BIO247 LAB Quiz 4

appendicular skeleton

consists of the bones of the upper limbs, the lower limbs, the pectoral girdle (the bones forming the shoulder joint), and the pelvic girdle (the bones forming the pelvis and hip joint)

skeletal system

consists of the bones, its associated cartilages, and the joints.

Epidermis

contains layers (or strata) of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.

The dividing cells of a nail are located in the a. nail fold. b. nail plate. c. nail bed. d. nail matrix.

d

Reticular layer

deep layer of the dermis, dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

The two types of receptors in the skin that detect fine touch are the A. Merkel disks B. Pacinian corpuscles C. Meissner corpuscles D. Both a and b are correct E. Both a and c are correct

e

Sweat pores

open at the top of the epidermal ridges, which causes us to leave behind a thin film when we touch surfaces. This film can be detected in a variety of ways, most commonly using a powder that binds to it.

hair shaft

portion of the hair that projects from the skin's surface

red bone marrow

produces blood cells

Sebaceous gland

produces oil

Sweat gland

produces sweat & secrete product through pore

Sesamoid bone

roughly oval-shaped bones located within tendons. most likely familiar is the patella, or the kneecap.

sebaceous gland

secretes sebum

Coronal suture

separating the frontal bone from the parietal bones.

Squamous suture

separating the parietal bone from the temporal bones.

Lambdoid suture

separating the parietal bones, the occipital bone and part of the temporal bones.

Scapula

shoulder blade or wing bone, is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). has a posterior ridge called the spine and a lateral depression called the glenoid cavity that forms the shoulder joint with the humerus.

papillary layer

superficial layer of the dermis, loose connective tissue.

Stratum basale

the deepest layer and contains a single row of actively dividing cells. It is often combined with the stratum spinosum and called the stratum germinativum.

Why does the epidermis have so many dead cells?

the epidermis is composed of epi thelial tissue, and epithelial tissue is avascular (has no blood supply). All epithelial tissues require oxygen and nutrients to be delivered from the deeper tissues. In the case of the epidermis, this deeper tissue is the dermis. Only the cells of the deeper parts of the stratum granulosum, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum basale are close enough to the blood supply in the dermis to get adequate oxygen and nutrients for survival. As the cells migrate farther away from the blood supply, they begin to die.

Humerus

the largest & long bone in the upper arm.

A hair consists of

the long, slender shaft composed of dead keratinized cells that projects from the skin's surface, and the hair root or bulb embedded in the dermis.

Diaphysis

the shaft of the long bone. It consists of a thick collar of compact bone surrounding a hollow area called the medullary cavity.

Femur

thigh bone

Irregular bone

those whose shape doesn't fit into any of the other classes. Include the vertebrae and certain bones of the skull, such as the mandible (lower jaw bone).

Canaliculi

tiny canals that connects neighboring lacunae and osteocytes

Lacunae

Situated between the lamellae are small cavities. It contain mature osteoblasts called osteocytes that monitor and maintain the bone matrix. Neighbor and osteocytes are connected to each other by tiny canals called canaliculi.

Arrector pili muscle

Small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand & produce heat.

Vertebrae

The 24 (33) individual bones that interlock with each other to form the spinal column.

Pelvic girdle

The bony pelvis consists of the two hip bones (also known as innominate or pelvic bones), sacrum and coccyx.

Keratinocyte

The dead cells that builds a superficial layer stratum corneum.

Epiphysis

The ends of a long bone

Stratum spinosum

The first actively metabo lizing cells are encountered. The pigment melanin is found in this layer, which provides protection from UV light and also decreases production of vitamin D, so the body does not overproduce it.

d

The main cell type in skin is the a. melanocyte. b. reticulocyte. c. monocyte. d. keratinocyte.

Hair follicle

The structure surrounding the hair bulb, an epithelial tissue-lined sheath and connective tissue around a hair

Phalange

14 (3 on 4 and 2 on thumb) long finger bones that forms digital bones in the hands and feet

Central (Haversian) canal

It runs down the center of each osteon. Contains blood vessels and nerves and is lined with a connective tissue membrane called the endosteum.

Radius

Lateral (thumb) bone of forearm. one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna.

Fibula

Lateral bone (baby toe): The smaller lower leg bone.

Stratum granulosum

The superficial cells are dead, but the deeper cells are alive. This layer is named for the cells' cytoplasmic granules, which contain the protein keratin and an oily waterproofing substance.

Osteon

Provides hard structure to the compact bone which consists of repeating, densely packed subunits.

Pacinian corpuscle

A pressure receptor in the dermis, also known as lamellated corpuscles.

Medullary cavity

A thick collar of compact bone surrounding a hollow area. It has sparse trabeculae and generally is filled with yellow bone marrow in living bone.

Epiphyseal plate/line

A thin, calcified line at certain epiphysis-diaphysis junctions

Meissner's (tactile) corpuscle

A touch receptors in the dermal papillae. One of the two types of sensory receptors in the skin that detect fine touch.

Short bone

About as long as they are wide. The bones of the wrist and the ankle are short bones.

Tarsals

Any of several short, angular bones that in humans make up the ankle

Sternum

Breastbone (Flat bones ) is a long flat bone shaped like a necktie located in the center of the chest. Anterior midline

Nails

Composed primarily of dead, keratinized cells.

Metacarpals

Fine long hand bones, any of the five bones of the hand.

Dermal papillae

Fingerlike projections of the dermis that indent the epidermis.

dermal ridges

Fingerprints. The patterns of the epidermal ridges are unique to each individual, even identical twins. Specific patterns in the epidermis are created in thick skin, where the dermal papillae are folded & which increase gripping ability. They also lead to the characteristic patterns of finger, toe, palm, and footprints.

Ribs

Flat bones connected to sternum. Classified according to how they attach to the sternum.

Dermis

Immediately deep to the stratum basale of the epidermis. Composed of highly vascular connective tissue and contains two layers: Dermal papillae & Reticular layer.

Pectoral girdle

Makes up scapular (shoulder bone) and collarbone. the bones forming the shoulder joint

Tibia

Medial (thick) bone: The larger lower leg bone.

Ulna

Medial bone of the forearm. the thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb.

Melanocyte

Melanin-producing neural-crest derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis.

Osteocytes

Monitor and maintain the bone matrix. And connected to neighboring lacunae by tiny canals called canaliculi.

b

Number the layers of the epidermis, with 1 being the most superficial layer and 5 being the deepest layer a. 1.stratum lucidum, 2. stratum basale, 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum spinosum, 5. stratum granulosum b. 1.stratum corneum, 2. stratum lucidum, 3. stratum granulosum, 4. stratum spinosum, 5. stratum basale

Compact (cortical) bone

One of the two general types of osseous tissue which is also known as cortical. Hard, dense bone tissue found immediately deep to the periosteum. Its hardness comes from its structure, which consists of repeating, densely packed subunits called osteons.

Cranial bones

One of two types of bone found in skull that surround the brain and together form the calvaria (also known as the "skullcap"), which consists of several of the cranial bones joined at immovable joints called sutures

Facial bones

One of two types of bone that forms the framework for the face, provide openings for ventilation and eating, and form cavities for the sense organs. Located deeper in the skull, and you will want to refer to several different figures (noted with each bone) to best locate them and appreciate their structure.

Bone marrow

Produces blood cells, and composed of primarily of adipose tissue.

Hypodermis

The tissue beneath the dermis, aka the subcutaneous tissue, connects the skin to the underlying tissues and is not considered part of the integument.

Stratum lucidum

This is a single layer of translucent, dead cells found only in the skin of the palms and the soles of the feet.

Stratum corneum

This superficial layer is composed of dead cells called keratinocytes.

Hyoid bone

U shaped bone superior of the neck. Helps to swallow. often is classified as a skull bone, although it does not articulate with any skull bone or any other bone. It is held in place in the superior neck by muscles and ligaments, and it helps to form part of the framework for the larynx (voice box). It also serves as an attachment site for the muscles of the tongue and aids in swallowing. Often broken when a person is choked manually.

c

Which layer of the epidermis contain living cells A. Stratum granulosum only B. Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum C. Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum D. All of the layer of the epidermis containing living cells E. None of the layers of the epidermis contain living cells

Fingerprints are the result of A. Epidermal ridges B. Projections form the hypodermis C. Epidermal papillae that create dermal ridges D. Dermal papillae that house sebaceous glands

a

Which of the following are characteristics of thick skin? (circle all that apply) a Located over palms and the soles of the feet b. Contains hair and arrector pili muscles c. Contains sweat glands d. Very thick stratum corneum e. Contains sebascous glands f. Contains a stratum lucidum

a

Periosteum

a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones.

Metatarsals

any of the bones of the foot

A bone consists of many tissue types a. osseous tissue, regular collagenous connective tissue, squamous epithelial tissue b. osseous tissue, epithelial tissue, dense irregular collagenous connective tissue, adipose tissue

b

From where do the cells of the epidermis obtain oxygen and nutrients? A. From blood vessels in the epidermis B. Diffusion from blood vessels in the dermis C. Diffusion from the air D. From the blood vessels in other epithelial tissues

b

skeletal system

consists of the bones and their cartilages.

Carpals

bones of wrist: 8 small bones, the scaphoid bone, located near the base of your thumb.

Clavicle

collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone.

axial skeleton

composed of the bones of the head, neck, and trunk—specifically, the cranial bones, the facial bones, the vertebral column, the hyoid bone, the sternum, and the ribs.

Integumentary System

composed of the skin (the integument) and its accessory structures: the hair, glands, and nails.

skin

composed of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis

yellow bone marrow

composed primarily of adipose tissue.

Lamellae

concentric rings of bone matrix. The It give compact bone a great deal of strength, much like a tree's rings.

thin skin

found everywhere else other than the palms and soles of the feet

Spongy bone

found on the inside of a bone deep to compact bone.It somewhat resembles a sponge and consists of a latticework-type structure with tiny bone spicules called trabeculae.

thick skin

found on the palms and soles of the feet

Sutural bone

generally small bones located between the flat bones of the skull.

Endosteum

has an inner layer of osteoblasts, which secrete bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which degrade bone.

Suture

immovable joints found between cranial bones

Flat bone

include the ribs, the sternum, the clavicle, certain skull bones, and the bones of the pelvis.

Perforating (Volkmann's) canal

lie perpendicular to the osteon and carry blood vessels into the bone from the periosteum. Like the central canals, they are lined by the endosteum.

Long bone

longer than they are wide and include the bones of the upper and lower extremities excluding the ankle and wrist bones.

Spongy (cancellous) bone

made up of spongy, porous, bone tissue that is filled with red bone marrow. It is not as strong as cortical bone, which is found in the long bones, but it is very important for producing blood cells. It is found in the ends of long bones and in the bones of the pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, and skull.