BIO Test II

Which of the following are the main functions of photosystem II? Mark all that apply (check all that apply) - Capture CO2 - Collect energy from photons - Remove electrons from water - Transfer energy from photons to the electrons - Release oxygen

- Collect energy from photons - Remove electrons from water - Transfer energy from photons to the electrons - Release oxygen

How do CAM plants fix CO2? - Unlike other plants, they can do photosynthesis at night and run the Calvin cycle at night to make sugars - In the mesophyll cells, PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into a 4-carbon compound, which is then transported into the bundle sheet cells and broken down to produce CO2 - They use the enzyme Rubisco to bind to CO2and produce a 3-carbon compound - They have a special version of Rubisco that has highest affinity for CO2 and is not susceptible to photorespiration - During the night, the stomata are open and PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into other organic compounds. During the day those molecules are broken down to release CO2

- During the night, the stomata are open and PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into other organic compounds. During the day those molecules are broken down to release CO2

Gametophytes

- Gametophytes use the process of mitosis - Results in the production of gametes - Gametophytes are haploid plants - Gametophytes have a single set of chromosomes - Gametophytes produce sexaully - The gametes take part in fertilization, which gives rise to diploid (2n) zygote

Gymnosperms

- Gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits and have naked seeds on the surface of their leaves. - Gymnosperm seeds are configured as the cones.

Sporophytes

- Sporophytes have two sets of chromosomes - Sporophytes reproduce asexually - Sporophytes are diploid plants - Sporophytes use the process of meiosis - Results in the formation of spores - Sporophytes are like giant because they are 2n

Why did alternative metabolic pathways such as CAM and C4 evolved? Select all that apply (check all that apply) - In warm and dry environments plants have to close stomata to prevent water loss - Plants evolved simpler and more energy efficient pathways to make sugars by reducing the number of steps needed - When there is low CO2, Rubisco will bind to oxygen and instead of fixing CO2, it will release the CO2 that had already been fixed - Carbon dioxide concentration drops quickly when the stomata are closed

- When there is low CO2, Rubisco will bind to oxygen and instead of fixing CO2, it will release the CO2 that had already been fixed - Carbon dioxide concentration drops quickly when the stomata are closed - In warm and dry environments plants have to close stomata to prevent water loss

Plants synthesize their own food in the form of sugars during the process of photosynthesis. Which of the statements describe photosynthesis? Select all that apply produces sugars for the plant using the energy from sunlight - is a cellular process that occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells - is a cellular process that occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells - produces sugars for the plant using only the nutrients in soil - converts carbon dioxide to sugars, releasing oxygen - uses sugars to generate cellular energy, releasing carbon dioxide

- produces sugars for the plant using the energy from sunlight - is a cellular process that occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells - converts carbon dioxide to sugars, releasing oxygen

Use numbers 1-5 to order the path of a pair of electrons from a water molecule during the light-dependent reactions: - A pair of electrons is removed from a water molecule - Energy from photons is transferred to electrons by photosystem I - The cytochrome complex uses the energy in the electrons to pump protons - Electrons are given to NADP+ forming NADPH - Energy from photons is transferred to electrons by photosystem II

1 - A pair of electrons is removed from a water molecule 2 - Energy from photons is transferred to electrons by photosystem II 3 - The cytochrome complex uses the energy in the electrons to pump protons 4 - Energy from photons is transferred to electrons by photosystem I 5 - Electrons are given to NADP+ forming NADPH

Ordering the following events from the most ancient (1) to the most recent (5): - First life forms appeared - Earth formed - Photosynthetic cyanobacteria appeared - Eukaryotes appeared - Oxygen became abundant in the atmosphere

1 - Earth formed 2 - First life forms appeared 3 - Photosynthetic cyanobacteria appeared 4 - Oxygen became abundant in the atmosphere 5 - Eukaryotes appeared

Where do trees get their mass? Water Sun Air Soil

Air / Carbon dioxide

Because sugars and other substances are selectively added to and removed from phloem, its cells must be _____, and transport in phloem _____ require energy. Alive; does Alive: does not Dead; does not Dead; does

Alive; does

Which of the following statements concerning protists is correct? - All apicomplexans are autotrophic. - The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly. - All slime molds have an amoebold stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. - All protists have mitochondria, although in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.

All protists have mitochondria, although in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.

Based on shape and pattern alone, which of these plants does not have bifacial vascular cambium and lacks secondary growth. A.B.C. B Palm Tree A No answer text provided. C

B Palm Tree

Why is it that the Calvin Cycle cannot occur at night? - Because CO2 and oxygen bot have affinity for Rubisco, the enzyme that captures and fixes CO2. - This is incorrect, the Calvin cycle can occur at night, that is why it is called a light-independent reaction - Because the CO2 levels during the night increase rapidly and the plant has to close its stomata, quickly running out of CO2 - Because even if it doesn't need light directly, it still needs constant supply of the products of the light-dependent reactions

Because even if it doesn't need light directly, it still needs constant supply of the products of the light-dependent reactions

Why do the same pair of electrons receive energy from photons at photosystem II and then again at photosystem I? - Because some of the energy is lost to entropy - Because some of the energy is used to make sugars in the photosystem - Because some of the energy is taken from ATP directly - Because some of the energy is used to create a proton gradient

Because some of the energy is used to create a proton gradient

In the simplified tree, which group is most dependent on water for both sex and growth? Bryophytes Gymnosperms Lycophytes Angiosperms

Bryophytes

A tree wood (its mass) mostly comes from: electrons water soil CO2 02

CO2

How do trees turn air into mass? Trees convert _____ gas into solid ______ using _____ from the sun

Carbon dioxide Glucose energy

Which of the following are the main functions of photosystem I? Mark all that apply (check all that apply) Collect energy from photons Transfer energy from photons to the electrons Remove electrons from water Capture CO2 Release oxygen

Collect energy from photons Transfer energy from photons to the electrons

The ____ explains how some organelles have internal membranes and their own DNA. Binary Fission Parthenogenesis of Life Multicellularity Drive Endosymbiont Theory

Endosymbiont Theory

The ____ explains how some organelles have internal membranes and their own DNA. Parthenogenesis of Life Endosymbiont Theory Binary Fission Multicellularity Drive

Endosymbiont Theory

Plants that grow on other plants, without causing harm to the host, are ____. They reach their greatest diversity in the tropics, but FIU MMC has some pretty amazing examples. Epiphytes Bryophytes Hydrophytes Carnivorous Plants

Epiphytes

Gametes combine in the ____ step of sexual reproduction, which creates a ____. Germination; sporophyte Meisosis; Spore Binary fission; daughter cell Fertilization; Zygote

Fertilization; Zygote

Land plants have symbiotic interactions with soil ____ that create mycorrhizas. These interactions increase ____ and therefore _____. Bacteria; Surface Area; Volume Protists; Surface Area; Diffusion Fungi Action potential; Turgor pressure Fungi; Surface Area; Metabolism

Fungi; Surface Area; Metabolism

What is the final destination of the electrons removed from water? Oxygen, the electron acceptor NADPH, the electron carrier Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Glucose, sugars They are released as photons

Glucose, sugars

Which color is most reflected in a green plant? Blue Yellow Green Red

Green

Alternation of Generations Haploid and Diploid stage

Haploid stage is multicellular Diploid Stage is multicellular

Haploid Dominant Haploid and Diploid stage

Haploid stage is multicellular Diploid Stage is not multicellular

Diploid Dominant Haploid and Diploid stage

Haploid stage is not multicellular Diploid Stage is multicellular

Ancestral (unicellular) Haploid and Diploid stage

Haploid stage is not multicellular Diploid Stage is not multicellular

Photorespiration is effected by ____ and ____, both reducing the amount of sugars produced by plants. Cold; winds Cold; carbon dioxide concentration Heat;winds Heat; drought

Heat; drought

Transpiration moves water from _____ water potential, and thus _____ cost the plant energy. Low to high; does High to low; does not Low to high; does not High to low; does

High to low; does not

The water potential _____ than in leaves Higher Equal Lower More Unpredictable

Higher

Which of the following statements support(s) the theory of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids? I) Mitochondria and plastids have circular DNA and replicate by splitting. II) Mitochondria and plastids have ribosomes. III) Mitochondrial and plastid ribosomal RNA sequences are more similar to cytoplasmic ribosomes than to bacterial ones. IV) The inner membranes of plastids and mitochondria have transport proteins homologous to those in bacterial plasma membranes.

I, II, and IV

How do C4 plants fix CO2? - In the mesophyll cells, PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into a 4-carbon compound, which is then transported into the bundle sheet cells and broken down to produce CO2 - They use the enzyme Rubisco to bind to CO2and produce a 3-carbon compound - During the night, the stomata are open and PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into other organic compounds. During the day those molecules are broken down to release CO2 - They have a special version of Rubisco that has highest affinity for CO2 and is not susceptible to photorespiration - Unlike other plants, they can do photosynthesis at night and run the Calvin cycle at night to make sugars

In the mesophyll cells, PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into a 4-carbon compound, which is then transported into the bundle sheet cells and broken down to produce CO2

Climate research indicates that anthropogenic activities ___ atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Do not affect Decrease Maintain Increase

Increase

Climate research indicates that anthropogenic activities ___ atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Increase Decrease Do not affect Maintain

Increase

Where did the oxygen in the atmosphere come from? It was there since the formation of Earth It was the result of photosynthetic bacteria It formed from rust in the rocks It was the result of chemoheterotrophic bacteria

It was the result of photosynthetic bacteria

On average eukaryotic cells are many times ___ than bacterial cells. Denser Smaller Larger Rounder

Larger

Which scientist is most credited with explaining how organelles contain their own DNA and have internal membranes? Watson Golgi Darwin Margulis

Margulis

A cross section of a plant leaf is being examined under the microscope, and a single layer epidermis with a thin cuticle is found on the upper surface, there are also two thick layers of mesophyll cells (one is palisade cells and the other spongy cells). Based on this microscopic evidence alone, the plant probably grows in what conditions? Extreme Xerophytic: intensely hot and dry conditions Mesophytic; mild temperatures and consistent rainfall Xerophytic; warm temperature and little rainfall Hydrophytic; partially or totally submerged in water, with plenty of sunlight

Mesophytic; mild temperatures and consistent rainfall

Most evidence suggests that ___ were incorporated into eukaryotes first. Golgi Bodies MItochondria Chloroplast Flagella

Mitochondria

Unlike animals which grow in a coordinated manner, plants add new growth to old growth, also known as _____ growth. This is helpful when aging a plant. Apical Modular or secondary Dendrochronological Hierarchical

Modular or secondary

Unlike animals which grow in a coordinated manner, plants add new growth to old growth, also known as _____ growth. This is helpful when aging a plant. Modular or secondary Hierarchical Dendrochronological Apical

Modular or secondary

Colonial protists, like Volvox, provide evidence for the evolution of ____. Endosymbiosis Bacteria Multicellularity Extremophiles

Multicellularity

The Calvin Cycle is sometimes called the 'dark reactions' or the 'light-independent reactions'. Although the Calvin cycle doesn't use light directly, it cannot occur without light because it needs some products from the light-dependent reactions in order to run. Which of these are produced in the light-dependent reactions and are necessary for the Calvin cycle? (check all that apply) Glucose Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide NADPH ATP

NADPH ATP

Eukaryotes are monophyletic and all contain _____, which stores and protects their genetic information. Nuclei Cell Wall Ribosomes Chloroplasts

Nuclei

Which of the following are products in photosynthesis? (check all that apply) Water Carbon dioxide Glucose NADPH ATP Oxygen

Oxygen Glucose

The world's largest flower grows on the jungle flower, is ____ and pollinated by ____. Parasitic; Carrion Flies Epiphytic; Bats Hydrophytic; Butterflies A gymnosperm; the wind

Parasitic; Carrion Flies

Photosynthesis, the process and most of the enzymes needed, evolved in a time when the atmosphere had no oxygen. What problem has appeared now that oxygen makes up more than a fifth of the atmosphere? - Rubisco can fix oxygen into sugars, producing greater amounts of carbohydrates - Rubisco can release oxygen, increasing the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere - Rubisco can use oxygen in order to produce energy such as ATP - Rubisco can bind to oxygen instead of CO2 and as result release CO2

Rubisco can bind to oxygen instead of CO2 and as result release CO2

The multicellular 2N embryo of all land plants is covered in a _____ which prevents desiccation. Seed Pod Seed Coat Fruity layer Cone

Seed Coat

The massive General Sherman tree in California, is over 100m tall and may weigh millions of pounds, but it is an independent ____ . Zygote Gametophyte Sporophyte Gamete

Sporophyte

Guard cells are responsible for opening and closing the _____ on the leaves, this allows for gas exchange and provides the resources for photosynthesis. Xylem and Phloem Stoma or Stomata Cuticel Mesophyll

Stoma or Stomata

Why is there controversy surrounding the eukaryotic tree? - its growing into the neighbors yard - The root of the tree is uncertain such that it is unknown which supergroup was the first to diverge form all the other eukaryotes - it suggest that that amoebozoans are more deeply related (evolutionary) to red algae that green algae

The root of the tree is uncertain such that it is unknown which supergroup was the first to diverge form all the other eukaryotes

Which of the following is true about light-independent reactions? Mark all that apply (check all that apply) They release oxygen They need the products from the light-dependent reaction They do not use light directly They release energy They can occur throughout the night

They need the products from the light-dependent reaction They do not use light directly

What is the purpose of the proton gradient created in the tylakoid? To make ATP To make oxygen To make NADPH To make water To fix carbon dioxide

To make ATP

The first land plants resembled Bryophytes and were similarly small and limited to moist environments. The emergence of plants with ____ allowed for rapid colonization of land and rapid vertical growth. Cell walls Flowers Spines or Spicules Vascular Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Which of the following are reactants in photosynthesis? (check all that apply) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water ATP Glucose NADPH

Water Carbon dioxide

Tree rings, growth of the bifacial vascular cambium can be used to detect growing conditions throughout the trees life. What are some of the events we can see based on ring size or condition? all of these can show up in tree ring studies Droughts Forest Fires Flooding events

all of these can show up in tree ring studies

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral photosynthetic cyanobacterium? Mitosome MItochondria Hydrogenosome chloroplast

chloroplast

CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they - fix CO2 into by combining it with RuBP in the Calvin cycle - fix CO2 into organic acids during the night when temperatures are cooler. - obtain CO2 through their roots during the day. - fix CO2 into organic acids in the bundle-sheath cells, which do not rely on stomata.

fix CO2 into organic acids during the night when temperatures are cooler.

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? - from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions - when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protocell - from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria by secondary endosymbiosis

from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

Angiosperms

known as flowering plants and having seeds enclosed within their fruit

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that - land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations. - charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants. - plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae. - alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes.

plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.