Bio Week 9 study set ch13

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system

may have a longer lasting effect

The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is

melatonin

A hormone is a ________ and the target cell is ________.

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

The effector for a rise in glucose levels is the _____________.

Liver

Along with insulin, amylin is a hormone that a diabetic pancreas fails to produce. It is comprised of a long chain of amino acids. It cannot cross the cell membrane, so it binds to a receptor on the cell surface to elicit an action. Which hormone class is amylin?

A protein hormone

In a homeostatic negative feedback loop what does the effector do?

Act directly on the stimulus

In a homeostatic negative feedback loop what is the stimulus?

Any change from the set point

Kristin discovers a lump in her neck. Upon examination, her physician determines it's a tumor of the thyroid and performs a complete removal. Which of the following is not one of the hormones Kristin will need to be supplemented with?

Cholecalciferol

Decreased release of insulin would cause glucose uptake in liver cells to

Decrease

Downregulation of insulin receptors would cause muscle cells to ___________ glucose uptake compared to before downregulation.

Decrease

In Graves disease antibodies over activate TSH receptor proteins on the thyroid gland. During Graves disease the amount of TSH release would ___________ when compared to not having Graves disease.

Decrease

In Graves disease antibodies over activate TSH receptors on the thyroid gland. During Graves disease the amount of TSH release would ___________ when compared to not having Graves disease.

Decrease

In a homeostatic negative feedback loop what does the receptor do?

Detects the Stimulus

Effector for Low Blood Calcium Levels

Digestive System

Chronic insulin release would cause

Downregulation

Human growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain and travels via the bloodstream to affect target cells all throughout the body. This makes it an autocrine secretion

False

Oxytocin stimulates the kidneys to conserve water

False

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone-resorbing osteoblasts

False

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone-resorbing osteoblasts.

False

The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream.

False

The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones.

False

Diane has type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following describes physiological effects she likely experiences?

Fatty acids and ketone bodies accumulate in the blood if she forgets/refuses her treatment.

A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that is causing her to skip menstrual periods due to low estrogen and miss ovulation. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone?

Follicle-stimulating hormone

If steroid hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, then steroid hormones must be:

Hydrophobic

A loss-of-function mutation in T3/T4 receptors on the hypothalamus would cause

Hyperthyroidism

The control center for the feedback loop above is the ___________.

Hypothalamus

A loss-of-function mutation in TSH receptors on the Thyroid Gland would cause

Hypothyroidism

In a homeostatic negative feedback loop what does the control center do?

In a homeostatic negative feedback loop what does the effector do?

If there suddenly was a gain-of-function mutation in TRH receptor proteins on the anterior pituitary, the amount of T3/T4 release would

Increase

If there suddenly was a gain-of-function mutation in TSH receptor proteins on the thyroid gland, the amount of T3/T4 release would

Increase

If there were sudden gain-of-function mutation in Parathyroid Hormone receptors, osteoclast activity would

Increase

In Graves disease antibodies over activate TSH protein receptors on the thyroid gland. During Graves disease the amount of T3/T4 release would ___________ when compared to not having Graves disease.

Increase

In Graves disease antibodies over activate TSH receptor proteins on the thyroid gland. During Graves disease the amount of thyroid hormone release would ___________ when compared to not having Graves disease.

Increase

In Graves disease antibodies over activate TSH receptor proteins on the thyroid gland. During Graves disease the body temperature would ___________ when compared to not having Graves disease.

Increase

Imaging a cell with only 2 receptors exposed to 1 ligands. Which would cause a larger response in the cell?

Increased number of ligands

Imaging a cell with only 2 receptors exposed to 5 ligands. Which would cause a larger response in the cell?

Increased number of receptors

When there is a decrease in blood calcium levels, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) production

Increases

When there is a decrease in blood calcium levels, calcium resorption

Increases

When there is a decrease in blood calcium levels, osteoclast activity

Increases

When there is a increase in blood calcium levels, osteoblast activity

Increases

When the blood glucose concentration rises above the set point

Insulin release increases

________ controls hormone concentrations.

Negative feedback

A signal binds a receptor and causes the production of a second messenger. The signal is a

Nonsteroid Hormone

Choose the example that does not demonstrate a negative feedback loop of hormonal control.

Pressure receptors sense the movement of a baby against and through the cervix during labor. They stimulate the hypothalamus to release a hormone that causes uterine contractions. This causes more pressure receptor stimulation, leading to larger releases of the hormone and stronger, more frequent contractions. Hormone release ceases after pressure sensations cease

A signal diffuses across the membrane of a cell without help of a protein transporter. The signal is a:

Steroid Hormone

The receptor for a rise in glucose levels is the _____________.

Pancreas

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Pancreas

A signal that diffuses across the extracellular space to activate target cells is an example of:

Paracrine Signaling

Control Center for Low Blood Calcium Levels

Parathyroid Gland

Receptor/Sensor for Low Blood Calcium Levels

Parathyroid Gland

Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion?

Prolactin

Low Blood Calcium Levels

Stimulus

Use the figure above to determine which of the following is(are) tropic hormones:

TSH, TRH

The opposing roles of the thyroid and parathyroid maintain the balance of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood. What will happen if the parathyroid gland develops a defect that prevents PTH secretion?

The amount of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood will decrease

A person under stress may have a lowered resistance to infection

True

The effector for the feedback loop above is the ___________.

Thyroid Gland

A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that bear specific receptors for that hormone.

True

If the adrenal medulla were to degrade and lose the ability to secrete hormones blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate would be affected.

True

Nonsteroid hormones include peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and amines.

True

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are amines.

True

Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes, then bind with receptors, whereas nonsteroid hormones bind receptors on the target cell membrane

True

Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes, then bind with receptors, whereas nonsteroid hormones bind receptors on the target cell membrane.

True

The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla are amines.

True

The target cells of releasing hormones are in the anterior pituitary gland.

True

Secretion of insulin causes

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by

a disorder of the immune system

Graves disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by

an autoimmune disorder

Secretion of glucagon causes

an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine

and cortisol rise

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the

anterior pituitary gland.

Nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete

antidiuretic hormone

Steroid hormones

are soluble in lipids

A person who is stressed usually will have increased

blood pressure.

The hormone that stimulates calcium deposition into bone is

calcitonin

A nonsteroid hormone acts on a target cell by

causing synthesis of a second messenger.

A night-shift worker experiences extreme difficulty falling asleep due to being exposed to bright lights during both night and day. The unusual pattern of light exposure is disturbing their ________, which controls the release of the hormone ________.

circadian rhythm; melatonin

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the

concentration of blood calcium

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

conserve sodium and excrete potassium.

A steroid hormone acts on a target cell by

directly causing protein synthesis

Thyroxine

enhances the rate at which proteins are synthesized.

A hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes is

epinephrine

A sweat gland is an example of a ________ gland

exocrine

Hormones

have functions in growth, reproduction, and development

Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of

hyperthyroidism

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the

hypothalamus

Jerry drinks a few beers and soon has to urinate. The alcohol has

inhibited secretion of ADH

Type 2 diabetes mellitus results from

insensitivity of cells to insulin.

During early embryonic development, a protein called sonic hedgehog is released from a cell and travels in a small gradient through the interstitial fluid only to nearby cells. This helps to establish the path and direction of development for the nervous system and limbs. Knowing this, sonic hedgehog must be a ________ signal.

paracrine

Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed

paracrine

Upregulation of a target cell can occur in response to

prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.

Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to

prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.

Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands

secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior.

Tropic hormones

stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

Cortisol

stimulates the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates

The specificity of hormone action derives from

target cell receptors that are unique for each hormone

An upregulated cell has an increase in

the number of receptors available for binding.

The thymus gland secretes hormones called ________ that ________.

thymosins; control production and differentiation of white blood cells

The ________ secretes triiodothyronine

thyroid gland

Oxytocin is administered to women following childbirth to stimulate

uterine contractions.