BIO377 Chapter 13
The apparatus used in pulmonary function tests to measure lung volumes and capacities is called a ______________
spirometer
Pulmonary _______ _________ located in the smooth muscle layer of the airway are activated by a large lung inflation, and send signals to the respiratory centers that terminate inspiration.
stretch receptors
The body compartment called the ______ is a closed area bounded at the neck by muscles and connective tissue and separated from the abdomen by a large sheet of skeletal muscle called the __________.
thorax/diaphragm
The transpulmonary pressure is the ___________ pressure that governs the static properties of the lungs
transmural
The resistance of small airways is reduced by a distending force resulting from the pressure inside the airway being greater than the pressure outside of the airway. What is the term describing that pressure gradient?
transpulmonary pressure
_____ __ ______ cells produce detergent-like substance called surfactant
type II alveolar cells
Systemic __________(venous or arterial?) PO2 decreases during strenuous exercise.
venous
A mismatch of alveolar airflow and capillary blood flow in the lung is known as _________-_________ inequality
ventilation-perfusion
The respiratory rhythm generator known as the pre-Botzinger complex is located in the upper portion of the _________ respiratory group.
ventral
The pleural membrane layer that is directly adhered to the surface of the lung is called the _______ pleura and the pleural layer that lines the interior of the thoracic cavity is called the _______ pleura.
visceral/parietal
The maximal amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration is called _____ ________.
vital capacity
The volume of fresh inspired air that enters alveoli that have no associated blood supply is known as the ________ ____ space
alveolar dead
(tidal volume - dead space) * respiratory rate = __________ _________
alveolar ventilation
The tiny air sacs of the lungs which mediate gas exchange with the blood are called ________.
alveoli
Condition in which the hemoglobin concentration of blood is below normal.
anemia
The trachea branches off into two tubes called ______, each entering a lung.
bronchi
The structure that is surrounded by smooth muscle that contracts or relaxes to dynamically control its radius and therefore, air flow is called __________.
bronchiole
In the respiratory condition known as chronic __________, there are chronic inflammatory changes in small airways along with excessive mucus production in the bronchi
bronchitis
The gas _______ ________ has a higher binding affinity for the heme site of hemoglobin than oxygen, and it also decreases the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the tissues.
carbon monoxide
As blood passes through tissue capillaries, __________ ions move into red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions, which move out of red blood cells
chloride
In cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive mutation occurs in an epithelial channel that reduces the movement of ________ ions.
chloride
The epithelial surfaces of the airways through the respiratory bronchioles, contain ____________ that constantly beat upward toward the pharynx to aid in the removal of inhaled particulates
cilia
The physical characteristic of the lung that determines how much the volume changes for a given change in transpulmonary pressure is called the lung __________.
compliance
Infection, autoimmune disease, and exposure to toxic airborne chemicals can cause a condition in which alveolar walls are severely thickened with connective tissue, a lung disease called ______ ________ ______, which impairs the diffusion of oxygen.
diffuse interstitial fibrosis
The clinical term for the feeling of "labored or difficult breathing" is _______.
dyspnea
When interstitial spaces and alveoli within the lung become filled with fluid, it is known as pulmonary _______.
edema
Smoking is a major cause of the progressive destruction of alveolar tissue in the disease ___________.
emphysema
The _________ cells lining the pulmonary capillaries influence arterial concentrations of chemical messengers, for example, by removing them from the blood.
endothelial
The movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment during breathing is called _________, and movement from the atmosphere into the alveoli is called __________.
expiration/inspiration
The ____________ (internal or external?) intercostal muscles are activated during inspiration.
external
True or false: during exercise, active expiration occurs by reversing the direction of action potentials along neurons to the inspiratory muscles.
false
True or false: if a liquid is exposed to two different gases having the same partial pressures, at equilibrium the concentration of gases in the liquid will always be identical.
false
True or false: the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract mainly involuntarily and are composed of smooth muscle
false
True or false: when a tissue's metabolic activity increases, the difference between oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the incoming arteries and outgoing veins is usually less than at rest.
false
A ventilation rate that removes CO2 from the body faster than it is produced is known as ______________.
hyperventilation
The term for the condition in which there is a decreased arterial PCO2 is ___________.
hypocapnia
A ventilation rate that results in increased systemic arterial PCO2 is known as _______________.
hypoventilation
__________ describes the condition in which a patient has increased arterial PCO2, decreased arterial PO2, and increased arterial [H+]
hypoventilation
With other factors remaining the same, if tissue metabolic rate increases, alveolar PCO2 will _________.
increase
In the arterial blood when a person hypoventilates PCO2 ___________ and pH ____________.
increases/decreases
The extremely thin fluid layer that is between membranes surrounding the lungs and lubricates their surfaces is known as the ______________ fluid
intrapleural
In addition to producing CO2, muscle cells generate __________ __________ during strenuous anaerobic exercise, which causes an increase in arterial H+ concentration.
lactic acid
Vocal cords are located in the _______.
larynx
The process that holds airways open by elastic connective tissue fibers linking alveoli to surrounding tissues is called ______ _______.
lateral traction
A paracrine factor that increases airway resistance as part of the inflammation response
leukotrienes
Intracellular PO2 of a metabolizing tissue cell is ______ than in arteriolar blood, and the intracellular PCO2 is ______ than in arteriolar blood.
lower/higher
Airways and alveoli contain immune cells called ___________ that engulf and destroy inhaled particles and bacteria
macrophages
The acid-base disorder that involves an increase in arterial H+ concentration caused by something other than elevated PCO2 is known as __________ _________.
metabolic acidosis
A decrease in arterial H+ concentration caused by something other than a change in arterial PCO2 is called ___________ ___________.
metabolic alkalosis
The ________ ____________ = tidal volume * respiratory rate
minute ventilation
The individual pressure exerted by a gas within a mixture of gases is referred to as its _______ pressure
partial
When the PO2 of arterial blood decreases significantly, the _____________ chemoreceptors stimulate ventilation
peripheral
The ________ is a structure posterior to the oral cavity that is a common pathway for food moving toward the esophagus and air moving toward the larynx.
pharynx
The sum of the anatomical and alveolar dead spaces is known as the __________ dead space
physiological
The _______ are membranous layers attached to the outer surface of the lungs and inner surface of the chest cavity.
pleura
The condition in which the chest wall or lung is punctured and the intrapleural space pressure equilibrates with atmospheric pressure.
pneumothorax
The ________ respiratory group helps smooth the transition between inspiration and expiration
pontine
At the end of an unforced expiration when the muscles are relaxed and there is no airflow, _______ ___________ _______ tends to keep the lungs open, and that force is balanced by _______ ______which tends to make them collapse.
positive transpulmonary pressure/elastic recoil
The most important determinant of airway resistance is the ______ of the _______.
radius/airways
Restrictive lung disorders are characterized by ________ vital capacity and ________ ratio of FEV1 to vital capacity
reduced/normal
A lung disease that has normal airway resistance but has impaired respiratory movements because of abnormalities in the lung tissue, the pleura, the chest wall, or the neuromuscular machinery is known as __________ lung disease
restrictive
Increased 2,3 DPG levels in red blood cells cause a _______(left or right?) shift in the hemoglobin dissociation curve, which means there is a(n) __________ (increase or decrease?) in the binding affinity for oxygen.
right/decrease
The muscles of respiration are composed of __________ muscle
skeletal
___ milliliters of oxygen are normally dissolved in 1 liter of systemic arterial blood ___ is the typical cardiac output in liters per minute ___ milliliters of oxygen normally bound to hemoglobin in 1 liter of systemic arterial blood ___ milliliters of oxygen are normally delivered by systemic arterial blood each minute ___ milliliters of oxygen are dissolved and bound to hemoglobin in 1 liter of systemic arterial blood
3/5/197/1000/200
Rank the following in order of descending PO2 1. Tissue interstitial fluid 2. Plasma of systemic capillaries 3. Inside tissue cell mitochondria 4. Erythrocyte intracellular fluid in systemic arterioles
4,2,1,3
Place steps in the order they occur during expiration... 1. Lungs recoil toward pre-inspiration size, compressing alveolar air 2. Chest wall recoils inward and intrapleural pressure increases toward pre-inspiration value 3. Alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure and air flows out of lungs 4. Inspiratory muscles stop contracting 5. Intrapleural pressure increases and transpulmonary pressure decreases back toward pre-inspiration values
4,2,5,1,3
A hemoglobin molecule has __ subunits and each one consists of a ____ attached to a polypeptide
4/heme
What is the percent hemoglobin saturation when 60% of the heme sites on the hemoglobin do not have oxygen bound?
40
In a plot of minute ventilation (Y-axis) vs arterial PO2 (X-axis), the minute ventilation increases most steeply when PO2 decreases from __ to __ mmHg
60/50
Red blood cells have an average diameter of approximately __ micrometers and the thickness of the barrier separating alveolar air from pulmonary capillary blood is approximately __ micrometers.
7/0.2
What is the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in a typical resting person's systemic venous blood?
75%
All pressures in the respiratory system are given relative to atmospheric pressure, which is ___ mmHg at sea level.
760
In a healthy person, the forced vital capacity in 1 second (FEV1) is about what percentage of the vital capacity?
80
In a normal systemic arterial blood sample approximately __% of the total oxygen content is bound to hemoglobin
98.5
According to Boyle's Law, when the volume of a closed space increases at a constant temperature: A. the total gas pressure within that space decreases B. the total gas pressure within that space increases C. the partial pressure of gases in that space all increase D. the solubility of gases in that space increases E. the solubility of gases in that space decreases
A
As blood flows through pulmonary capillaries, ____________. A. there is net diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood B. there is net diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the blood C. there is net diffusion of oxygen out of the blood and carbon dioxide into the blood D. there is net diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide out of the blood
A
Despite the fact that large quantities of acid-forming CO2 enters the blood as it passes through the tissues, systemic venous blood is only slightly lower in pH than arterial blood. Why is that? A. because H+ binds to hemoglobin B. because oxygen and H+ combine to form peroxide C. because H+ is insoluble in plasma D. because HCO3- exits red blood cells in exchange for H+. E. because the H+ remains trapped in the interstitial space
A
If the alveoli were lined with a layer of pure water, lung expansion would _________. A. require exhausting muscular work B. occur spontaneously, without the need for skeletal muscle contraction C. be far easier than normal D. be impossible
A
The most important inputs to the medullary inspiratory neurons that modulate the rate and depth of ventilation come from the ___________. A. central and peripheral chemoreceptors B. Romulan sector defibrillator C. aortic and carotid baroreceptors D. left and right cerebral peduncles E. pulmonary stretch receptors
A
What does the arterial PCO2 most directly influence? A. arterial pH B. arterial PO2 C. blood hematocrit D. alveolar PO2
A
When arterial PO2 is near a normal value of 90-100, minute ventilation will not increase with small reductions in arterial PO2 because ________. A. oxygen-hemoglobin saturation does not decrease significantly B. only alveolar ventilation is capable of correcting a decrease in blood PO2 C. main oxygen sensors are in the medulla oblongata, which is separated from the blood by the blood-brain barrier D. the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to the total oxygen content but not the PO2 of the blood E. we lack chemoreceptors that respond to oxygen levels
A
When the diaphragm muscle contracts, it __________. A. flattens from its dome shape and enlarges the thorax B. bulges into a dome shape and enlarges the thorax C. bulges into a dome shape and decreases the size of the thorax D. flattens from its dome shape and decreases the size of the thorax
A
Which of the following results from the fact that the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is sigmoid in shape while the relationship between PCO2 and arterial carbon dioxide content is linear? A. ventilation-perfusion abnormalities affect arterial oxygen levels more than they affect arterial carbon dioxide levels B. hemoglobin changes color in response to the amount of bound oxygen, but does not change color in response to the amount of bound carbon dioxide C. central chemoreceptors are sensitive to carbon dioxide levels but not to oxygen levels D. the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the tissues is not exactly the same as the amount of oxygen used by the tissues
A
Which term is used to describe the amount of bound oxygen carried by red blood cells? A. percent hemoglobin saturation B. hematocrit C. dissolved oxygen concentration D. global hematuria content E. oxycontin index
A
What are the main adaptive effects of pulmonary arterial blood vessel vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction? (select all that apply) A. to redirect air away from diseased or damaged alveoli B. to supply less blood flow to poorly ventilated areas C. to redirect air toward diseased or damaged alveoli D. to supply more blood flow to poorly ventilated areas
A and B
Which of the following reduces the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin at any given PO2? A. decrease in PCO2 B. increase in 2,3 DPG C. decrease in acidity D. decrease in temperature
B
With regard to gas properties, Henry's law states __________. A. that the pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container B. that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid will be directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas with which it is in equilibrium C. that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of gases in the mixture D. the higher the gas temperature, the faster gas molecules move, which is directly proportional to gas pressure.
B
List some of the major components of pulmonary surfactant. (select all that apply) A. bile salts B. phospholipids C. proteins D. carbonic anhydrase E. enzymes
B and C
Which TWO are characteristic of asthma? A. decreased airway resistance B. bronchoconstriction C. inflammation D. bronchodilation
B and C
Which of these would NOT stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors and result in an increase in ventilation? (select all that apply) A. change in pH of arterial blood to a value of 7.1 B. 10% reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood C. inhaling atmospheric air containing 5% carbon dioxide D. inhaling atmospheric air containing a trace concentration of carbon monoxide E. change in the PO2 of systemic arterial blood to a value of 50 mmHg
B and D
What are the main components of the medullary respiratory center? (select all that apply) A. agnostic center B. dorsal respiratory group C. apneustic center D. pneumotaxic center E. ventral respiratory group
B and E
Which are categories of drugs used to treat asthma? (select all that apply) A. loop diuretic drugs B. anti-inflammatory drugs C. beta-blocker drugs D. calcium-channel agonist drugs E. bronchodilator drugs
B and E
Irritant receptors located between epithelial cells in the wall of the _________ cause coughing when stimulated by irritants. (select all that apply) A. alveoli B. larynx C. bronchi D. trachea E. nose
B,C,D
Which are features of altitude sickness? (select all that apply) A. hypoventilation caused by increased arterial PO2 B. pulmonary edema C. pulmonary hypertension D. hyperventilation caused by decreased arterial PO2 E. hypercapnia
B,C,D
Which of the following can result from very high levels of arterial blood PCO2? A. large increase in arterial blood pH: B. loss of consciousness C. inhibition of ventilation D. severe headaches
B,C,D
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that converts ____________ and ____________ into ____________.
CO2/H2O/carbonic acid
When areas of the lung have normal blood flow but the alveolar ventilation to the area is blocked, it is referred to as _______. A. alveolar dead space B. pulmonary embolism C. physiological dead space D. anatomical dead space E. a shunt
E
The law of _______ describes how the relationship between pressure and surface tension varies with alveolar size
Laplace
Hyperventilation can lead to a reduction in CO2, a clinical condition known as respiratory ___________.
alkalosis
Place 5 steps or respiration in order they occur. (put step that doesn't belong at bottom) 1. Ventilation 2. Gas exchange between lungs and pulmonary capillary blood 3. Gas transport in the blood 4. Cellular respiration 5. Gas exchange between alveoli and systemic capillary blood 6. Gas exchange between systemic capillary blood and tissues
1/2/3/6/4/5
Of the carbon dioxide transported from tissues to the lungs , __% is dissolved, __-__% is bound to hemoglobin, and __-__% is converted to HCO3-. A. bound to hemoglobin/converted to HCO3-/dissolved B. dissolved/bound to hemoglobin/
10/25-30/60-65
The partial pressure of O2 in pulmonary venous blood is __ mmHg The partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air is __ mmHg The partial pressure of CO2 in pulmonary artery blood is ___ mmHg The partial pressure of O2 in mitochondria is __ mmHg The partial pressure of O2 in pulmonary artery blood is __ mmHg
100/105/46/5/40
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve undergoes the largest change in oxygen saturation between what range of PO2 values? (in mmHg)
20-60 mmHg
Which structures are part of the anatomical dead space? (select all that apply) A. trachea B. nose C. bronchi D. alveoli
A,B,C
Which factors play some role in stimulating ventilation during exercise? (select all that apply) A. reflex input from mechanoreceptors in joints and muscles B. increase in body temperature C. decrease in plasma potassium concentration D. learned response mediated by neural input to the respiratory centers E. decrease in plasma epinephrine concentration
A,B,D
Which respiratory system structures aid in the trapping and clearing of inhaled particles present in inspired air? (select all that apply) A. epithelial cell cilia B. nasal hairs C. alveolar pores D. macrophages E. mucus F. intrapleural fluid
A,B,D,E
Which THREE are the determinants of alveolar PO2? A. the rate of total-body oxygen consumption B. the rate of alveolar ventilation C. the solubility of O2 in blood plasma D. the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood E. the PO2 of atmospheric air
A,B,E
Which are parts of the upper airway system? (select all that apply) A. nose B. bronchi C. pharynx D. trachea E. larynx F. mouth
A,C,E,F
The conducting zone includes the _________. A. terminal bronchioles B. respiratory bronchioles C. alveoli D. trachea E. bronchi
A,D,E
From top right to bottom left in the respiratory cycle graph, place in order... A. transpulmonary pressure B. atmospheric pressure C. breath volume D. intrapleural pressure E. alveolar pressure
A,E,B,D,C
The respiratory zone of the respiratory system includes which of the following? (select all that apply) A. alveolar ducts B. terminal bronchioles C. trachea D. bronchi E. alveolar sacs F. respiratory bronchioles
A,E,F
In an experiment, two sides of a chamber (A amd B) separated by a semipermeable membrane initially contain solutions with equal quantities of dissolved oxygen. If hemoglobin molecules (which cannot penetrate the membrane) are added to the solution on side A, what will occur? A. Oxygen will diffuse from side B to side A until an equilibrium is reached with side A having a higher PO2 than side B. B. Oxygen will diffuse from side B to side A until an equilibrium is reached with both sides having equal PO2, but side A having more total oxygen. C. Oxygen will diffuse in both directions, and in the final equilibrium state the total oxygen concentration in each solution will be the same. D. Oxygen will diffuse in both directions across the membrane, but there will be no net oxygen diffusion.
B
The most effective way to increase alveolar ventilation is to increase ________. A. respiratory rate B. depth of breathing C. dead space
B
Which lists two quantities that are typically equal in a person breathing normally for 1 minute at rest? A. the amount of oxygen entering the alveoli from the atmosphere; the amount of oxygen entering the atmosphere from the alveoli B. the amount of oxygen crossing from alveolar air into the blood; the amount of oxygen consumed by tissue cells C. the amount of oxygen in blood leaving the right ventricle; the amount of oxygen in blood leaving the left ventricle D. the alveolar ventilation; the cardiac output E. the amount of oxygen consumed by tissue cells; the amount of carbon dioxide produced by tissue cells
B
Which of the following increases oxygen transfer from a mother to a fetus? A. fetal hemoglobin, which has a lower affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin B. fetal hemoglobin, which has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin C. fetal red blood cells, which have thinner plasma membranes than adult red blood cells D. fetal red blood cells, which have no nuclei and thus have more space for hemoglobin storage E. fetal red blood cells, which have thicker plasma membranes than adult red blood cells
B
At an altitude where the total atmospheric pressure is 200 mmHg, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere? A. 100 mmHg B. 160 mmHg C. 42 mmHg D. 21 mmHg
C
If a man ascended rapidly in a helicopter from sea level to the top of a mountain, but he maintained the same rate and depth of ventilation he was using at sea level, which of these changes would be most prominent at the higher altitude? A. his alveolar PCO2 would be higher than normal B. his alveolar PO2 would be higher than normal C. his alveolar PO2 would be lower than normal D. his alveolar PCO2 would be lower than normal
C
Increased plasma PCO2 directly results in _______. A. increased plasma PO2 B. decreased plasma [H+] C. decreased plasma pH D. increased plasma 2,3-DPG E. increased binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
C
What chemoreceptors are located within the medulla oblongata? A. olfactory B. carotid C. central D. peripheral E. aortic
C
What force opposes the positive transpulmonary pressure in the lung of a person at the end of an unforced expiration when muscles are relaxed and there is no airflow? A. negative atmospheric pressure B. negative alveolar pressure C. elastic recoil of the lungs D. negative intrapleural pressure E. elastic recoil of the chest wall
C
When airway radius decreases, _________. A. the resistance to airflow decreases B. the gradient required to produce a given airflow decreases C. resistance to airflow increases D. airflow increases at any given pressure gradient
C
When alveoli in a region of the lung are ventilated normally but the blood supply to that region is blocked by a blood clot, that region is referred to as __________. A. fibrotic B. edematous C. dead space D. a shunt
C
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory airway? A. larynx B. mouth C. diaphragm D. bronchi E. trachea F. pharynx G. nostril
C
Expiration occurs when ____________. (select all that apply) A. atmospheric pressure is equal to alveolar pressure B. atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure C. alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure D. alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure E. atmospheric pressure is less than alveolar pressure
C and E
Inspiration occurs when ___________. (select all that apply) A. atmospheric pressure is less than alveolar pressure B. alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure C. atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure D. alveolar and atmospheric pressures are equal E. alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
C and E
What are the TWO main determinants of lung compliance? A. presence or absence of tracheal rings in airways B. diameter of large airways C. amount and distensibility of connective tissues making up the lung tissue D. viscosity of gases in inspired and expired air E. surface tension at the air-water interfaces within the lungs
C and E
Which TWO factors work together to create the subatmospheric intrapleural pressure when a person is resting quietly at the end of an unforced expiration with muscles relaxed and no air flowing? A. cartilaginous rings surrounding large airways B. positive pressure in the atmosphere at sea level C. tendency of the chest wall to expand due to elastic recoil D. subatmospheric alveolar pressure E. tendency of lungs to collapse due to elastic recoil
C and E
Which of the following are non-respiratory function of the lungs? (select all that apply) A. mediates gluconeogenesis during fasting B. produces new red blood cells C. defends against microbes D. forms speech sounds E. dissolves blood clots arising from systemic veins
C,D,E
During the entire respiratory cycle, which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary arteries? A. left atria B. right atria C. left ventricle D. right ventricle
D
In compartment A there are only oxygen molecules... In compartment B there are oxygen molecules bound to hemoglobin. Which is TRUE? A. compartment A has higher PO2 than compartment B B. compartment B has a higher PO2 than compartment A C. the total oxygen content of side A is the same as that of compartment B D. compartment A and B have the same PO2
D
Which respiratory group primarily has input to the spinal motor neurons that activate the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles? A. ventral respiratory group B. lateral respiratory group C. covert respiratory group D. dorsal respiratory group E. pontine respiratory group
D
The pressure of a gas within a closed, rigid-walled container depends on which TWO of these? A. the number of atoms in each molecule of the gas B. the pressure in the atmosphere surrounding the container C. the thickness of the container's walls D. the temperature of the gas E. concentration of the gas
D and E
The syndrome COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) includes which of the following? (select all that apply) A. parkinson's disease B. cystic fibrosis C. asthma D. emphysema E. chronic bronchitis
D and E
According to ______ Law the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture.
Dalton's
The single capital letter _ designates the group of sensory receptors that are stimulated when accumulated fluid in lung interstitial fluid volume increases the pressure in that space.
J
True or false: minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation always increase and decrease in proportion to each other
False
The ability of changes in arterial PCO2 to reflexively control ventilation is largely due to associated changes in __ concentration.
H+
The _____ ______ reflex is signaled by stretch receptors to help terminate inspiration during very large tidal volumes to prevent over inflation of the lungs
Hering Breuer
An increase in H+ __________ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen by binding to the ________ portion of hemoglobin
decreases/globin
When a person is suffering from a chronic metabolic alkalosis, the respiratory system will compensate by __________ ventilation which __________ arterial PCO2.
decreasing/elevates
The term for hemoglobin without bound oxygen is __________ and the term describing hemoglobin with oxygen bound is __________
deoxyhemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin
The polypeptides of a hemoglobin molecule are collectively called ______.
globin
Which form of hypnoxia occurs when the quantity of oxygen reaching the tissues is normal, but the cell cannot utilize the oxygen due to a toxin interfering with the cell's metabolic machinery? __________ hypoxia
histotoxic
The disease ___________ _______ syndrome of the newborn is due to insufficient surfactant production in newborns.
respiratory disease
The ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed by tissue metabolism is known as the __________ _______.
respiratory quotient
