 million years. What evidence supports this conclusion?

The comparison of the DNA of bdelloids and that of sexually reproducing rotifer species

Select the correct statement about the evolution of animals.

The oldest generally accepted fossils of large animals range in age from 565 to 550 million years old.

Select the correct statement describing the osmolarity of mammalian urine.

The osmolarity of mammalian urine may vary over time.

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal 760 mm Hg. Denver, Colorado, is at an elevation of 5,280 feet above sea level, and so the atmospheric pressure in Denver is ~623 mmHg. Oxygen is found in the same percentage at both sea level and in Denver. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in Denver compared to at sea level?

The partial pressure of oxygen is lower in Denver than at sea level.

Valerie is a 55-year-old female who received an electrocardiogram (ECG) as part of a routine medical examination. She had the ECG performed both at rest and after running on a treadmill for 5 minutes. How would the ECG graphs differ between these two measurements?

The peaks on the exercise ECG graph would be closer together than the peaks on the resting ECG graph because her heart rate is higher during exercise.

Part complete Please use the following information to answer the questions below. Once a person turns 25 years of age, his or her BMR decreases by approximately 2% to 6% every 10 years. This is due to the fact that as you age, muscle mass decreases and fat levels increase. These changes decrease BMR and therefore the amount of calories the body burns at rest. If a person were to maintain the same level of activity at ages 25 and 35, how would the weight of the person differ between the two ages?

The person will weigh more at age 35 than at age 25.

In the traditional phylogeny (A), the phylum Platyhelminthes is depicted as a sister taxon to the rest of the protostome phyla and as having diverged earlier from the lineage that led to the rest of the protostomes. In the molecular phylogeny (B), Platyhelminthes is depicted as a lophotrochozoan phylum. What probably led to this change?

The removal of the acoel flatworms (Acoela) from the Platyhelminthes allowed the remaining flatworms to be clearly tied to the Lophotrochozoa.

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the

blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic.

Tunas, sharks, penguins, and dolphins all have a basic fusiform shape, tapered at both ends. What explains this similarity in shape?

The similarity is due to convergent evolution, because all these animals share similar environmental challenges.

Examine the figure above, which shows the proportional diversity of bacteria in the human microbiome. What can you conclude?

There is a higher proportion of Proteobacteria in an obese adult than a healthy adult.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K can be grouped together because they share a common property. What is this property?

They are all fat soluble.

Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria?

They coordinate movements through a noncentralized nerve set.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals?

They have tissues, organs, and organ systems.

What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods?

They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land.

Which of the following primarily involves heat transfer by convection?

You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through.

What is the difference between a countercurrent multiplier system, such as the one involving the loop of Henle, and the countercurrent systems that maximize oxygen absorption by fish gills or reduce heat loss in endotherms?

Unlike the other countercurrent systems, a countercurrent multiplier system, such as the one involving the loop of Henle, expends energy in active transport.

Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that

arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than vertebrates have had.

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that

begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

birds

An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it

blocks the openings into the tracheal system.

An example of connective tissue is (are)

blood

Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?

blood

To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that

can be synthesized by the animal's body from other substances.

Once humans ingest food, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is

carbohydrates.

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of

carbon dioxide

Examine the teeth of this organism. What type of organism is it?

carnivore

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by

causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells.

Fibroblasts secrete

collagen

The structural component(s) of the mammalian nephron where increased permeability to water occurs due to the action of anti-diuretic hormone is/are the __________.

collecting duct

If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain twisted or in an abnormal position because it contains

connective tissue

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is __________.

connective tissue

With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of

connective tissue.

The hypothalamus

controls most neuroendocrine signaling in mammals.

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells.

Earthworms, grasshoppers, and birds all have a

crop.

Bile salts

emulsify fats in the duodenum.

Part complete Please use the following information to answer the question below. The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. When in the feeding stage, a cycliophoran permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. Its body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate (have a body cavity that is a coelom) and do not molt (though their host does). Cycliophorans have two types of larvae. One type of larva is produced when the digestive system of a female is impregnated by a male. The digestive system then collapses and develops into a larva, which swims away in search of a new host after the surrounding female dies. Which is the embryonic tissue that is apparently most important in forming this type of larva?

endoderm

Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that __________.

ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased

epinephrine

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with

epithelial tissue.

An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization or development of a "head." An animal is said to show cephalization when it __________.

has an aggregation of sensory structures at the anterior end

Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?

hard body parts

Please use the following information to answer the question below. The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. When in the feeding stage, a cycliophoran permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. Its body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate (have a body cavity that is a coelom) and do not molt (though their host does). Which of these features is least useful in assigning the phylum Cycliophora to a clade of animals?

having a true coelom as a body cavity

Pulse is a direct measure of __________.

heart rate

The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differs from the hemoglobin of mammals in that

hemocyanin is bound to copper rather than iron.

Hydrogen ions (protons) produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to

hemoglobin.

What group of animals has relatively long cecums?

herbivores

Organisms at which of the following trophic levels increased the most because of the movement of animals onto land?

herbivores and carnivores

Which of the following is the most inclusive term for an organism that obtains organic food material by eating other organisms or substances derived from them?

heterotroph

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a __________.

higher PO2

An animal body's automatic maintenance of a constant and optimal internal environment is termed

homeostasis.

A new, sixth global mass-extinction event appears to be occurring on Earth today. The most likely explanation for the dramatic loss of species is

human activity that alters natural environments.

Humans widely use pesticides on plants as a means to control insect and plant pests. However, pesticides are not selective in what they kill, so they often kill beneficial insect and plant species as well. This unintentional consequence favors plant and insect species that are pesticide resistant. This scenario is an example of

human impacts on evolution.

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, they must be able to break down ingested substances into smaller molecules. What process achieves this goal?

hydrolysis

An inoperable tumor has been discovered in a patient's brain. While the tumor is small now, it potentially may become malignant and grow. As the patient's doctor, you tell her to keep a diary of how she is feeling and to call you if she notices any trends. One day she calls you to tell you that after taking hot showers, it takes hours for her to cool off. What region of the brain may be affected by the tumor?

hypothalamus

Water conservation in mammals of arid regions, compared to wetland mammals, is enhanced by arid region mammals having more

juxtamedullary nephrons.

If a person loses a large amount of water in a short period of time, she may die from dehydration. ADH can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the

kidney.

An excretory system that includes tubules and uses the process of filtration is the

kidneys of vertebrates.

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in physical appearance?

lancelets

Which organ is INCORRECTLY paired with its function?

large intestine - bile production

Which of the following is hydrophobic and therefore insoluble in water?

lipid

In their mechanism of action, a difference between lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones is that __________.

lipid-soluble hormones bind to an intracellular receptor and this hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA

Urea is produced in the

liver from NH3 and CO2.

A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?

liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat

The graph shows the body temperatures of two animals as a function of the environmental temperature. What might Animal 2 be?

lobster

Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate salt effectively in the renal medulla because of their long

loops of Henle.

Ectoprocts and brachiopods are collectively referred to as __________.

lophotrochozoans

Which clade does NOT include humans?

lophotrochozoans

The necropsy (post-mortem analysis) of a freshwater lake fish that died after accidentally being placed in salty ocean water would likely show that

loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure.

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include

lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish.

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of

lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant.

Which group's members have had both lungs and gills during their adult lives?

lungfishes

An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the

lungs.

The plasma proteins in humans

maintain the blood's osmotic pressure.

Osmoregulation and excretion are __________.

mechanisms that maintain volume and composition of body fluids

Jet lag occurs when a person moves rapidly from one time zone to another, causing conflict between the body's biological rhythm and the new cycle of light and dark. Some scientists suspect that jet lag may result from disruption of the daily cycle of secretion of the hormone known as __________.

melatonin

If a multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can properly be included among the

metazoans

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their __________.

method of reproduction

Complex nutrients are digested and then absorbed into the bloodstream as

monomers

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is

monophyletic.

Seasonal changes in snake activity are due to the fact that snakes are

more active in summer because they can gain body heat by conduction.

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the

most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

A sequencing of the DNA of bacterial samples obtained from normal human stomachs compared with the DNA of bacterial samples obtained from individuals infected with the bacterium H. pylori determined that __________.

most of the sequences from infected individuals belonged to the phylum proteobacteria

most sponges.

For ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the _____.

mouth

What is the correct order of structures that a piece of food would encounter as it travels through the alimentary canal of a bald eagle?

mouth, esophagus, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestine, anus

In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find a

much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.

If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?

muscle and liver glycogen

What do tendons hold together?

muscles to bones

Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene codes for a satiety factor (being fed to capacity), the hormone leptin. The db gene product, the leptin receptor, is required to respond to the satiety factor. Leptin is a product of adipose cells. Therefore, a mouse that became very obese by eating in excess would be expected to have

mutation of ob or db.

An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to

myoglobin

Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas-exchange surface because

nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.

Please use the following information to answer the question below. An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a sea star, a sponge, a sea urchin, a jellyfish, several hermit crabs, some sand dollars, and an ectoproct. Last, she added some vertebrates−−a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish. One day, Tommy (a student in an undersupervised class of 40 fifth graders) got the urge to pet Nemo (the clownfish), who was swimming among the waving petals of a pretty underwater "flower" that had a big hole in the midst of the petals. Tommy giggled upon finding that these petals felt sticky. A few hours later, Tommy was in the nurse's office with nausea and cramps. Microscopic examination of his fingers would probably have revealed the presence of

nematocysts.

The increased contraction of the human uterus during labor and delivery is at least partially due to the actions of

oxytocin

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

What happens to pH and breathing rate during exercise?

pH decreases, which causes breathing rate to increase.

What cells secrete the acidic components of stomach juices?

parietal cells

What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have?

partial or complete skull

Cellular respiration

produces CO2 and ATP.

In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are

prolactin and oxytocin.

Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that

promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

proteins and nucleic acids.

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a(n)

protist

Coprophagy, the nutrition-boosting ingestion of fecal material, is important for the nutritional balance of

rabbits and rodents.

An enlarged cecum is typical of

rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears.

These turtles are sitting on a log being warmed by the sun and a warm breeze. What mode(s) of heat exchange are being used to warm their bodies?

radiation and convection only

Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates?

ray-finned fishes

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

reptiles and mammals

Sparrows (a small bird species) secrete uric acid as their form of nitrogenous waste because uric acid

requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing water waste.

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

rising CO2

An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the

rosy boa (a snake)

An example of an ectothermic organism that would have difficulty adjusting its body temperature due to its typical physical environment is a

sea star, a marine invertebrate.

Part complete Please use the following information to answer the question below. An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a sea star, a sponge, a sea urchin, a jellyfish, several hermit crabs, some sand dollars, and an ectoproct. Last, she added some vertebrates−−a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish. Had the teacher wanted to point out organisms that move and feed using the same structural adaptation, the teacher should have chosen the

sea star, sea urchin, and sand dollars.

Which of the following are thought to be most closely related to humans?

sea stars

In which of the following animals would you expect to find high concentrations of myoglobin?

seal

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is

seawater in a tidal pool.

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the

selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids.

A group of students were investigating the effects of smoking on grass frogs for a research paper. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods of time would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to support their hypothesis, they discovered they were wrong in their original assessment. What potential harmful effects could carcinogens from tobacco smoke likely have on the frogs, if not lung cancer?

skin cancer

What type of muscle tissue is found lining the walls of many internal organs such as blood vessels and the digestive tract?

smooth muscle

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming because

the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming. Submit

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

the shelled, amniotic egg

Circulatory systems compensate for

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances.

The absorptive epithelial cells lining the inner wall of the alimentary canal (digestive tract) are considered "polarized" because

the structures on the apical surface are different from those on the basal surface.

Examine the figure. The countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes

the temperature difference between the blood of the two sets of vessels to be minimized.

Metabolic rate is _____.

the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.

Which of the following respiratory systems is NOT closely associated with a blood supply?

the tracheal system of an insect

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in

the vasa recta.

The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is

the veins

The thin horizontal arrows in the figure show that

the warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood.

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because

they are required for animal diets, but these animals are not able to synthesize the nutrients.

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because

they have cellulose-digesting, mutualistic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

How do marine fish perform osmoregulation?

through drinking water and eating food

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath is called

tidal volume

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having

true tissues and no tissues.

Obesity in humans is most clearly a contributing risk factor to the development of

type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

An advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

urea is less toxic than ammonia.

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is

uric acid

The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is

uric acid

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?

uric acid

Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion?

uric acid

As a result of the non-selectivity of the mammalian kidney's filtration of small molecules, __________.

useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed

An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with

vasodilation

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?

vena cava →→ right atrium →→ right ventricle →→ pulmonary circuit

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic feature of the Chordata?

vertebrae

In the phylogenetic tree shown, which of the following are shared ancestral characters for members of the turtle-leopard group?

vertebral column; four limbs

Among humans, increased interest in food intake normally occurs _____.

via hormonal signals released from the stomach wall

Scurvy is a disease that results from a vitamin deficiency. Symptoms of scurvy include poor wound healing, bleeding from the gums and skin, loose teeth, and bones that break more easily, all of which are due to abnormal collagen production. A deficiency in what vitamin could result in scurvy?

vitamin C

Abetalipoproteinemia is a very rare genetic disorder that results in normal absorption of fats and vitamins from food, thus causing vitamin deficiencies. One of the symptoms of abetalipoproteinemia is poor transmission of nerve impulses due to issues with neuron cell membranes. A deficiency in what vitamin could result in this symptom?

vitamin E

Which vitamin plays a key role in blood clotting?

vitamin K

Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of

water consumed in one day.

Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because

water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.

An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____.

water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized

A person diagnosed with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) does not have the digestive enzymes that are needed to adequately digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. What would be a likely consequence of this medical condition?

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