BIO370: Chapter 9
Increased
(increased/decreased) BMR leads to: -Increased O2 consumption -Increased energy and increased heat production
C
Activated nuclear hormone receptors are also known as... a. Genes b. Enhancers c. Transcription factors d. Hormones
Hypothalamic input
Activity of sex hormones is regulated by what? (it means that there is neural input as well as physiological: measures such as blood testosterone)
False
All hormones bind receptors at the surface of the cell, T or F?
Angiotensin II
Angiotensin I --> _______________ __
C
Angiotensinogen is secreted from ___________ and converted to angiotensin I by __________. a. Lungs, aldosterone b. Kidney, renin c. Liver, renin d. Lungs, ACE e. Blood vessels, angiotensin I
Glucocorticoids
CRH, ACTH, and pre-pOMC are all examples of what?
True
Calcium is a potent second messenger signal exerts various effects depending on what calcium binding proteins are present within the cell, T or F?
yes
Can the GPCR be linked with stimulatory proteins as well as inhibitory proteins?
No
Do steroid hormones need a GPCR to pass through the cell membrane?
C
Estrogen secretion increases __________ secretion from the _____________. a. FSH, posterior pituitary b. GnRH, anterior pituitary c. LH, anterior pituitary d. LH, hypothalamus
Ovary
FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary cells that secrete it act upon which organ in females?
B
FSH and LH secretion is stimulated by ___________ which is released by ___________. a. FSH, anterior pituitary b. GnRH, hypothalamus c. Oxytocin, posterior pituitary d. ACTH, anterior pituitary e. Testosterone, hypothalamus
A
FSH in a __________ feedback loop with the hypothalamus, LH is in a ___________ with the hypothalamus. a. Negative, positive b. Negative, negative c. Positive, positive d. Positive, negative
False
FSH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone, T or F?
uterine lining release the chorionic gonadotropin
Fertilization + implantation = ? (in humans, it's called human GC, AKA HGC)
release of insuin
GIP + high blood glucose = ?
D
GRH _________ a tropic hormone. Growth hormone is released from the _______________ and ____________ a tropic hormone. a. Is not, anterior pituitary, is not b. Is, posterior pituitary, is not c. Is, hypothalamus, is d. Is, anterior pituitary, is not e. Is not, posterior pituitary, is
C
Glucocorticoids are released from ______________. CRH released from the ___________ stimulates the release of ACTH from the _____________. a. Adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, posterior pituitary b. Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex c. Adrenal cortex, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary d. Hypothalamus, adrenal medulla, posterior pituitary e. Anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
A
Hormones are found circulating in the blood in all of the following ways except... a. In vesicles b. Dissolved in blood c. Reversibly bound to protein d. All are ways that hormones are found circulating in blood
E
Hormones that regulate secretion of other hormones are called... a. Endocrine b. Autocrine c. Steroid d. Activators e. Tropic
Negative feedback
How are endocrine glands regulated? Hint- this can be either short or long feedback loops
False
Hydrophilic hormones exert long term effects by changing gene expression upon binding to the receptor at the cell surface, T or F?
B
Hypothalamic neurons that release releasing hormones have ________ axons and activate the anterior pituitary. Hypothalamic neurons that release ADH and oxytocin have _________ axons and comprise the posterior pituitary. a. Long, long b. Short, long c. Long, short d. Short, short
Ovulation
If the hormonal control of ovulation ends in fertilization, everything is the same in the follicular phase up until what event?
B
In addition to its effects on somatic tissues, thyroid hormone ___________ regulates hypothalamic secretion and ____________ regulates ______________ secretion by the anterior pituitary. a. Positively, TSH, negatively, TRH b. Negatively, TRH, negatively, TSH c. Positively, TRH, positively, TSH d. Negatively, TSH, positively, T3and T4 e. Positively, T3, negatively, T4
A
In females, LH stimulates ___________? a. Maintenance of corpus luteum b. Maturation of the follicle c. Maturation of the ovum d. The secretion of inhibit
D
In the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, a __________ regulatory loop exists between the pituitary and hypothalamus, while a peripheral gland can have a ________ regulatory loop to the pituitary and a _________ loop to the hypothalamus. a. Long, long, long b. Short, long, long c. Long, short, long d. Short, short, long e. Long, long, short
C
Insulin is released from __________, in response to _________ plasma glucose levels, glucagon is released from ______, in response to __________ plasma glucose levels. a. Alpha cells, increasing, beta cells, decreasing b. Beta cells, decreasing, alpha cells, increasing c. Beta cells, increasing, alpha cells, decreasing d. Beta cells, decreasing, alpha cells, decreasing e. Alpha cells, increasing, beta cells, increasing
short lived
Is thyroid secretion short-lived or long-lived because of the negative feedback loop?
D
LH secretion increases _________ from the ______________ ultimately increasing LH secretion from the anterior pituitary. a. FSH, posterior pituitary b. Progesterone, follicle c. Inhibin, follicle d. GnRH, hypothalamus
Parafollicular cells
Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the ____________________ ________ in the thyroid gland.
prohormone
Peptide hormones are made in what form? (Hint: another word for a physiologically inactive precursor to a hormone)
True
Peptide hormones are synthesized in an inactive form at the endoplasmic reticulum, T or F?
D
Release of LH ___________ which results in an increase of __________. a. Decreases GnRH, FSH secretion b. Increases LH, FSH secretion c. Increases inhibin, GnRH d. Increases GnRH, LH secretion
C
Renin is secreted from where? a. Liver b. Lungs c. Kidneys d. Blood vessels e. Heart
True
Steroid hormone synthesis begins with cholesterol in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, T or F?
B
The LH surge...? a. Comes after ovulation b. Directly precedes ovulation c. Directly precedes menstruation d. Causes breakdown of the corpus luteum
E
The RAAS system counteracts ___________ blood pressure by increasing ________, ___________, and __________. a. Increasing, salt excretion, water reabsorption, vasoconstriction b. Increasing, salt reabsorption, water reabsorption, vasodilation c. Decreasing, salt reabsorption, water excretion, vasoconstriction d. Decreasing, salt reabsorption, water excretion, vasodilation e. Decreasing, salt reabsorption, water reabsorption, vasoconstriction
False
The anterior pituitary gland only releases tropic hormones and the posterior pituitary gland only releases non-tropic hormones, T or F?
Calcium
The effect that ____________ has on a cell depends on what the cell has: -g protein -protein kinase G -calmodulin -a combo of these factors
organs
The following are effects of catecholamine hormones on __________: -Mobilizes resources for physical exertion in emergencies (fight/flight) -Increased HR and cardiac contraction -Arterial vasoconstriction in gut and most organs (a1 mediated, but effect of B receptors present in some vessels may modulate) -Brochodilation
Metabolism
The following are effects of catecholamine hormones on __________: -Mobilizes stored carbs and fat -Increased blood glucose by initiating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liber -Increased lipolysis to increase free fatty acids in blood
Angiotensin II
The following are targets of what protein in the RAAS? -Posterior pituitary to secrete vasopressin (known as ADH) -Increased perception of thirst -Activation of the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
Glands
The following are the major ___________ of the endocrine system: -hypothalamus (central) -thyroid (central) -adrenal (peripheral) -parathyroid (peripheral) -gonads (testes/ovaries; peripheral)
Hypothalamus pituitary axis
The following describes what process: -hypothalamus reacts to homeostatic parameter changes by releasing a hormone -activates pituitary gland which secretes one of a number of hormones (most will activate a peripheral endocrine gland; some will act on a somatic tissue or organ) -in these activation loops you also see the negative feedback loops (hypothalamus activating the pituitary gland; pituitary being activated to secrete hormones and at the same time releasing a hormone that then acts as a negative feedback signal to the hypothalamus -this decreases stimulatory hormone from the hypothalamus
False
The general effect of catecholamines is to increase cardiovascular activity to increase storage of fuels, T or F?
Negative feedback
The release of thyroid hormone will have physiological effects and what type of signal back to the anterior pituitary to stop signaling?
Steroid/thyroid
The transport of what hormone is described: -cannot dissolve in blood plasma -circulate reversibly to bound proteins -only free (unbound) lipophilic hormones are capable of binding with target cells
Peptide
The transport of what hormone is described: -dissolved in the blood
Catecholamines
The transport of what hormone is described: -only 50% circulate as free hormone -remaining 50% bound to albumin
Long loop
This feedback loop for the regulation of endocrine glands is a loop between the second tissue or another downstream tissue feed backing onto the original tissue.
Short loop
This feedback loop for the regulation of endocrine glands is between the original tissue and the tissue that it activates.
Open loop
This feedback loop for the regulation of endocrine glands is endocrine tissue that secretes the hormone that acts upon a tissue that doesn't send a direct signal back to the original tissue. (it is activated to reestablish a homeostatic parameter)
Aldosterone
What acts on the kidney's nephrons by working on the distal tubule shown in the green circle? It works in an area of kidney function that is impactful on ionic balance and water balance. Hint: Salt conservation --> "Where salt goes, water follows"
Vertebrate salivary glands
What are exocrine glands? -They are powered by a lot of ionic flux -Na/Cl/K can be a triple cotransporter -Spider example as they have an invertebrate silk gland that we don't have
Hypophysiotropic hormones
What are hormones in the hypothalamus that regulate hormone release from anterior pituitary gland? Can be positive or negative.
Hormones
What are long-range chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood that exert an effect on target cells some distance away from the site of release?
Decreased NaCl, Decreased extracellular volume, Decreased arterial BP
What are the physiological cues for the RAAS system? The kidney acts as a sensor for these cues, then secretes renin.
Prepares for fight/flight, mobilizes energy, prepares for blood loss
What are the three aspects in the generalized stress response?
Hydrophilic and lipophilic
What are the two classes of hormones?
alpha and beta
What are the two major classes of catecholamine receptors? (some bind to both the hormone and neurotransmitter form)
Anterior and Posterior
What are the two major glands of the pituitary gland?
Lipid soluble and insoluble hormones
What are the two mechanisms by which hormones move?
Endocrine and exocrine
What are the two types of glands?
low concentration
What aspect of calcium contributes to its function as a second messenger? -We know that Ca2+ has a large and positive nernst -if it's being held at such low levels, even a small change makes a significant cellular signal
Angiotensin
What causes arterial or vasoconstriction? Increasing vasoconstriction will counteract falling BP to increase it.
Tropic hormones
What characteristic do TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH have in common?
Lipophilic
What class of hormones has high solubility in lipids? This contains amine hormones derived from tyrosine and steroid hormones derived from cholesterol.
Hydrophilic
What class of hormones has low lipid solubility? This contains peptide hormones such as insulin, and catecholamine hormones such as NE and Epi.
Mobilizes energy
What component of the generalized stress response is described: -Activation of the hypothalamus-ACTH-cortisol system -Increased blood cortisol --> elevated blood glucose (gluconeogenesis), fatty acids (lipolysis), anuo acids (proteolysis)
Prepares for fight or flight
What component of the generalized stress response is described: -Activation of the sympathetic NS accompanied by epinephrine secretion by adrenal medulla -Increased blood Epi --> elevated blood glucose (glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis), fatty acids (lipolysis), ---> elevated HR, TPR, CO, BP (Epi Ne)
Prepares for blood loss
What component of the generalized stress response is described: -Maintenance of blood volume and blood pressure -Increased activity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (salt retention) -increased activity of vasopressin (ADH; water retention)
Hyperthyroidism
What condition is caused by an overactive thyroid, a tumor on/near the thyroid, or Grave's Disease? Symptoms include: -Increased BMR -Poor heat tolerance -Weight loss -Weakness -Increased HR -Bulging eyes
Hypothyroidism
What condition is caused by the failure of the thyroid gland, deficiency of TRH and/or TSH, and inadequate iodine? -This results in decreased BMR, poor cold tolerance, weight gain, high fatigue
activates somatic non endocrine target tissue
What do GH and MSH (pars intermediate prolactin) do?
HGC
What do pregnancy tests detect?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
What does ACTH stand for? Hint: it is a tropic hormone
activates somatic endocrine target tissues
What does ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH do?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
What does ANP stand for? It is secreted by the heart, cued by overstretch (or high stretch) of cardiac muscle tissue. *It counteracts both antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) which would increase water reabsorption as well as aldosterone which would increase salt and then water reabsorption*
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
What does CRH stand for?
Follicle stimulating hormone
What does FSH stand for? Hint: it is a tropic hormone -In females it stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles -In males it stimulates testosterone secretion
Growth hormone
What does GH stand for? Hint: it is a tropic & nootropic hormone -Tropic function: stimulates overall body growth by stimulating release of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) from liver -Non-tropic function: Stimulates carb and lipid metabolism and protein synthesis
gastric inhibitory peptide
What does GIP stand for? -As you're eating, you secrete GIP -GIP regulates the activity of your digestive tract as well as stimulates a higher amount of insulin secretion
ligand binding domain
What does LBD stand for? It is part of the GCPR where the hormone physically interacts with the receptor. It can be anywhere within the receptor: -extracellular domain (ECD/ED) -transmembrane domain (TMD/TD) -intracellular domain (ICD/ID)
Luteinizing hormone
What does LH stand for? Hint: it is a tropic hormone -In females it is responsible for ovulation and luteinization; regulates ovarian secretion of female sex hormones -In males it stimulates testosterone secretion
Prolactin
What does PRL stand for? Hint: it is a non-tropic hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
What does TSH stand for? Hint: it is a tropic hormone
Estrogen
What does the follicle secrete as it matures?
Hypothalamus integrates the stress response through neural coordination
What does this figure show?
Renin
What enzyme in the RAAS converts the circulating factor Angiotensin to Angiotensin I.
FSH
What female steroid sex hormone acts on follicular cells and promotes the maturation of a follicle containing an immature egg which then contributes to its maturation? -The follicle makes inhibin (inhibits pituitary activity)
LH
What female steroid sex hormone acts on the corpus luteum (which develops through follicular maturation) and secretes estrogens?
Thyroid gland
What gland has follicular cells that secrete products into the lumen? -Follicular cells synthesize thyroid hormone (TH) -Lumen filled with colloid (storage fluid for TH) -Infused with capillaries for release into the blood stream -There are also parafollicular cells (C cells) -These synthesize calcitonin which regulates circulating Ca2+ levels
Posterior pituitary gland
What gland releases oxytocin, ADH, and cell bodies of these axons reside in the hypothalamus and are responsive to not only the blood that is circulating through the hypothalamus, but other neural stimuli can activate hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons?
Parathyroid glands
What glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid? It synthesizes and secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) -Peptide hormone -Released from parathyroid gland when blood Ca2+ concentration is low -Acts on bone to stimulate dissolution of Ca2+ matrix
Thyroid gland
What has receptors for TSH? TSH signals to the thyroid gland via calcium release to secrete secretary vesicles?
Estrogen
What hormone acts upon somatic tissues as a general growth signal; as well as the oversight and development of reproductive organs including the cyclic changes of the uterine endometrium?
Thyroid hormone
What hormone is needed for the following: -Increase metabolic enzyme synthesis (which determines BMR) -Increases target cell responsiveness to catecholamines (Epi/NE) -Essential for normal growth
Oxytocin
What hormone promotes bonding during the onset of labor as well as targeting the mammary glands? It is also the emotional cue to when you're falling in love. Its release is controlled by emotional stimuli and reproductive stretch-and-mechanoreceptors. Hint: the "love" hormone
Autocoid
What is a chemical substance produced by one type of cell that affects different cells in the same region, a local hormone or messenger? Examples: histamine, serotonin, angiotensin, prostaglandin
Stress response
What is a great example of coordination by the neuro- and endocrine systems?
cAMP
What is a potent second messenger which can activate a number of enzymes and a lot of protein kinases? Example: glucose mobilization; breakdown of liver glycogen to release glucose from the cell
Angiotensin I
What is a substrate in the RAAS for angiotensin converting enzyme? This is an ACE enzyme that is made by the lungs and circulates in the blood.
Grave's disease
What is a type of hyperthyroidism where the body produces TSI (a globulin) that agonizes TSH receptors?
Adenohypophysis
What is another name for anterior pituitary gland?
Neurohypophysis
What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?
Calcium
What is another second messenger other than cAMP? -DAG activates protein kinase C, which is also activated by intracellular calcium
Secretory cell
What is another term for endocrine cells in the case of hormones?
activate a calcium LGIC
What is another way to see an increase in calcium?
Cushing's syndrome
What is caused by the hypersecretion of cortisol from: -Overstimulation of adrenal cortex by ACTH -Adrenal tumors -ACTH-secreting tumors in other places besides the pituitary gland -Increased cortisol --> excessive gluconeogenesis which causes: -glucose excess, protein shortage -fat in abdomen, shoulder, and face due to excess glucose
Calcium release from intracellular stores
What is cellular secretion in most endocrine cells stimulated by? -subsequent ligand (hormones) bind to a receptor
Calcium release from intracellular stores
What is cellular secretion in neurons stimulated by? -This is the same as release of NT from neurons -it results from an activation of calcium channels which increase intracellular calcium -neurosecretory cells have a longer action potential of calcium release -Ca tends to be elevated in the neurosecretory cell terminal for a longer time
Adrenal medulla
What is is modified post-ganglion of the sympathetic NS? Like pituitary, adrenals contain neural and endocrine tissue. (AKA part of the autonomic nervous system that is innervated by the preganglionic fiber)
PTH
What is released in response to low Ca2+ in order to increase levels in blood plasma?
Cretinism
What is the congenital form of hypothyroidism that starts from birth? TH is required for normal growth and CNS development; can result in dwarfism and mental retardation.
Para intermedia
What is the connecting tissue in the pituitary gland that secretes melena?
Adrenal Cortex
What is the endocrine adrenal tissue that secretes corticohormones such as mineral corticoid, glucocorticoids (cortisol), and sex hormones?
Cellular mechanisms of hormone action
What is the figure showing?
Follicular Phase
What is the first phase of the ovarian cycle that is noted by the maturation of the follicle and ends when ovulation occurs? -GnRH is released and then causes an increase in both LH and FSH -During this phase estrogen is rising because LH has that positive feedback loop -This increase in estrogen has a positive feedback response on the hypothalamus which results in an LH surge -This is thought to be the cause or driving factor of ovulation
Neurons
What is the hypothalamus made up of?
Type 1 Diabetes
What is the juvenile diabetes where there is apoptosis of B cells which results in a lack of insulin secretion? Treatment: permanent insulin replacement therapy
maintain blood plasma calcium levels
What is the main function of PTH and calcitonin?
Anterior pituitary
What is the master gland that produces thyroid-stimulating hormone?
Diabetes Mellitus
What is the most common endocrine disease caused by elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to inaction of insulin?
Adrenal medulla
What is the neural adrenal tissue that secretes catecholamines such as Epi/NE, and Adrenaline/noradrenaline?
increase in metabolic rates
What is the overall effect of thyroid hormones?
Cholesterol
What is the precursor for all steroid hormones?
Albumin
What is the protein that picks up any lipophilic hormones in the blood?
Gluconeogenesis
What is the release of glucose into the blood stream from storage molecules (glycerol, proteins)?
Corpus luteum
What is the site of progesterone and estrogen secretion?
Holocrine
What is the strategy of secreting hormones in which the entire cell is destroyed to release the hormones?
Endocrinology
What is the study of homeostatic activities accomplished by hormones and the nature of the hormone-tissue interaction?
Luteal Phase
What is the third phase in the ovarian cycle that takes place after ovulation? It is marked by the dominance of th gluteal structure and whether or not it is maintained if there is fertilization.
merocrine
What is the type of exocrine gland that forms its secretory product and simply releases it by exocytosis?
Complementary actions of insulin and glucagon
What is this figure showing?
Effects of adrenergic receptors
What is this figure showing?
Hormones act through receptor binding (unless a cell or tissue has a specific receptor, it will not interact with the hormone)
What is this figure showing?
Hormones are chemically variable
What is this figure showing?
Neurosecretory cells that secrete neurohormones into the circulation (from a neurohemal organ)
What is this figure showing?
Pathways of steroid hormone synthesis
What is this figure showing?
metabolic and developmental hormones
What is this figure showing?
Calcium binding to calmodulin
What is this figure showing? *remember that not all cells do all of these responses, they only respond to what they have
GPCRs amplifying ligand signals
What is this figure showing? (important figure) 1. Multiple G proteins are stimulated by single ligands. (this activates the same number of enzymes) 2. Many molecules of second messenger (activates the same number of kinases) 3. Many phosphorylated proteins (alter cellular functions)
iodination of tyrosine to iodotyrosine (or diodotyrosine)
What is thyroid hormone metabolism based on?
Follicular stimulating hormone
What male steroid sex hormone targets Sertoli cells, and is the supportive cells of seminiferous tubule cells that form sperm?
Lutenizing Hormone
What male steroid sex hormone targets leading cells and is the source of testosterone? (it is both a short and long feedback loop)
Potassium
What other ion helps to increase aldosterone secretion
Making and releasing of steroid hormones
What process is being described: -enzymatic reactions modify the side groups on cholesterol (specific enzymes localized to steroidogenic organelles/organs) -once formed, steroids passively diffuse through plasma membrane to reach blood (only cholesterol is stored in significant quantities) -steroid hormones can then be modified in target tissues into more potent/active forms to enhance effects
Making and releasing peptide hormones
What process is being described: These hormones are synthesized by endocrine cells before being specifically exocytosed from a cell. -Preprohormones are synthesized by the rER and migrate tot eh Golgi in membrane-bound vesicles -Preprohormones undergo modification in the rER and Golgi to become pro hormones, then active hormones -Golgi packages and labels hormones into secretory vesicles that are stored in the cytoplasm until cell is signaled to release hormones -Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and this hormone is exocytosed
nuclear steroid hormone receptors
What receptor is being described: -can be in the cytosol or the nucleus can bind to the receptor -activated receptor mobilizes to nucleus to affect transcription -activated receptors dimerize in the nucleus, then target steroid hormone response elements (SREs/HREs; nucleotide sequences) in promoter regions of genres to regulate transcription (usually takes two receptors bound to ligand dimerizing and interacting with DNA sequences)
Autocoid
What refers to a mechanism of locally acting hormones? They're hormones because they are released into the blood supply, and can act upon a close by set of cells.
Calcitonin
What stops PTH effects on bones and decreases kidney reabsorption?
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron System (RAAS)
What system in the kidney is used to maintain water balance and blood pressure in the body?
Adenylate cyclase
What target activated by GPCRs converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal?
Phospholipase C (PLC)
What target activated by GPCRs is an enzyme that floats in adenylyl cyclase? Acts on a membrane phospholipid, splitting it into 2 second messengers: Diacylglycerol (DAG), IP3.
insulin and glucagon
What two hormones work to maintain blood glucose levels and have no direct hypothalamic/pituitary stimulation?
Luteinizing Hormone and Follicular stimulating hormone
What two male steroid sex hormones does the anterior pituitary synthesize? They are both secreted from cells that are stimulated by GnRH (both hormones target cells in the testis)
Type 2 Diabetes
What type of diabetes is the reduced sensitivity to insulin by target cells in metabolic organs (like adipose and liver)? Blood insulin concentration is normal or even high. Treatment: lifestyle changes, proper diet, weight loss surgery
Negative feedback
What type of feedback loop does FSH have in females?
Positive feedback
What type of feedback loop does LH have in females? (From the pituitary right back onto the hypothalamic neurosecretory hormone-secretory neurons which secrete GnRH)
Positive Feedback
What type of feedback loop does estrogen have in females? (it works on both the pituitary and hypothalamus)
Negative Feedback
What type of feedback loop is the RAAS?
Exocrine
What type of gland is described: -secretory cells (ductal) line in a duct which is continuous with the outside -have ducts Examples: salivary and sweat glands
Endocrine
What type of gland is described: -secretory cells secrete hormones into the blood stream
Steroid
What type of hormone can activate nuclear receptors and GPCRs in the membrane/cytoplasm? Example: testosterone, estradiol, cortisol
Apocrine
What type of hormone cellular signaling is described: Apical membrane sloughs off
Neuroendocrine action
What type of hormone cellular signaling is described: Neurons secrete their neurotransmitters to the bloodstream. Example: neurohormones (organ is from the neuron)
Paracrine action
What type of hormone cellular signaling is described: Secreted signal acts upon neighboring cells that have receptors. This can describe neuronal synaptic signaling.
Autocrine action
What type of hormone cellular signaling is described: Secreted signal actually acts upon the cell that secreted it
Pheromone signaling
What type of hormone cellular signaling is described: Signaling one member of a species to another (not focused on here)
Endocrine action
What type of hormone cellular signaling is described: Cells secrete a signal; the signal travels through the bloodstream and finds its target tissue wherever there is a cell that has a receptor.
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
What type of hormone is known as the stress hormone? -stimulates gluconeogenesis -occurs after liver glycogen stores become depleted -increase in proteolysis to increase amino acids -increase lipolysis to increase free fatty acids
Tropic
What type of hormone regulates production and secretion of another hormone? (in this figure it would be the thyroid-stimulating hormone)
Peptide and protein
What type of hormones activate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the cell membrane? GPCRs will amplify the hormone signal and cause a cellular cascade of events.
Adrenergic
What type of receptor are catecholamine receptors?
Ovulation
What yields a corpus luteum body (that is a source of estrogen and progesterone that helps to build up the lining)? -If there is no fertilization and subsequent implantation, the uterine lining is lost in the process called menstruation -This is supported by the reabsorption of the corpus luteum, and falling estrogen and progesterone levels
E
When a hormone binds to a GPCR, all of the following can happen, EXCEPT: a. Amplification of signals due to multiple G proteins which are stimulated b. G proteins activate enzymes c. Enzymes produce second messengers d. Activate kinases (and phosphatases) that change the phosphorylation state of enzymes e. All of the above occur
Adrenal gland
Where are catecholamines and glucocorticoids produced?
Plasma membrane
Where do peptide hormones and catecholamines bind with target cells?
Intracellular receptors
Where do steroid and thyroid hormones bind to target cells?
Anterior pituitary gland
Which gland allows for coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system? -hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release both inhibiting and releasing hormones -tropic hormones in this case activate the endocrine gland
Insulin
Which hormone decreases your blood glucose after a meal?
Glucagon
Which hormone increases your blood glucose after a fast?
Thyroid Hormone
Which hormone is being described: -Stimuli from temperature-regulating centers cause a release of TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) -This releases TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) which acts upon our follicular cells in thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones -T3 (active) and T4
Growth hormone
Which hormone is released a few hours after a meal? It opposes insulin action in the blood: -increases blood glucose -increases gluconeogenesis -promotes fat utilization -facilitates growth -fuel mobilization
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which hormone stimulates water retention either by the renal ducts or vasoconstriction of arterioles? Its release is controlled by hypothalamic osmoreceptors. Hint: another name for this hormone is vasopressin
Posterior lobe
Which lobe in the pituitary gland is composed of neurons whose cell bodies originate in the hypothalamus, but whose axons project to the capillaries within this lobe? This tissue is neural.
Anterior
Which lobe in the pituitary gland produces and secretes its own hormones? They are perfused with capillary beds and also bring in nutrients and carry away secretory product of these endocrine cells.
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Which male steroid sex hormone is secreted through short axons onto the capillary bed that delivers GnRH to the anterior pituitary cells? Hint: It acts in an autocoid manner and is a tropic hormone
Lipid Soluble Hormones
Which mechanism by which hormones move is described: -steroid hormones -carried by carrier proteins, and can diffuse across the membrane to bind to the cytosolic receptor (which are transcriptional factors) -increases production of mRNA and the production of proteins (AKA long-lasting effects) -exert transient effects (fast) when the hormone binds to the cell surface receptor -GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES
Lipid Insoluble Hormone
Which mechanism by which hormones move is described: -the signal does not cross the membrane -activates (or starts its effects) by binding to a cell surface receptor -causes transduction of the signal, this generates a second messenger which activates effector pathways (by activating metabolic pathways, exerting transient effects for as long as the signal creates second messengers) -CHANGES IN ENZYME ACTIVITY
Angiotensin
Which protein is synthesized in the liver and circulates? It is not active until you start the cascade of events in the RAAS that starts with renin.
Orange
Which type of neuron in the hypothalamus has axons which project out of the hypothalamus and synapse onto a blood supply that refuses or supplies this part of the pituitary gland? -secretes hormones to blood supply and circulates to anterior lobe -autocoid
Red
Which type of neuron in the hypothalamus have long axons that synapse onto capillary beds that are located in the pituitary gland? -terminates or synapse with the capillary beds that are in the posterior lobe -long axons comprise the nervous tissue, the neural tissue of the posterior lobe -hormones include ADH and oxytocin (have targets that are farther away)
GPCRs
Which type of receptors do steroid hormones activate that can affect cell sensitivity and phosphorylation and have a more rapid action? (emergent)
Nuclear receptors
Which type of receptors do steroid hormones activate that can modify gene expression and have an extended time of action? (classic/predominant)
B
____________ is the term that refers to how the majority of the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signals are secreted from the cell. a. Apocrine b. Merocrine c. Holocene d. Autocoid
D
____________ signals are carries in _____________ and can act upon target tissues at long distances. a. Autocrine, extracellular fluid b. Paracrine, blood c. Neuroendocrine, extracellular fluid d. Endocrine, blood e. Endocrine, extracellular fluid
A
_____________ is released from ____________ in response to rising blood calcium levels, _________ is released from ___________in response to falling blood calcium levels. a. Calcitonin, thyroid gland PTH, parathyroid gland b. PTH, thyroid gland, calcitonin, parathyroid gland c. Calcitonin, parathyroid gland, PTH, thyroid gland d. Calcitriol, thyroid gland, PTH, parathyroid gland e. PTH, parathyroid gland, calcitonin, thyroid gland
