Biochem Exam 3

PROBLEM ROULETTE: How many NADH will be obtained from only the Krebs Cycle using all of the acetyl CoA molecules from beta oxidation of Stearate (18:0)?

27

How many anaplerotic reactions produce oxaloacteate?

3

PROBLEM ROULETTE: How many CO2 molecules are fixed in the Calvin Cycle in order to produce one Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

3

PROBLEM ROULETTE: How many molecules of CO2 are produced from one molecule of pyruvate by its complete oxidation, from glycolysis through the Citric Acid Cycle?

3

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Which intermediate in glycolysis in plants passes through the Phosphate-Triose Phosphate Transporter System?

3-phophoglycerate

OLD EXAM QUESTION: The final product formed by the enzyme rubisco is __________

3-phosphoglycerate

The enzyme rubisco forms what product?

3-phosphoglycerate

What is the product of the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin Cycle?

3-phosphoglycerate

OLD EXAM QUESTION: An enzyme used in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is _____________

3-phosphoglycerate kinase

How many ATP are made from complete oxidation of glucose?

30-32 ATP

How many Acetyl CoA do you use for Palmiatate (Fatty Acid) Synthesis?

8

How many Coenzyme A do you make for palmitate synthesis?

8

PROBLEM ROULETTE: How many acetyl CoA molecules are obtained from palmitoleic acid (16:1 delta 9) via beta oxidation?

8

PROBLEM ROULETTE: How many intermediates of glycolysis are phosphorylated?

8

How many electrons are transfered when dinitrogenase is reduced?

8 electrons

PROBLEM ROULETTE: A genetic mutation has changed the function of the NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase. It now pumps 3 protons into the matrix. How many protons are pumped across the inner membrane in these mutant cells, beginning with NADH?

9

PROBLEM ROULETTE: ____ molecules of ATP are hydrolyzed for every triose phosphate produced from __ CO2

9 ATP 3 CO2

Where is the malonyl group supposed to be attached to when the fatty acid synthase is charging?

ACP

What molecules stimulate the production of citrate?

ADP

What moves INTO the matrix In the Adenine Nucleotide Translocase?

ADP/ Pi (ATP 3-)

What type of specific molecules activate the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? (4)

AMP, CoA, NAD, Ca

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What enzyme will be activated by AMP, which then activates other ATP producing pathways?

AMP-dependent protein kinase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Pyruvate Kinase is allosterically inhibited by what molecules?

ATP

What inhibits pyruvate kinase?

ATP

What molecules inhibit the production of alpha ketoglutarate?

ATP

What moves OUT OF the matrix in Adenine Nucleotide Translocase?

ATP (ATP 4-)

What molecules inhibit the production of citrate? (4)

ATP, NADH, Succinyl CoA, Citrate

What specific types of molecules inactivate the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? (3)

ATP, NADH, fatty acids

What are the 3 main products of fatty acid oxidation?

Acetyl CoA FADH2 NADH

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction between acetyl CoA and Bicarbonate?

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

What two things do you need to make Malonyl CoA?

Acetyl CoA and Bicarbonate

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What enzyme has an active site that contains 3 essential Cys residues involved in stubrate binding indirectly?

Aconitase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What enzyme of the Citric Acid Cycle uses a Fe-S Center?

Aconitase

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Flurocitrate is a compound that is structurally very similar to citrate. However, it is a deadly poison, and it acts as a competitive inhibitor of an enzyme in the citric acid cycle. What enzyme does fluorocitrate inhibit?

Aconitase. this would inhibit the CA cycle, along with glycolysis

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What is a feedback inhibitor of PFK-1

Activates: AMP, ADP, fructose 2,6 bisphosphate Deactivates: ATP, Citrate

PROBLEM ROULETTE: The Calvin Cycle is energetically costly, consuming ATP, Carbon sources, and reducing equivalents. The pathway changes a pentose into a hexose, in part, so it is often discuseed in terms of hexoses produced. How many ATP, NADPH, and CO2 are required to produce one molecule of a hexose?

18 ATP, 6 CO2, 12 NADPH

How many Q cycles do you go through in Complex IV?

2

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: How many ATP are required to activate a free fatty acid?

2

PROBLEM ROULETTE: How many ATP molecules are required to convert one glucose molecule to 2 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate molecules?

2

PROBLEM ROULETTE: How many molecules of Acetyl CoA are utilized for one turn of the Glycoxylate Cycle?

2

PROBLEM ROULETTE: In Complex IV, the production of _____ molecules of water from one O2 requires ______ electrons from Cytochrome c molecules

2 4

How many ATP are made from anaerobic glycolysis?

2 ATP

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Glycolysis conserves metabolic energy in two different molecules. What is the correct pair of molecules and their net amounts produced in glycolysis?

2 ATP 2 NADH

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Glycolysis produces important products for other cells than the ones making it. What is the net production of ATP and NADH from one glucose molecule?

2 ATP 2 NADH

What are the main products of the citric acid cycle?

2 CO2 3 NADH 1 FADH2

What are the products of oxidative pentose phosphate pathway?

2 NADPH 1 CO2 1 Ribose 5-phosphate

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: For beta oxidation, how many carbon atoms are removed from the acyl chain at a time?

2 at a time

How many electrons are passed through complex I of oxidative phosphorylation?

2 electrons

What are the Net products of glycolysis? (5)

2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ATP 2 H20 H+

PROBLEM ROULETTE: How many reducing equivalents are transferred to molecular oxygen for the 10 protons pumped out of the inner mitochondrial membrane by Complexes I to IV?

2 reducing equivalents

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What is the P/O ratio for mitochondrial oxidation using NADH?

2.5

How many ATP molecules can you make from 1 molecule of NADH?

2.5 ATP

OLD EXAM QUESTION: How many NET molecules of ATP would be produced when 10 molecules of glucose 6-phosphate undergo fermentation to ultimately yield 20 molecules of lactate?

20 ATP

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: What is the correct order of the function of the following enzymes in beta oxidation?

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Enoyl-CoA Hydratase B-Hydroxyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Thiolase

What type of reaction "activates" fatty acids for oxidation?

Adenylylation

What type of enzyme is Liver Hexokinase IV?

Allosteric

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What molecules are used in the reaction that produces Carbamoyl Phosphate, the nitrogen carrier, in the urea cycle?

Ammonia Bicarbonate ATP

What type of transporter is the Adenenine Nucleotide Translocase?

An Antiport

What type of transporter is the Malate Alpha Ketoglutrate Transporter?

An Antiport

What stabilizes citrate?

An Iron Sulfur Center

Why is there 6 waters made in palmitate synthesis?

Because you use one to release palmitate

What is the parent molecule of sphingolipids?

Ceramide

What are light harvesting complexes? (LHCs)

Chlorophyll + binding protein

PROBLEM ROULETTE: CO2 made via the CA Cycle is toxic. What carrier of CO2 in mammalian cells avoids that toxicity?

Bicarbonate

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Carboxylation of the 3-C molecule to methylmalonyl-CoA requires the addtion of one more carbon. What is the specific source of the carbon?

Biotin

What is a prosthetic group present in the formation of malonyl CoA from acetyl CoA and Bicarbonate?

Bioton--- the carboxyl group covalently bonds to the biotin, then to Acetyl Co.

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Branch chain amino acids are degraded in what organs?

Brain Adipose Muscle

PROBLEM ROULETTE: The plants producing 3-phosphoglycerate as a first Calvin Cycle intemediate are called _____ plants

C3

What specific reactions in the Citric Acid Cycle does Biotin play a key role in?

Carboxylation Reactions

What is an example of an accessory pigment/antenna?

Carotenoid

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Which of the following molecules diffuse across epithelial cell lining in the intestine during the initial transport steps of lipid metabolism?

Diacylglycerols Monoacylglycerols Glycerol Free fatty acids

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What's the unusual end product of omega-oxidatoin, which begins at the terminal end of an acyl chain?

Dicarboxylic acids

What captures Nitrogen to be used for nitrogen metabolism?

Dinitrogenase Complex

Where does the electrons from the FADH2 get transferred to?

Electron Transferring Flavoprotein (ETF)

What 3 things will increase when ATP hydrolysis increases?

Electron transfer Pyruvate oxidation ATP synthesis

What is a biproduct formed in step 3 of fatty acid synthesis?

H20

What does the Iron Sulfur complex contain?

H2S

What is an additional reactant that is used when converting propionyl CoA into methylmalonyl-CoA (under the presence of prionoyl CoA carboxylase)

HCO3

Within the Iron Sulfur complex Ferredoxin, what does H2S get oxidized to?

HSO4 2-

In photophosphorylation, what is H2O oxidized to?

O2

What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation?

O2

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: What are the overall goals of the pentose phosphate pathway?

Production of NADPH Production of glycolytic intermediates Production of ribose 5-phosphate

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Fatty Acyl Chains with odd numbers of carbons are oxidized into a 5-C molecule. What is one of the two products resulting from the cleavage of 5-C acyl chain intermediates?

Propionyl CoA

What enzyme converts propionyl-CoA into Methylmalonyl-CoA?

Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase (Biotin)

What is the enzyme complex/protein used in Complex III of oxidative phosphorylation?

Q: Cytochrome c oxidoreductase AND Cytochrome c

What is the product of the pheophytin-quinone reaction center?

QbH2

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What step of the citric acid cycle uses Manganese to stabilize a transient intermediate, playing a similar role as Mg with ATP?

Reactant: isocitrate NAD+ Enzyme: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Product: Alpha ketoglutarate NADH CO2

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What reaction of the Citric Acid Cycle uses Substrate level phosphorylation?

Reactant: Succinyl-CoA Enzyme: Succinyl- CoA synthase Product: Succinate

What is the second step of beta oxidation?

Hydration

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Cytochrome c is a mobile electron carrier that moves among Complexes of the mitochrondiral electron transport chain. What complexes does it move between?

III and IV

What is the seventh step of glycolysis? (2nd step of the payoff phase)

INPUT: (2) 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (2) ADP ENZYME: phosphoglycerate kinase OUTPUT: (2) 3-phosphoglycerate (2) ATP

What is the ninth step of glycolysis? (4th step of the payoff phase)

INPUT: (2) 2-phosphoglycerate ENZYME: enolase OUTPUT: (2) phosphoenolpyruvate

What is the eighth step of glycolysis? (3rd step of the payoff phase)

INPUT: (2) 3-phosphoglycerate ENZYME: phosphoglycerate mutase OUTPUT: (2) 2-phosphoglycerate

What is the sixth step of glycolysis? (1st step of the pay off phase)

INPUT: (2) Glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate (2) Pi (2) NAD+ ENZYME: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase OUTPUT: (2) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2) NADH + (1) H+

What is the final step of glycolysis? (final step of the payoff phase)

INPUT: (2) phosphoenolpyruvate (2) ADP ENZYME: pyruvate kinase OUTPUT: (2) pyruvate (2) ATP

What is the third reaction of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway?

INPUT: 6-phosphogluconate NADP+ ENZYME: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase OUTPUT: Ribulose 5-phosphate NADPH CO2

What is the second reaction of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway?

INPUT: 6-phosphoglucono-sigma-lactone H2O ENZYME: lactonase OUTPUT: 6-phosphogluconate

What is the final step of alcoholic fermentation?

INPUT: Acetaldehyde NADH ENZYME: Alcohol Dehydrogenase OUTPUT: Ethanol

What is the second step of the citric acid cycle?

INPUT: Citrate ENZYME: aconitase OUTPUT: Isocitrate

What is the fifth step of glycolysis?

INPUT: DHAP ENZYME: triose phosphate isomerase OUTPUT glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

What is the seventh step of the citric acid cycle?

INPUT: Fumarate ENZYME: fumarase OUTPUT: Malate

What is the third step of the Citric Acid Cycle?

INPUT: Isocitrate ENZYME: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase OUTPUT: alpha-ketoglutarate NADH CO2

What is the eighth step of the citric acid cycle?

INPUT: Malate NAD ENZYME: Malate Dehydrogenase OUTPUT: Oxaloacetate NADH +H+

What is the reaction of the urea cycle that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?

INPUT: Ornithine Carbomyl Phosphate ENZYME: Ornithine Transcarbamoylase OUTPUT: Cirtulline Pi

What is the first step of the citric acid cycle?

INPUT: Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA H20 ENZYME: Citrate Synthase OUTPUT: Citrate CoA-SH

What is the main anaplerotic reaction that makes oxaloacetate?

INPUT: Pyruvate Bicarbonate ATP ENZYME: Pyruvate Carboxylase OUTPUT: Oxaloacetate ADP Pi

What is the first step of alcoholic fermentation?

INPUT: Pyruvate ENZYME: pyruvate decarboxylase OUTPUT: acetaldehyde CO2

What is the fourth reaction of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway?

INPUT: Ribulose 5-phosphate ENZYME: phosphopentose isomerase OUTPUT: Ribose 5-phosphate

What is the sixth step of the citric acid cycle?

INPUT: Succinate FAD ENZYME: succinate dehydrogenase complex OUTPUT: Fumarate FADH2

What is the fifth step of the citric acid cycle?

INPUT: Succinyl CoA GDP ENZYME: Succinyl CoA Synthase OUTPUT: Succinate GTP CoA-SH

What is the fourth step of the citric acid cycle?

INPUT: alpha-ketoglutarate CoA-SH NAD ENZYME: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex OUTPUT: Succinyl-CoA CO2 NADH

What is the fourth step of glycolysis?

INPUT: fructose 1,6- bisphosphate ENZYME: aldolase OUTPUT: DHAP, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

What is the third step of glycolysis?

INPUT: fructose 6-phosphate, 2 ATP ENZYME: PFK-1 OUTPUT: fructose 1,6- bisphosphate, 2 ADP +Pi

What is the second step of glycolysis?

INPUT: glucose 6- phosphate ENZYME: phosphohexose isomerase OUTPUT: fructose 6- phosphate

What is the first reaction of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway?

INPUT: glucose 6-phosphate NADP ENZYME: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase OUTPUT: 6-phosphoglucono- sigma- lactone NADPH

What is the first step of glycolysis?

INPUT: glucose, 2 ATP ENZYME: hexokinase OUTPUT: glucose 6- phosphate, 2 ADP

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Name all the reactions that make CO2 in the citric acid cycle?

Reactant: isocitrate, NAD+ Product: alpha ketoglutarate NADH CO2 Enzyme: isocitrate dehyrogenase Reactant: alpha keto glutarate NAD Product: succinyl CoA NADH CO2 Enzyme: alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Write the balanced equation of conversion of 3 CO2 molecules to 1 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecule in the Calvin Cycle.

Reactants: 3 CO2 9 ATP 6 NADPH 6 H+ Products: 1 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 8 Pi 9 ADP 6 NADP+

What is the overall "activation" reaction for beta oxidation?

Reactants: Fatty Acid CoA-SH ATP Products: Fatty Acyl-CoA AMP 2 Pi

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What reaction of the citric acid cycle mades a reduced flavin nucleotide?

Reactants: Succinate FAD Enzyme: Succinate DH Product: Fumarate FADH2

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What reaction of the Citric Acid Cycle combines 4-Carbon and 2-Carbon intermediates to form a 6 carbon intermediate?

Reactants: oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA Enzyme: Citrate Synthase Product: Citrate CoA-SH

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Write the balanced reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway of one glucose 6- phosphate molecule to 6 CO2

Reactants: 1 glucose 6 phosphate 12 NADP+ 6 H2O Products: 12 NADPH 12 H+ 6 CO2 1 Pi

OLD EXAM QUESTION: What are the two reactions in glycolysis in which ATP is produced? (products and reactants)

Reaction 1: reactant: 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate Product: 3 phosphoglycerate Reaction 2: Reactant: PEP Product: pyruvate

OLD EXAM QUESTION: In what organisms does glycolysis occur?

In aerobic and anaerobic organisms

PROBLEM ROULETTE: where in the cell does glycolysis take place in mammals?

In the cytosol, since the enzymes are soluble

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What is a metabolic response to low blood glucose levels?

Increased glucagon and epinephrine

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What is a metabolic response to high blood glucose levels?

Increased insulin

What becomes activated in cholestrol synthesis?

Isoprenes

How does Palmitoyl CoA regulate Fatty Acid Synthesis?

It acts as a feedback inhibitor that inhibits Malonyl CoA

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What is the function of a Rieske Iron-Sulfur Protein?

It acts as a prosthetic group for one electron transfers in some complexes of mitochondria

What is the overall purpose of the fourth step of glycolysis?

It cleaves a 6 carbon sugar into 2 3-C molecules

What is the purpose of this proton that is moved into the matrix in the phosphate translocase?

It decreases the electrochemical gradient

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What is special about aconitase?

It features an Iron Sulfur Center

In glycolysis, what is the role of the cofactors Mg2+?

It lowers the activation energy

What is special about glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the 6th reaction of glycolysis?

It uses covalent catalysis as a mechanism to decrease activation energy

Where is the acetyl group supposed to be attached to when the fatty acid synthase is charging?

KS

OLD EXAM QUESTION: the loss of what enzyme results in lactose intolerance?

Lactase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: It is critical to regenerate reaction intermediates in metabolic pathways for them to continue/ In anaerobic conditions, what is the product when pyruvate is reduced to regenerate NAD in one form of fermentation?

Lactate

What is the enzyme needed for lactic acid fermentation?

Lactate dehydrogenase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates is intimately tied to regulation of metabolism of what other main group of biomolecules?

Lipids

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: Once inside the cell, gluocose is rapidly phosphorylated to glucose 6-phosphate. What is the main purpose of this phosphorylation?

To keep glucose inside the cell

What is the final step of fatty acid synthesis?

Transfering the butyryl gorup from the -SH carbon of ACP to the -SH group of KS

What mechanism converts GTP to ATP?

Transphosphorylation

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What class of lipids is the primary target of omega oxidation?

Triglycerides (In the ER)

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What would best describe the reactions of the 3rd state of carbon assimilation?

Triose phosphates are converted to pentose phosphate

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What is the substrate for glycogen synthase for glycogen synthesis?

UDP-glucose

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Glycogen is made from ____________ using _________ as the enzyme to make new glycogen when none is available

UDP-glucose glycogenin

What enzyme converts glucose 1-phosphate to UDP-glucose?

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Which of the following molecules is a substrate used to produce the "activated" sugar for glycogen synthesis?

UTP

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: Glycogen synthesis in vertebrates requires ______ to activate glucose 1-phosphate

UTP

What type of enzyme is Muscle Hexokinase I-III?

Michaelis Mentis

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Germinating seeds use a continious exchange of intermediates between 3 organelles to produce essential glucose that is not yet produced by photosynthesis. What are the three organelles?

Mitochondria Glyoxysomes Lipid Bodies

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Gluconeogenesis requires the conversion of pyruvate (or lactate) to PEP in a bypass reaction. In which two cellular locations can this conversion take place?

Mitochondria cytosol

What enzyme will create a double bond into a fatty acid? (desaturation)

Mixed function oxidase

When electrons are passed one at a time through the oxygen evolving complex, 4 of what kind of ions get oxidized?

Mn 2+

In the glucose-alanine cycle, what is the overall goal of the cycle?

Use the pyruvate created in glycolysis in muscles, and convert it back to glucose in the liver to provide energy for the muscles.

How are the Iron-Sulfur Reaction Centers (Type I) lost electrons replaced?

Via the oxidation of H2S

What is the electron donor in photophosphorylation?

Water

What is a chromophore?

a light absorbing molecule with different energy states

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What is present in mitochondria but Not present in chloroplasts?

a matrix

What type of enzyme is squalene monooxygenase?

a mixed function oxidase

What type of transporter is the Phosphate Translocase?

a symport

What form does carbon come in when it enters the glycoxylate cycle?

acetate

What is the final step of beta oxidation?

acetyl transferase reaction

What enzyme is used in the first step of beta oxidation?

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

How do you activate a fatty acid into Fatty acyl- CoA?

add co-enzyme A and ATP to a fatty acid

What type of reaction is the first step of the citric acid cycle?

aldol condensation

What is the overall transformation that occurs in the second step of glycolysis? Phosphohexose isomerase converts a phosphorylated _______________ to a phosphorylated _______________

aldose; ketose

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What general reaction type catalyzes the transfers of a functional group from one position to another position on the same molecule?

Mutases

When converting glycerol 3-phosphate to DHAP (with the help of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), what else must you input?

NAD+

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: What is the electron acceptor in the beta oxidation pathway?

NAD+ or FAD+

Besides pyruvate, what is the other input required for lactate fermentation?

NADH

What does Ferridoxin NAD reductase produce?

NADH

What is the product formed from the third step of beta oxidation?

NADH

What are the two additional outputs that assist in the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA?

NADH CO2

What 3 things are the mitochondrial membrane impermeable to?

NADH NAD+ Oxaloacetate

What Enzyme is used in complex I of oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH dehydrogenase

What is the main purpose of the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle?

NADH is transefered into the matrix

OLD EXAM QUESTION: High cellular concentrations of what molecule would inhibit the entry of pyruvate into the citric acid cycle?

NADH, ATP, acetyl CoA, fatty acids

What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation

NADP

What is the final electron acceptor of photophosphorylation?

NADP+

What type of electron carriers do not cross the INNER mitochondrial membrane?

NADP/NADPH

What do you need as an input for the fourth step of fatty acid synthesis?

NADPH

What do you need as an input for the second step of fatty acid synthesis?

NADPH

What other things besides a mixed function oxidase are needed to create a double bond in fatty acids? (desaturation)

NADPH Cytochrome b5 FADH2

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What overall strategy or mechanism is the most common regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle and on the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?

allosteric regulation

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What type of oxidation pathway is optimized for branched-chain fatty acids?

alpha

OLD EXAM QUESTION: The glycogen-branching enzyme catalyzes the formation of _____________ linkages during _______________

alpha 1 6 glycogen synthesis

OLD EXAM QUESTION: The reaction of the citric acid cycle that is most similar to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalysed reaction is the conversion of

alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA because it utilizes enzyme channeling

What type of protein is ferredoxin?

an iron-sulfur protein

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: Lactate fermentation is important under __________ conditions because it regenerates ________ which is necessary for _________

anaerobic conditions NAD+ glycolysis

What type of reactions replenish reactants for the citric acid cycle?

anaplerotic reactions

What is the oxidation of water to O2 called in bacteria?

anoxigenic photosynthesis

What are accessory pigments also called?

antennas

What are on the surface of chylomicrons?

apolioproteins

What enzyme in the urea cycle produces orthinine?

arginase

What enzyme produces arginine from argino succinate via the urea cycle?

arginosuccinase

What enzyme in the urea cycle produces argino succinate from citrolline? and what mechanism does it use?

arginosuccinate synthase; and it uses adenlylation

What is the amino acid input into the argino-succinate shunt?

aspartate

OLD EXAM QUESTION: What Citric Acid Cycle intermediate regulated glycolysis through PFK-1, demonstrating coordinated regulation of catabolic pathways?

Citrate

What 3 transporters are apart of the acetate shuttle?

Citrate transporter Pyruvate transporter Malalte alpha-ketoglutarate transporter

What enzyme produced Acetyl CoA in the cytosol that can go into fatty acid synthesis?

Citric lyase

What are the two additional Inputs that assist in the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA?

CoA-SH NAD

What must you input for the final step of beta oxidation?

Coenzyme A

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What is a good indicator of large changes in the net rate of a metabolic pathway caused by small changes in specific substrate and product concentrations of a specific reaction of that pathway?

Comparing the mass action ratio and Keq of the reaction

OLD EXAM QUESTION: The triose phosphate/Pi antiport transports the triose _________ into the cytosol to replenish _______ in the chloroplast stroma. The same antiport faciliates the apparent transfer of _______ produced by the photosystems into the cytosol

DHAP Pi ATP

What is the third step of fatty acid synthesis?

Dehydration, produces a double bound between C2 and C3

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What group of coenzymes or cofactors is converted to a semi-quinone, which is a useful way for a molecule to obtain only one electron at a time in a biochemical rection

FAD

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What are the cofactors/prosthetic groups for the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?

FAD TPP Lipoate Coenzyme A

What are the prosthetic groups used in Complex II of succinate dehydrogenase?

FAD Fe-S

What is the product formed from the first reaction of beta oxidation?

FADH2

PROBLEM ROULETTE: In Complex I of oxidation phosphorylation, electrons are accepted from NADH and passed to _________

FMN

What are the prosthetic groups used in Complex 1 of the NADH dehyrogenase?

FMN Fe-S

What are common precursors to triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipids?

Fatty acyl CoA Glycerol 3-phosphate

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What are the 3 fates of pyruvate?

Fermentation to ethanol Fermentation to Lactate Complete Oxidation to CO2 and water via Krebs Cycle

Where can ferridoxin pass its electrons to?

Ferridoxin NAD reductase

For a salvage pathway to produce a glycerophospholipid, what happens?

Free serine displaces ethanoamine, and a methyl transferase reaction makes phosphatidylcholine

In the mitochondria for the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, where do the electrons get passed to?

From FADH2 to Q (In COMPLEX III)

In the cytosol for the glyecerol 3-phosphate shuttle, where do the electrons get passed to?

From NADH to FADH2

OLD EXAM QUESTION: What enzyme that performs the commited step of glycolysis in reverse (in gluconeogenesis)

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase -1 (FBPase-1)

What enzyme converts fructose 2,6-bis phosphate into fructose 6-phosphate?

Fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Sucrose and mannose can both enter glycolysis via Feeder Pathways at what intermediate?

Fructose 6-phosphate

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What product of the Urea Cycle itself can enter the Citric Acid Cycle?

Fumarate

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Which of the following molecules is an important link between Urea and Kreb's Cycle?

Fumarate

What enzyme produces glutamate from glutamine?

Glutamate synthase

What enzyme incorporates ammonia into Gln?

Glutamine synthetase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What term is given to the process of converting glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate?

Glycogenolysis

What 4 things does the mass action ratio control?

Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Pyruvate Oxidation

In the first step of the urea cycle, what is the first thing that is formed in the mitochondria?

carbamoyl-phosphate

Where in plants does fatty acid synthesis occur?

chloroplasts of the stroma

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Triacylglycerides and lipoproteins associate into what structure which is a vascular carrier of these lipids?

chylomicrons

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What carries triacylglycerides in the blood?

chylomicrons

The enzyme Enoyl- CoA hydratase cannot work on what type of double bonds?

cis double bonds

What is the name of the intermediate that is formed from citrate before the formation of isocitrate?

cis-Aconitate

What is a secondary inhibitor of PFK-1?

citrate

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: What are the enzymes that catalyze the IRREVERSIBLE REACTIONS of the citric acid cycle?

citrate synthase isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha keto glutarate dehydrogenase complex

What enzyme takes the breaks alpha 1,6 linkages in glycogen branches and makes glucose?

de-branching enzyme

Does glycogen synthase get activated or deactivated by phosphorylation?

deactivated

OLD EXAM QUESTION: deactivation of what enzyme will result in incomplete glycogen breakdown and the formation of a glycogen polymer with multple, short branches?

debranching enzyme

OLD EXAM QUESTION: How will these hormones effect glycogen breakdown? insulin___________ glucagon________ ephinephrine_________

decrease increase increase

What is the name of the enzyme that changes cis to trans double bonds?

enoyl- CoA isomerase

What is the enzyme used in the second step of beta oxidation?

enoyl-CoA hydratase

What is a special feature about the alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme complex?

enzyme channeling

What is the specific characteristic of the pyruvate dehydrogenation complex?

enzyme channeling

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What ligand for a membrane receptor is a muscle stimulus that begins a cascade, ending in release of glucose into the blood and to glycolysis that promotes muscle contraction?

epinephrine

What enzyme (s) help catalyze the activation for fatty acid oxidation?

fatty acyl- CoA synthase Inorganic pyrophosphatase

What is the enzyme used for the second bypass reaction of gluconeogenesis?

fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

What activates pyruvate kinase?

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Malonate is competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. If malonate is added to a mitochondrial preperation that is oxidizing pyuvate as a substrate, which of the following compounds would you expect to initially decrease in concentration?

fumarate

What is the output of the argino-succinate shunt?

fumarate

What hormone stimulates the inhibition of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate, which therefore stimulates gluconeogensis?

glucagon

What is another name for Liver Hexokinase IV?

glucokinase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: The Cori Cycle is a critical metabolic interplay between the liver and skeletal muscles during vigorous excercise. Which of the following is the product formed in the liver from lactate that was made in muscle?

glucose

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: What enzymes are highly regulated in glycolysis?

hexokinase PFK-1 pyruvate kinase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What are the 3 enzymes that are bypassed in gluconeogenesis?

hexokinase (replaced by glucose 6-phosphatase) PFK-1 (replaced by fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase) Pyruvate kinase (replaced by pyruvate carboxylase AND PEP Carboxokinase)

In during resting conditions, is the mass action ratio high or low?

high

What type of molecules (in general) inactivate the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

high energy molecules

PROBLEM ROULETTE: All aminotransferases use.....

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

What type of cleavage does coenzyme B12 feature?

homolytic, which helps the mutase reaction happen

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: What enzyme-catalyzed reactions requires ATP hydrolysis to proceed?

pyruvate carboxylase

What enzyme is used in the main anapleoric reaction that produced oxaloacetate?

pyruvate carboxylase

What is the first enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis?

pyruvate carboxylase

OLD EXAM QUESTION: What specific enzyme present in brewer's yeast but not in humans prevents humans from metabolizing glucose into ethanol? Enzyme: _______ Cofactor/Coenzyme__________ Gaseous product_____________ Reversible or irreversible?

pyruvate decarboxylase TPP CO2 irreversible

OLD EXAM QUESTION: What glycolytic enzyme does protein phosphorylation deactivate?

pyruvate kinase

Is the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex activated or inactivated by phosphorylation?

inactivated

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Does channeling increase or decrease the kcat?

increaes

When a protein phosphorylates pyruvate kinase, is the enzyme therefore stimulated or inhibited?

inhibited

What hormone stimulates the production of Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate, which therefore stimulates glycolysis?

insulin

What type of groups to cytochromes contain?

iron-heme groups

Are the photophosphorylation reactions reversible or irreversible?

irreversible

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What are the two additional reaction mechanisms that are performed on the unsaturated fatty acid, Linoleic Acid (18:3) in the correct order, to permit its entry into beta oxidation?

isomerization, then reduction

How does citrate regulate Fatty Acid Synthesis?

it acts as an allosteric activator

OLD EXAM QUESTION (BONUS): Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate is broken into 2 C3 isomers, GAP and DHAP. This is essential for ultimately converting the C6 glucose molecule into two C3 pyruvate molecules. What is the chemical rational for using fructose 1,6 bisphosphate?

it can be symmetrically split by aldolase

The loss of what enzyme causes lactose intolerance?

lactase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What would contain glyoxysomes?

leafy plants

What is the mechanism for transfering electrons in the Pheophytin-Quinone Reaction Center

light ---> electron transfer to pheophytin ----> semiquinone intermediate -----> electron transfer to a quinone

During high energy conditions, is the mass action ratio high or low?

low

PROBLEM ROULETTE: C4 plants have _______ water loss, growth in ___________ and _______ photosynthetic rate?

low high light/tropical areas high

What type of molecules (in general) activate the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

low energy molecules

What are 2 enzymes that are used in the glycoxolate cycle but not in the citric acid cycle?

malate synthase isocitrate lyase

what enzyme catalyzes the reaction between malate and pyruvate?

malic enzyme

What converts methylmalonyl-CoA into Succinyl-CoA?

methyl-malonyl-CoA mutase (coenzyme B12)

What intermediate of cholestrol synthesis is considered the key regulatory step?

mevalonate

What type of phospholipids are chylomicrons?

micelles

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: Where does beta oxidation occur in mammals?

mitochondria

Where does fatty acid oxidation take place?

mitochondria

What is the second enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis?

mitochondrial PEP carboxykinase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What group of enzymes active in amino acid catabolism catalyze the simulatenous hydroxylation of substrate using one of the oxygens in O2 and reduced the other oxygen atom to water?

mixed-function oxidases

In regards to the hexokinase Isoenzymes Muscle hexokinase I-III and liver hexokinase IV, which enzyme has a higher affinity for glucose?

muscle hexokinases I-III (smaller Km)

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: Does Carnitine function as the electron acceptor for beta oxidation??

no

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: Is Pi produced for beta oxidation?

no

What two molecules can freely pass into the mitochondria from the urea cycle?

orithine Citrulline

PROBLEM ROULETTE: In the urea cycle, _______ made in the cytosol is passed into the mitochrondria, which is converted in the next step to _________, which is then passed to the cytosol

ornithine Citrulline

Where does ATP synthesis take place in photophosphorylation?

outer surface of the thylakoid membrane

What is the intermediate formed in the first set of bypass reactions of gluconeogenesis?

oxaloacetate

What is the intermediate that is formed from isocitrate before the formation of alpha keto-glutarate?

oxalosuccinate

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: The reaction of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, which is catalyzed by the pyuvate dehydrogenase complex, uses what mechanism?

oxidative decarboxylation

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Of the reactions that produce alpha ketoglutarate and succinyl CoA, what reaction mechanism do they use?

oxidative decarboxylation

When PFK-1 is inactive, what pathway is activated?

oxidative pentose phospate pathway

PROBLEM ROULETTE:In complex I of oxidative phosphorylation, does NADH get oxidized or reduced?

oxidized

What is the oxidation of Water to O2 called?

oxigenic photosynthesis

What is always the end product of fatty acid synthesis?

palmitate

What do you do if you have an odd number fatty acid that you must oxidize?

perform the normal process until the final step

What enzyme converts glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate?

phosphoglucomutase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What are the 4 components of chylomicrons?

phospholipids cholestrol triacylglycerols Apoliproteins

In PSII, after light hits Pheophytin, where do the electrons go next?

plastoquinone

What kind of rings are present in the chlorophylls?

polycylic planar rings resembling heme (with Mg in middle)

What is the name of the molecule that is made on the last step of beta oxidation of odd fatty acids?

propionyl-CoA

OLD EXAM QUESTION: What reaction of the citric acid cycle is FAD converted to FADH2?

reactant: succinate product: fumarate

PROBLEM ROULETTE: In complex I of oxidative phoshorylation, does QH2 get oxidized or reduced?

reduced

Does oxidative phosphorylation involve oxidation or reduction?

reduction

What is the third step of beta oxidation?

reduction

What is the second step of fatty acid synthesis?

reduction of Acetoacteyl-ACP

What is the fourth step of fatty acid synthesis?

reduction of the double bond that you formed in step 3

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Is the pentose phosphate pathway a reductive or an oxidative pathway?

reductive, it produces NADPH

What is the overall goal of the third state of the Calvin Cycle?

regenerate Ribulose 1,5-bisphoshate

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What carries free fatty acids in the blood?

serum albumin

In the chloroplast, is the grana stacked or unstacked?

stacked

In photophosphorylation, the protons move from the ______ to the ________, forming an __________

stroma thylakoid lumen elecrochemical gradient

In the phase (s) of glycolysis when ATP is formed, what is the type of phosphorylation used to make the ATP?

substrate level phosphorylation

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: __________ is the transfer of a phosphoryl group to a nucleoside diphosphate couple to the dehydrogenation of an organic molecule, often a metabolic intermediate not in the ETC?

substrate level phosphorylation

What molecule do you end up producing in the glycoxoylate cycle?

succinate and 1 NADH

What molecules inhibit the production of Succinyl CoA?

succinyl CoA, NADH

What is the mass action ratio for oxidative phosphorylation?

the ATP: ADP ratio

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Besides transamination, Pyridoxial Phosphate (PLP) is an essential co-factor in what reaction?

the breakdown of glycogen into glucose via glycogen phosphorylase

What reactions are bypassed in the glycoxylate cycle?

the decarboxylation reactions

OLD EXAM QUESTION: The carbon assimilation "dark" reactions of photosynthetic plants are driven ultimately by ___________

the energy of sunlight

Where does the glycoxylate cycle take place?

the glycoxyasome

PROBLEM ROULETTE: The difference between C3 and C4 plants is that....

the number of carbons that are in the initial product of the Calvin Cycle in which carbon is fixed

What is the rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis?

the production of Malonyl CoA from Acetyl CoA, bicarbonate, and the enzyme Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

What are the 3 irreversible reactions of the citric acid cycle?

the production of citrate the production of alpha ketoglutarate the production of succinyl CoA

OLD EXAM QUESTION: What is the pentose phosphate pathway a precursor for?

the synthesis of Nucleotides

Are the glucose-alanine cycle and the cori cycle anabolic or catabolic?

they have both

What effect does glucagon and epinephrine have on fatty acid synthesis?

they trigger phosphorylation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase, which inactivates it

What is the enzyme used for the final step of beta oxidation?

thiolase

What is the overall goal of carbon assimilation in the Calvin Cycle?

to incorporate CO2 into simple organic molecules

In the noncyclic form of photophosphorylation, where do the electrons go once it reaches ferredoxin?

to the Fd: NADP+ oxidoreductase to make NADPH

Where do you bond CDP to produce glyercophospholipids?

to the head group or to 1,2 -diacylglyceride

What is the name of the mechanism that incorporated ammonia into Glu and Gln?

transamination

What enzyme breaks triacylglycerols into fatty acids and glycerol?

triacylglycerol lipase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What class of lipids is the primary target of beta oxidation?

triglycerides

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Which of the following reactions in glycolysis is a ketose to aldose conversion?

triose phosphate isomerase

How many acetyl CoA's per turn are there in the glyoxylate cycle?

two

What is the real name of coenzyme Q? (Q)

ubiquinone

In the chloroplast, is the stroma thylakoid stacked or unstacked?

unstacked

Where is the ATP synthase in photophosphorylation located?

unstacked stormal thylakoids

Where is PSI located?

unstacked stromal thylakoids

In photophosphorylation, what is the source of water that ends up in NADPH?

water

In the Cyclic form of photophosphorylation, where doe the electrons go once it reaches Ferredoxin?

back to Cyt b6f

On what carbon does fatty acid oxidation start?

beta carbon

What enzyme makes the glycogen branches (alpha 1 6 bonds)?

branching enzyme

How many ATP do you use for Palmitate (Fatty Acid) Synthesis?

7

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: Before beta oxidation, what must fatty acids be converted to?

Their CoA derivatives

What is the overall goal of carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle?

To incorporate CO2 into 3-phosphoglycerate

How many Fe-S centers are there in Complex III of oxidative phosphorylation?

1

How many Palmitate do you make for palmitate synthesis?

1

How many anaplerotic reactions produce malate?

1

How many ATP molecules can you make from 1 molecule of GTP?

1 ATP

When converting glycerol to glycerol 3-phosphate (with the help of glycerol kinase), what else must you input?

1 ATP

What 3 things activate PFK-1?

1) AMP 2) ADP 3) fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

What are the 3 strategies for attaching head groups to Diacylglycerol?

1) Activate DAG via CTP 2) Activate the Polar Head Group via CTP 3) Head group exchange via a salvage pathway

What are the 2 goals of Complex III of oxidative phosphorylation?

1) Move 4 H+ into the intermembrane space 2) Pass two electrons to complex IV via Cytochrome C

How many different Fe-S Centers are there in complex I of oxidative phosphorylation?

6 Fe-S centers

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What are the important catabolic products of pyruvate?

1) ethanol + CO2 2) Lactate 3) Acetyl CoA

What are the three regulated enzymes in glycolysis?

1) hexokinase 2) PFK-1 3) Pyruvate kinase

What are the two roles of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate?

1) increased affinity for fructose 6-phosphate 2) decreases the ATP inhibition effect

What do Type II Pheophytin Quinone Reaction Centers have? (3)

1) one reaction center 2) Cytochrome bc1 electron transfer complex (similar to Mitochondrial Complex III) 3) ATP synthase

What gets messed up if you have a thiamine deficiency?

1) pyruvate dehydrogenation complex (PDH) 2) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Complex 3) Transketolase

What are the two main functions of the Oxygen Evolving Complex for plants?

1) replaces electrons to use in photosystems 2) Puts protons in the thylakoid lumen to make proton gradient for ATP synthesis

How many ATP molecules can you make from 1 molecule of FADH2

1.5 ATP

How many fatty acids can be transported per molecule of sermum albumin?

10

How many ATP are made from complete oxidation from one palmitoyl-CoA?

108 ATP

How many protons move from the strome to the thylakoid lumen per 4 electrons passed?

12 protons (4 from oxygen-evolving complex) (8 by cytochrome b6f complex)

How many NADPH do you use for Palmitate Fatty Acid Synthesis?

14

How many Heme centers are there in Complex III of oxidative phosphorylation?

4

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: During beta oxidation, when you make 1 acetyl CoA, how many ATP do you make?

4

PROBLEM ROULETTE: In Complex I of oxidative phosphorylation, how many protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space?

4

In the Oxygen evolving complex of PSII, ______ photons of light are split into _____ water

4 2

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: To convert 2 pyruvate molecules into 1 molecule of glucose, What is required?

4 ATP 2 GTP 2 NADH 2 H+

In Complex I of oxidative phosphorylation, how many protons get transfered through the inner membrane per pair of electrons?

4 protons per 1 pair of electrons

For Complex III of oxidative phosphorylation, how many protons get moved through the membrane for every pair of electrons passed to cytochrome c?

4 protons per pair of electrons

In photophosphorylation, how many protons move per pair of electrons?

4 protons per pair of electrons

OLD EXAM QUESTION: The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle also yield ______ moles of NADH, _______ moles of FADH2, and ____ moles of ATP

4;1;1 (4 because you make an NADH in the pyruvate dehydrogenation complex)

How many water do you make for palmitate synthesis?

6

What two things move INTO the martix in Phosphate Translocase?

A proton and H2PO4

What is the enzyme used in the third step of beta oxidation?

B-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

What form does carbon come in when it enters the citric acid cycle?

CO2

What is a biproduct of the condensation step of fatty acid synthesis?

CO2

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What is one of two products formed during pyruvate fermentation by yeast?

CO2 (and ethanol)

What molecule stimulates the production of Succinyl CoA?

Ca

What molecule stimulates the production of alpha ketoglutarate?

Ca, ADP

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What chemical transformation regulates Rubisco?

Carbamylation

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Iron-Sulfur Centers are not prosthetic groups in what complex?

Complex IV

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What Complex of oxidative phosphorylation requires Copper for proper Function?

Complex IV

What is the first step of Fatty Acid Synthesis?

Condensation of Acetyl and Malonyl Groups into Acetoacteyl-ACP

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Since all 9(?) steps of glycolysis contain phosphorylated intermediates, there must be a specific function that phoshphoryl groups play in this pathway. What are some of these important roles? (3)

Conserve metabolic energy Assist in keeping intermediates in the cell Increase binding energies between the substate and the enzyme active site

After the electrons reach platoquinone, where do they go next?

Cyt b6f Complex

What creates the proton gradient in the Pheophytin Quinone Reaction Center (Type II)?

Cyt bc1 complex

What is the carrier used in Complex IV in oxidative phosphorylation?

Cytochrome Oxidase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What part of the ETC uses a Riske Iron Sulfur Center?

Cytochrome b6f Complex

What prosthetic groups are used in Complex III of oxidative phosphorylation?

Hemes and Fe-S for Q: Cytochrome c oxidoreductase Hemes only for cytochrome c

What are the prosthetic groups used in Complex IV of oxidative phosphorylation?

Hemes, CuA, CuB

OLD EXAM QUESTION: What glycolytic enzyme does glucose 6-phosphate inhibit?

Hexokinase I-III

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Which glycolytic enzyme is regulated by a specific protein modulator located in the nucleus?

Hexokinase IV

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Which enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism is an important regulatory enzyme that is itself regulated in a unique manner, by moving it to the nucleus and binding to a specific regulatory protein?

Hexokinase IV

What is the main inhibitor of PFK-1?

High levels of ATP

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Covalent Catalysis is also apart of reaction mechanisms of the Citric Acid Cycle. What amino acid is phosphorylated by Succinyl CoA Synthetase?

His

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What vertebrate organ/tissue is responsible for the production of large amounts of ketone bodies from ketogenic amino acids?

Liver

What is the 3- carbon intermediate involved in fatty acid synthesis?

Malonyl CoA

What two things are required for fatty acid synthesis?

Malonyl CoA Fatty Acid Synthase

What three things control ATP synthesis?

Mass action ratio of ATP/ADP Mass action ratio of NADH/NAD+ Feedback inhibition

What is the process called that oxidizes Ammonia to Nitrite and Nitrate?

Nitrification

Do you lose carbon at all in the glycoxylate cycle?

No

Does Liver Hexokinase IV experience feedback inhibition from glucose 6-phosphate?

No

PROBLEM ROULETTE: GTP is produced in the Krebs Cycle. What important enzyme can then produce ATP from the GTP if there is enough ADP?

Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase

What enzyme turns GTP into ATP?

Nucleoside diphosphate Kinase

What are the products of malate and malic enzyme?

Pyruvate, CO2, and NADPH

PROBLEM ROULETTE: In what type of oxidation does Mixed function oxidases take part in?

Omega oxidation

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What valuable Citric Acid Cycle Intemediate is made by PEP carboxykinase and by PEP Carboxylase, a molecule that is usually low in cells?

Oxaloacetate

Does photophosphorylation involve oxidation or reduction?

Oxidation

OLD EXAM QUESTION: An enzyme has high activity when there is a lot of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate, and it has low activity when there is no fructose 2,6 bisphosphate. What is the enzyme?

PFK-1

OLD EXAM QUESTION: What glycolytic enzyme does AMP stimulate?

PFK-1

OLD EXAM QUESTION: What glycolytic enzyme does citrate inhibit?

PFK-1

What enzyme converts fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 2,6-bisphosphate?

PFK-2

What is the common prosthetic group for all amino transferase reactions??

PLP

What Photosystem is the oxygen evolving complex in?

PSII

In a Type II center, what will the electrons pass through?

Pheophytin

What is produced from the synthesis of triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipids?

Phosphatatidic Acid

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What is the primary regulatory mechanism on Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate and PFK-2?

Phosphorylation

What photosystem moves protons across the thylakoid membrane?

Photosystem II

What moves electrons between photosystem II and photosystem I?

Plastocyanin-- one electron at a time

What type of bacteria have Pheophytin-Quinone Reaction Centers (Type II)?

Purple Bacteria

PROBLEM ROULETTE: All aminotransferases have the same prosthetic group. What is it?

Pyridoxial Phosphate (PLP)

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What are the citric acid cycle enzymes that are involved in a decarboxylation reaction?

Pyruvate DH Complex Isocitate DH Alpha Ketoglutarate DH

What is the enzyme that converts Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA?

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

PROBLEM ROULETTE: AMP, ATP, Alanine, and Acetyl CoA are allosteric effectors of which glycolytic enzyme?

Pyruvate Kinase

Through what mechanism does pyruvate enter the mitochondria?

Pyruvate Transporter (A uniport)

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Without TPP, the ___________ complex cannot convert pyruvate into _________. Hence pyruvate accumulates in the blood and urine of the patient

Pyruvate dehydrogenase Acetyl CoA

OLD EXAM QUESTION: The redox reaction: Pyruvate + NADH + H ---> lactate + NAD, which reactant is oxidized, and which one is reduced?

Pyruvate is reduced NADH is oxidized

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Thamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme for what reactions?

Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Pyruvate to Ethanol

What is the first step of beta oxidation?

Reduction

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: Free fatty acids in the blood stream are carried by________

Sermum albumin

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What phrase applies to the Citric Acid Cycle as an amphibolic pathway?

Serves both catabolic and anabolic processes

What is a key intermediate in the formation of sphingolipids?

Sphinganine

What is the intermediate that formed when you condense 6 activated isoprenes?

Squalene

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What Stage of the Calvin Cycle oxidizes NADPH?

Stage 2

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Beta Oxidation comprises a repeating set of 4 reactions that removes acetyl groups fro acyl chains. Which reaction involves a Cysteine Thiolate in a cleavage reaction?

Step 4

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Name the substrate and product for the commited step of glycolysis?

Substrate: fructose 6-phosphate Product: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

What enzyme is used in complex II of oxidative phosphorylation?

Succinate dehydrogenase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: All three aromatic amino acids can be converted into what Citric Acid Cycle Intermediate?

Succinyl CoA

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Plants contain a lot of fatty acids with an odd number of carbons. Oxidation of these lipids produce Propionyl-CoA. Complete oxidation of this molecule requires extra reactions that make which Citric Acid Cycle intermediate as the final product?

Succinyl-CoA

OLD EXAM QUESTION: Thiamine is essential for the synthesis of the prosthetic group ______

TPP

What is a prosthetic group used in the firsts step of alcoholic fermentation?

TPP

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION: What are the 3 co-factors/prosthetic group of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

TPP Lipoamide FAD

What cofactors are used for the conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl- CoA?

TPP Lipoate FAD

Where does the NADH made from beta oxidation go into?

The ETC

PROBLEM ROULETTE: How can yo describe the thermodynamics of the Citric Acid Cycle?

The reactions are exergonic

What is the most heavily regulated step in glycolysis?

The transformation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate under the presence of PFK-1

PROBLEM ROULETTE: The glucose-alanine cycle performs what specific role in metabolism?

The transport of amino groups to the liver in a non-toxic form

PROBLEM ROULETTE: The pyruvate decarboxylation reaction requires what coenzyme that is derived from vitamin B1?

Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)

Does photophosphorylation require light?

YES

Are PSI and PSII physically separated?

Yes

Does Muscle Hexokinase I-III experience feedback inhibition from glucose 6-phosphate?

Yes

Does citric lyase require ATP?

Yes

Does the formation of malonyl CoA require ATP?

Yes

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Are enzymes that are involved in substate channeling in glycolysis physically associated?

Yes

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Can Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from the Calvin Cycle can enter glycolysis?

Yes

PROBLEM ROULETTE: For enzymes to participate in substate channeling, must they be involved in sequential reaction?

Yes

What important "change" is made once you get to Complex III of Oxidative phosphorylation?

You switch from 2 electron carrier (NADH, FADH2, Q) to 1 electron carriers (cytochromes, Cu)

Does the Calvin Cycle make or consume NADPH?

consume

What type of organisms utililze phycobilins?

cyanobacteria and red algae

Is the Pheophytin Quinone Reaction Center cyclic or noncyclic?

cyclic

In the Pheophytin Quinone Reaction Center, where does quinone pass the electrons to?

cytochrome bc1 complex

Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?

cytosol

OLD EXAM QUESTION: What are the names of the enzymes that act in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase lactonase 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase phosphopentose isomerase

What is the enzyme used for the third bypass reaction of gluconeogenesis?

glucose 6-phosphatase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What glycolytic intermediates is made from a sugar other than glucose in the other feeder pathways?

glucose 6-phosphate (galactose) Fructose 6 phosphate (fructose/mannose) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (fructose)

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Glycerol from lipid catabolism enters glycolysis after its conversion to what glycolytic intermediate?

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

OLD EXAM QUESTION: In the fermentation of glucose to lactate, name one enzyme that catalyzes the production of NADH, and one enzyme that catalyzes the production of NAD NADH produced_________ NAD produced___________

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; lactate dehydrogenase

What enzyme converts glycerol 3 -phosphate to DHAP?

glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

What is the name of the enzyme that converts glycerol to glycerol 3-phosphate?

glycerol kinase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What enzyme catalyzes glycogen breakdown into glucose?

glycogen phosphorylase

PROBLEM ROULETTE: What enzyme removes glucose from glycogen in a phosphorolysis reaction?

glycogen phosphorylase

What enzyme breaks glycogen alpha 1,4 linkages and makes glucose 1-phosphate?

glycogen phosphorylase

What enzyme takes UDP glucose and makes the alpha 1 4 bonds of glucose?

glycogen synthase

What is the name of the enzyme/ primer that can be used to make glycogen in the absense of glucose?

glycogenin

When PFK-1 is active, what pathway is activated?

glycolysis

Where is PSII located?

grana stacks

In what bacteria is a Iron-Sulfur Reaction Center (Type I) found?

green sulfur bacteria

How many acteyl CoA 's per turn are there in the citric acid cycle?

one

PROBLEM ROULETTE: Ubiquinone (Q) can accept ____ electron to become a relatively stable _______

one radical

For every 2 photons absorbed, how many electrons is transferred to NADP+?

one electron