BIO Test II
Which of the following are the main functions of photosystem II? Mark all that apply (check all that apply) - Capture CO2 - Collect energy from photons - Remove electrons from water - Transfer energy from photons to the electrons - Release oxygen
- Collect energy from photons - Remove electrons from water - Transfer energy from photons to the electrons - Release oxygen
How do CAM plants fix CO2? - Unlike other plants, they can do photosynthesis at night and run the Calvin cycle at night to make sugars - In the mesophyll cells, PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into a 4-carbon compound, which is then transported into the bundle sheet cells and broken down to produce CO2 - They use the enzyme Rubisco to bind to CO2and produce a 3-carbon compound - They have a special version of Rubisco that has highest affinity for CO2 and is not susceptible to photorespiration - During the night, the stomata are open and PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into other organic compounds. During the day those molecules are broken down to release CO2
- During the night, the stomata are open and PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into other organic compounds. During the day those molecules are broken down to release CO2
Gametophytes
- Gametophytes use the process of mitosis - Results in the production of gametes - Gametophytes are haploid plants - Gametophytes have a single set of chromosomes - Gametophytes produce sexaully - The gametes take part in fertilization, which gives rise to diploid (2n) zygote
Gymnosperms
- Gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits and have naked seeds on the surface of their leaves. - Gymnosperm seeds are configured as the cones.
Sporophytes
- Sporophytes have two sets of chromosomes - Sporophytes reproduce asexually - Sporophytes are diploid plants - Sporophytes use the process of meiosis - Results in the formation of spores - Sporophytes are like giant because they are 2n
Why did alternative metabolic pathways such as CAM and C4 evolved? Select all that apply (check all that apply) - In warm and dry environments plants have to close stomata to prevent water loss - Plants evolved simpler and more energy efficient pathways to make sugars by reducing the number of steps needed - When there is low CO2, Rubisco will bind to oxygen and instead of fixing CO2, it will release the CO2 that had already been fixed - Carbon dioxide concentration drops quickly when the stomata are closed
- When there is low CO2, Rubisco will bind to oxygen and instead of fixing CO2, it will release the CO2 that had already been fixed - Carbon dioxide concentration drops quickly when the stomata are closed - In warm and dry environments plants have to close stomata to prevent water loss
Plants synthesize their own food in the form of sugars during the process of photosynthesis. Which of the statements describe photosynthesis? Select all that apply produces sugars for the plant using the energy from sunlight - is a cellular process that occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells - is a cellular process that occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells - produces sugars for the plant using only the nutrients in soil - converts carbon dioxide to sugars, releasing oxygen - uses sugars to generate cellular energy, releasing carbon dioxide
- produces sugars for the plant using the energy from sunlight - is a cellular process that occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells - converts carbon dioxide to sugars, releasing oxygen
Use numbers 1-5 to order the path of a pair of electrons from a water molecule during the light-dependent reactions: - A pair of electrons is removed from a water molecule - Energy from photons is transferred to electrons by photosystem I - The cytochrome complex uses the energy in the electrons to pump protons - Electrons are given to NADP+ forming NADPH - Energy from photons is transferred to electrons by photosystem II
1 - A pair of electrons is removed from a water molecule 2 - Energy from photons is transferred to electrons by photosystem II 3 - The cytochrome complex uses the energy in the electrons to pump protons 4 - Energy from photons is transferred to electrons by photosystem I 5 - Electrons are given to NADP+ forming NADPH
Ordering the following events from the most ancient (1) to the most recent (5): - First life forms appeared - Earth formed - Photosynthetic cyanobacteria appeared - Eukaryotes appeared - Oxygen became abundant in the atmosphere
1 - Earth formed 2 - First life forms appeared 3 - Photosynthetic cyanobacteria appeared 4 - Oxygen became abundant in the atmosphere 5 - Eukaryotes appeared
Where do trees get their mass? Water Sun Air Soil
Air / Carbon dioxide
Because sugars and other substances are selectively added to and removed from phloem, its cells must be _____, and transport in phloem _____ require energy. Alive; does Alive: does not Dead; does not Dead; does
Alive; does
Which of the following statements concerning protists is correct? - All apicomplexans are autotrophic. - The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly. - All slime molds have an amoebold stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. - All protists have mitochondria, although in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.
All protists have mitochondria, although in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.
Based on shape and pattern alone, which of these plants does not have bifacial vascular cambium and lacks secondary growth. A.B.C. B Palm Tree A No answer text provided. C
B Palm Tree
Why is it that the Calvin Cycle cannot occur at night? - Because CO2 and oxygen bot have affinity for Rubisco, the enzyme that captures and fixes CO2. - This is incorrect, the Calvin cycle can occur at night, that is why it is called a light-independent reaction - Because the CO2 levels during the night increase rapidly and the plant has to close its stomata, quickly running out of CO2 - Because even if it doesn't need light directly, it still needs constant supply of the products of the light-dependent reactions
Because even if it doesn't need light directly, it still needs constant supply of the products of the light-dependent reactions
Why do the same pair of electrons receive energy from photons at photosystem II and then again at photosystem I? - Because some of the energy is lost to entropy - Because some of the energy is used to make sugars in the photosystem - Because some of the energy is taken from ATP directly - Because some of the energy is used to create a proton gradient
Because some of the energy is used to create a proton gradient
In the simplified tree, which group is most dependent on water for both sex and growth? Bryophytes Gymnosperms Lycophytes Angiosperms
Bryophytes
A tree wood (its mass) mostly comes from: electrons water soil CO2 02
CO2
How do trees turn air into mass? Trees convert _____ gas into solid ______ using _____ from the sun
Carbon dioxide Glucose energy
Which of the following are the main functions of photosystem I? Mark all that apply (check all that apply) Collect energy from photons Transfer energy from photons to the electrons Remove electrons from water Capture CO2 Release oxygen
Collect energy from photons Transfer energy from photons to the electrons
The ____ explains how some organelles have internal membranes and their own DNA. Binary Fission Parthenogenesis of Life Multicellularity Drive Endosymbiont Theory
Endosymbiont Theory
The ____ explains how some organelles have internal membranes and their own DNA. Parthenogenesis of Life Endosymbiont Theory Binary Fission Multicellularity Drive
Endosymbiont Theory
Plants that grow on other plants, without causing harm to the host, are ____. They reach their greatest diversity in the tropics, but FIU MMC has some pretty amazing examples. Epiphytes Bryophytes Hydrophytes Carnivorous Plants
Epiphytes
Gametes combine in the ____ step of sexual reproduction, which creates a ____. Germination; sporophyte Meisosis; Spore Binary fission; daughter cell Fertilization; Zygote
Fertilization; Zygote
Land plants have symbiotic interactions with soil ____ that create mycorrhizas. These interactions increase ____ and therefore _____. Bacteria; Surface Area; Volume Protists; Surface Area; Diffusion Fungi Action potential; Turgor pressure Fungi; Surface Area; Metabolism
Fungi; Surface Area; Metabolism
What is the final destination of the electrons removed from water? Oxygen, the electron acceptor NADPH, the electron carrier Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Glucose, sugars They are released as photons
Glucose, sugars
Which color is most reflected in a green plant? Blue Yellow Green Red
Green
Alternation of Generations Haploid and Diploid stage
Haploid stage is multicellular Diploid Stage is multicellular
Haploid Dominant Haploid and Diploid stage
Haploid stage is multicellular Diploid Stage is not multicellular
Diploid Dominant Haploid and Diploid stage
Haploid stage is not multicellular Diploid Stage is multicellular
Ancestral (unicellular) Haploid and Diploid stage
Haploid stage is not multicellular Diploid Stage is not multicellular
Photorespiration is effected by ____ and ____, both reducing the amount of sugars produced by plants. Cold; winds Cold; carbon dioxide concentration Heat;winds Heat; drought
Heat; drought
Transpiration moves water from _____ water potential, and thus _____ cost the plant energy. Low to high; does High to low; does not Low to high; does not High to low; does
High to low; does not
The water potential _____ than in leaves Higher Equal Lower More Unpredictable
Higher
Which of the following statements support(s) the theory of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids? I) Mitochondria and plastids have circular DNA and replicate by splitting. II) Mitochondria and plastids have ribosomes. III) Mitochondrial and plastid ribosomal RNA sequences are more similar to cytoplasmic ribosomes than to bacterial ones. IV) The inner membranes of plastids and mitochondria have transport proteins homologous to those in bacterial plasma membranes.
I, II, and IV
How do C4 plants fix CO2? - In the mesophyll cells, PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into a 4-carbon compound, which is then transported into the bundle sheet cells and broken down to produce CO2 - They use the enzyme Rubisco to bind to CO2and produce a 3-carbon compound - During the night, the stomata are open and PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into other organic compounds. During the day those molecules are broken down to release CO2 - They have a special version of Rubisco that has highest affinity for CO2 and is not susceptible to photorespiration - Unlike other plants, they can do photosynthesis at night and run the Calvin cycle at night to make sugars
In the mesophyll cells, PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 into a 4-carbon compound, which is then transported into the bundle sheet cells and broken down to produce CO2
Climate research indicates that anthropogenic activities ___ atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Do not affect Decrease Maintain Increase
Increase
Climate research indicates that anthropogenic activities ___ atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Increase Decrease Do not affect Maintain
Increase
Where did the oxygen in the atmosphere come from? It was there since the formation of Earth It was the result of photosynthetic bacteria It formed from rust in the rocks It was the result of chemoheterotrophic bacteria
It was the result of photosynthetic bacteria
On average eukaryotic cells are many times ___ than bacterial cells. Denser Smaller Larger Rounder
Larger
Which scientist is most credited with explaining how organelles contain their own DNA and have internal membranes? Watson Golgi Darwin Margulis
Margulis
A cross section of a plant leaf is being examined under the microscope, and a single layer epidermis with a thin cuticle is found on the upper surface, there are also two thick layers of mesophyll cells (one is palisade cells and the other spongy cells). Based on this microscopic evidence alone, the plant probably grows in what conditions? Extreme Xerophytic: intensely hot and dry conditions Mesophytic; mild temperatures and consistent rainfall Xerophytic; warm temperature and little rainfall Hydrophytic; partially or totally submerged in water, with plenty of sunlight
Mesophytic; mild temperatures and consistent rainfall
Most evidence suggests that ___ were incorporated into eukaryotes first. Golgi Bodies MItochondria Chloroplast Flagella
Mitochondria
Unlike animals which grow in a coordinated manner, plants add new growth to old growth, also known as _____ growth. This is helpful when aging a plant. Apical Modular or secondary Dendrochronological Hierarchical
Modular or secondary
Unlike animals which grow in a coordinated manner, plants add new growth to old growth, also known as _____ growth. This is helpful when aging a plant. Modular or secondary Hierarchical Dendrochronological Apical
Modular or secondary
Colonial protists, like Volvox, provide evidence for the evolution of ____. Endosymbiosis Bacteria Multicellularity Extremophiles
Multicellularity
The Calvin Cycle is sometimes called the 'dark reactions' or the 'light-independent reactions'. Although the Calvin cycle doesn't use light directly, it cannot occur without light because it needs some products from the light-dependent reactions in order to run. Which of these are produced in the light-dependent reactions and are necessary for the Calvin cycle? (check all that apply) Glucose Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide NADPH ATP
NADPH ATP
Eukaryotes are monophyletic and all contain _____, which stores and protects their genetic information. Nuclei Cell Wall Ribosomes Chloroplasts
Nuclei
Which of the following are products in photosynthesis? (check all that apply) Water Carbon dioxide Glucose NADPH ATP Oxygen
Oxygen Glucose
The world's largest flower grows on the jungle flower, is ____ and pollinated by ____. Parasitic; Carrion Flies Epiphytic; Bats Hydrophytic; Butterflies A gymnosperm; the wind
Parasitic; Carrion Flies
Photosynthesis, the process and most of the enzymes needed, evolved in a time when the atmosphere had no oxygen. What problem has appeared now that oxygen makes up more than a fifth of the atmosphere? - Rubisco can fix oxygen into sugars, producing greater amounts of carbohydrates - Rubisco can release oxygen, increasing the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere - Rubisco can use oxygen in order to produce energy such as ATP - Rubisco can bind to oxygen instead of CO2 and as result release CO2
Rubisco can bind to oxygen instead of CO2 and as result release CO2
The multicellular 2N embryo of all land plants is covered in a _____ which prevents desiccation. Seed Pod Seed Coat Fruity layer Cone
Seed Coat
The massive General Sherman tree in California, is over 100m tall and may weigh millions of pounds, but it is an independent ____ . Zygote Gametophyte Sporophyte Gamete
Sporophyte
Guard cells are responsible for opening and closing the _____ on the leaves, this allows for gas exchange and provides the resources for photosynthesis. Xylem and Phloem Stoma or Stomata Cuticel Mesophyll
Stoma or Stomata
Why is there controversy surrounding the eukaryotic tree? - its growing into the neighbors yard - The root of the tree is uncertain such that it is unknown which supergroup was the first to diverge form all the other eukaryotes - it suggest that that amoebozoans are more deeply related (evolutionary) to red algae that green algae
The root of the tree is uncertain such that it is unknown which supergroup was the first to diverge form all the other eukaryotes
Which of the following is true about light-independent reactions? Mark all that apply (check all that apply) They release oxygen They need the products from the light-dependent reaction They do not use light directly They release energy They can occur throughout the night
They need the products from the light-dependent reaction They do not use light directly
What is the purpose of the proton gradient created in the tylakoid? To make ATP To make oxygen To make NADPH To make water To fix carbon dioxide
To make ATP
The first land plants resembled Bryophytes and were similarly small and limited to moist environments. The emergence of plants with ____ allowed for rapid colonization of land and rapid vertical growth. Cell walls Flowers Spines or Spicules Vascular Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Which of the following are reactants in photosynthesis? (check all that apply) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water ATP Glucose NADPH
Water Carbon dioxide
Tree rings, growth of the bifacial vascular cambium can be used to detect growing conditions throughout the trees life. What are some of the events we can see based on ring size or condition? all of these can show up in tree ring studies Droughts Forest Fires Flooding events
all of these can show up in tree ring studies
Which of the following was derived from an ancestral photosynthetic cyanobacterium? Mitosome MItochondria Hydrogenosome chloroplast
chloroplast
CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they - fix CO2 into by combining it with RuBP in the Calvin cycle - fix CO2 into organic acids during the night when temperatures are cooler. - obtain CO2 through their roots during the day. - fix CO2 into organic acids in the bundle-sheath cells, which do not rely on stomata.
fix CO2 into organic acids during the night when temperatures are cooler.
According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? - from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions - when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protocell - from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria by secondary endosymbiosis
from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria
Angiosperms
known as flowering plants and having seeds enclosed within their fruit
Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that - land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations. - charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants. - plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae. - alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes.
plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.