Bio Week 9 study set ch13
Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system
may have a longer lasting effect
The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is
melatonin
A hormone is a ________ and the target cell is ________.
molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones
The effector for a rise in glucose levels is the _____________.
Liver
Along with insulin, amylin is a hormone that a diabetic pancreas fails to produce. It is comprised of a long chain of amino acids. It cannot cross the cell membrane, so it binds to a receptor on the cell surface to elicit an action. Which hormone class is amylin?
A protein hormone
In a homeostatic negative feedback loop what does the effector do?
Act directly on the stimulus
In a homeostatic negative feedback loop what is the stimulus?
Any change from the set point
Kristin discovers a lump in her neck. Upon examination, her physician determines it's a tumor of the thyroid and performs a complete removal. Which of the following is not one of the hormones Kristin will need to be supplemented with?
Cholecalciferol
Decreased release of insulin would cause glucose uptake in liver cells to
Decrease
Downregulation of insulin receptors would cause muscle cells to ___________ glucose uptake compared to before downregulation.
Decrease
In Graves disease antibodies over activate TSH receptor proteins on the thyroid gland. During Graves disease the amount of TSH release would ___________ when compared to not having Graves disease.
Decrease
In Graves disease antibodies over activate TSH receptors on the thyroid gland. During Graves disease the amount of TSH release would ___________ when compared to not having Graves disease.
Decrease
In a homeostatic negative feedback loop what does the receptor do?
Detects the Stimulus
Effector for Low Blood Calcium Levels
Digestive System
Chronic insulin release would cause
Downregulation
Human growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain and travels via the bloodstream to affect target cells all throughout the body. This makes it an autocrine secretion
False
Oxytocin stimulates the kidneys to conserve water
False
Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone-resorbing osteoblasts
False
Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone-resorbing osteoblasts.
False
The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream.
False
The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones.
False
Diane has type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following describes physiological effects she likely experiences?
Fatty acids and ketone bodies accumulate in the blood if she forgets/refuses her treatment.
A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that is causing her to skip menstrual periods due to low estrogen and miss ovulation. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
If steroid hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, then steroid hormones must be:
Hydrophobic
A loss-of-function mutation in T3/T4 receptors on the hypothalamus would cause
Hyperthyroidism
The control center for the feedback loop above is the ___________.
Hypothalamus
A loss-of-function mutation in TSH receptors on the Thyroid Gland would cause
Hypothyroidism
In a homeostatic negative feedback loop what does the control center do?
In a homeostatic negative feedback loop what does the effector do?
If there suddenly was a gain-of-function mutation in TRH receptor proteins on the anterior pituitary, the amount of T3/T4 release would
Increase
If there suddenly was a gain-of-function mutation in TSH receptor proteins on the thyroid gland, the amount of T3/T4 release would
Increase
If there were sudden gain-of-function mutation in Parathyroid Hormone receptors, osteoclast activity would
Increase
In Graves disease antibodies over activate TSH protein receptors on the thyroid gland. During Graves disease the amount of T3/T4 release would ___________ when compared to not having Graves disease.
Increase
In Graves disease antibodies over activate TSH receptor proteins on the thyroid gland. During Graves disease the amount of thyroid hormone release would ___________ when compared to not having Graves disease.
Increase
In Graves disease antibodies over activate TSH receptor proteins on the thyroid gland. During Graves disease the body temperature would ___________ when compared to not having Graves disease.
Increase
Imaging a cell with only 2 receptors exposed to 1 ligands. Which would cause a larger response in the cell?
Increased number of ligands
Imaging a cell with only 2 receptors exposed to 5 ligands. Which would cause a larger response in the cell?
Increased number of receptors
When there is a decrease in blood calcium levels, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) production
Increases
When there is a decrease in blood calcium levels, calcium resorption
Increases
When there is a decrease in blood calcium levels, osteoclast activity
Increases
When there is a increase in blood calcium levels, osteoblast activity
Increases
When the blood glucose concentration rises above the set point
Insulin release increases
________ controls hormone concentrations.
Negative feedback
A signal binds a receptor and causes the production of a second messenger. The signal is a
Nonsteroid Hormone
Choose the example that does not demonstrate a negative feedback loop of hormonal control.
Pressure receptors sense the movement of a baby against and through the cervix during labor. They stimulate the hypothalamus to release a hormone that causes uterine contractions. This causes more pressure receptor stimulation, leading to larger releases of the hormone and stronger, more frequent contractions. Hormone release ceases after pressure sensations cease
A signal diffuses across the membrane of a cell without help of a protein transporter. The signal is a:
Steroid Hormone
The receptor for a rise in glucose levels is the _____________.
Pancreas
Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Pancreas
A signal that diffuses across the extracellular space to activate target cells is an example of:
Paracrine Signaling
Control Center for Low Blood Calcium Levels
Parathyroid Gland
Receptor/Sensor for Low Blood Calcium Levels
Parathyroid Gland
Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion?
Prolactin
Low Blood Calcium Levels
Stimulus
Use the figure above to determine which of the following is(are) tropic hormones:
TSH, TRH
The opposing roles of the thyroid and parathyroid maintain the balance of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood. What will happen if the parathyroid gland develops a defect that prevents PTH secretion?
The amount of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood will decrease
A person under stress may have a lowered resistance to infection
True
The effector for the feedback loop above is the ___________.
Thyroid Gland
A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that bear specific receptors for that hormone.
True
If the adrenal medulla were to degrade and lose the ability to secrete hormones blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate would be affected.
True
Nonsteroid hormones include peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and amines.
True
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are amines.
True
Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes, then bind with receptors, whereas nonsteroid hormones bind receptors on the target cell membrane
True
Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes, then bind with receptors, whereas nonsteroid hormones bind receptors on the target cell membrane.
True
The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla are amines.
True
The target cells of releasing hormones are in the anterior pituitary gland.
True
Secretion of insulin causes
a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by
a disorder of the immune system
Graves disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by
an autoimmune disorder
Secretion of glucagon causes
an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.
As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine
and cortisol rise
Target cells for releasing hormones are in the
anterior pituitary gland.
Nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete
antidiuretic hormone
Steroid hormones
are soluble in lipids
A person who is stressed usually will have increased
blood pressure.
The hormone that stimulates calcium deposition into bone is
calcitonin
A nonsteroid hormone acts on a target cell by
causing synthesis of a second messenger.
A night-shift worker experiences extreme difficulty falling asleep due to being exposed to bright lights during both night and day. The unusual pattern of light exposure is disturbing their ________, which controls the release of the hormone ________.
circadian rhythm; melatonin
The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the
concentration of blood calcium
Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to
conserve sodium and excrete potassium.
A steroid hormone acts on a target cell by
directly causing protein synthesis
Thyroxine
enhances the rate at which proteins are synthesized.
A hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes is
epinephrine
A sweat gland is an example of a ________ gland
exocrine
Hormones
have functions in growth, reproduction, and development
Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of
hyperthyroidism
Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the
hypothalamus
Jerry drinks a few beers and soon has to urinate. The alcohol has
inhibited secretion of ADH
Type 2 diabetes mellitus results from
insensitivity of cells to insulin.
During early embryonic development, a protein called sonic hedgehog is released from a cell and travels in a small gradient through the interstitial fluid only to nearby cells. This helps to establish the path and direction of development for the nervous system and limbs. Knowing this, sonic hedgehog must be a ________ signal.
paracrine
Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed
paracrine
Upregulation of a target cell can occur in response to
prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.
Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to
prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.
Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands
secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior.
Tropic hormones
stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
Cortisol
stimulates the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates
The specificity of hormone action derives from
target cell receptors that are unique for each hormone
An upregulated cell has an increase in
the number of receptors available for binding.
The thymus gland secretes hormones called ________ that ________.
thymosins; control production and differentiation of white blood cells
The ________ secretes triiodothyronine
thyroid gland
Oxytocin is administered to women following childbirth to stimulate
uterine contractions.