Bio220: Chapter 24

Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?

1

Approximately____ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

180

Which structure is the collecting duct?

6

This figure shows a frontal section of the kidney. Which number indicates the renal pelvis?

8

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of:

blood in the glomerular capillaries.

The primary mechanism of water reabsorption in the kidney is:

osmosis through aquaporins

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the:

renal pelvis

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the:

renal pelvis

Granular cells synthesize and release the enzyme:

renin

Generally, negatively charged plasma proteins are:

repelled by the negative charge of the filtration membrane

The __________ transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

ureters

Urine is eliminated from the body through the:

urethra

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste product produced from nucleic acid breakdown in the liver?

uric acid

Urine is temporarily stored in the:

urinary bladder

Podocytes are cells with foot-like processes called pedicels. Podocytes are found in the:

visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"?

Filtration

In response to low blood _______, the kidneys secrete _______.

Oxygen, erythropoietin

If someone is bleeding severely, the body's adaptive response is to:

Increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR

How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related?

Materials move in opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood.

How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other?

One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct.

This figure shows a renal corpuscle. What structure does number 1 indicate?

Proximal convoluted tubule

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is:

Reabsorbing nutrients

Which is not a function of the kidneys?

Regulation of lymphocyte production

Identify the structure labeled "6"

Renal column

This figure shows a frontal section of the kidney. What structure does number 5 indicate?

Renal lobe

Identify the structure labeled "8"

Renal papilla

Identify the structure labeled "9"

Renal pelvis

Identify the structure labeled "5"

Renal pyramid

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by:

The ureters

The most abundant waste solute in urine is...

Urea

Identify the structure labeled "10"

Ureter

A glomerulus is:

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

This figure shows a renal corpuscle. What structure does number 4 indicate?

afferent arteriole

Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid:

are completely reabsorbed

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from most other capillary networks in the body because they:

drain into an arteriole instead of a venule

The afferent arteriole in the kidney...

carries blood to the glomerulus

Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the _____ and have short nephron loops.

cortex

An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the:

efferent arteriole

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the:

efferent arteriole

The outermost layer of the kidney is the:

fibrous capsule

The process of filtration occurs at the:

glomerulus

The thick tangle of capillary loops found within a corpuscle is known as the:

glomerulus

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is _______ than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter of _____ arterioles.

higher, afferent

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the:

hilum

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called:

juxtamedullary nephrons

Which class of nephron is crucially important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney so that urine concentration can be regulated?

juxtamedullary nephrons

What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are:

located partly within the pelvic cavity

Which of the following choices lists structures in the order that urine flows through them?

minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

The functional unit of the kidney is the:

nephron

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the:

nephron loop

Which type of distal cell within kidney tubules and collecting ducts are responsive to aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone?

principal cells

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except...

proteins

Generally, most water reabsorption in a nephron occurs at the:

proximal convoluted tubule and is called obligatory water reabsorption.

Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the:

proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the:

rectum