BIOL 100: Ch. 6

For each molecule of glucose, glycolysis results in the net production of _______.

1. 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP (wrong) 2. 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

For each molecule of glucose, how many molecules of CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle?

1. 6 (wrong) 2. 2

Which are products of cellular respiration?

1. ATP and water (wrong) 2. Carbon dioxide and water

Examine the figure above. Which reactant(s) primarily come(s) from the air?

1. Carbon dioxide (wrong) 2. oxygen and carbon dioxide

The first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ________.

1. NAD+

The metabolic processes that produce acid in your muscles are similar to the processes that produce soy sauce, pepperoni, and bread. What is the similarity?

1. Oxygen is necessary for each process (wrong) 2. All involve anaerobic respiration.

Conclusions drawn from muscle contraction experiments conducted by A.V. Hill demonstrated what about the process of science?

1. Studying nonhuman animals is not useful for understanding human physiology (wrong) 2.

During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules. Which statement about this process is TRUE?

1. The electrons gain energy as they move from one electron acceptor to another (wrong) 2. The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one electron acceptor to another (wrong)

Aerobic cellular respiration generates about ________ ATP from one molecule of glucose.

32

Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO2) from a molecule of pyruvic acid?

Acetyl CoA

Which claim about the history of the Earth has the most scientific support?

Anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.

Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ________ of years ago.

Billions

Which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes?

Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.

T/F: Depending on the cell type, human body cells can carry out either alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation.

False

T/F: Photosynthesis occurs only in plants.

False

T/F: The pH of the mitochondrial intermembrane space is higher than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix.

False

T/F: The pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis retains all the energy originally present in glucose.

False

This figure is a model of cellular respiration. According to this model, which statement is TRUE?

Fatty acids must be broken down into smaller molecules to enter the Acetyl CoA reactions.

In an active muscle cell, aerobic cellular respiration generates about ________ ATP from one glucose.

Fewer than 50

The only stage of cell respiration that is not dependent on the other stages of cell respiration is ________.

Glycolysis

Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?

Glycolysis

Plant cells ________.

Have chloroplasts and mitochondria

ATP synthase is located in the ________.

Inner membrane of mitochondrion

Lactic acid buildup in muscles is a sign that ________.

Insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms.

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?

It increases the surface for proteins of electron transport chain and ATP synthase.

During aerobic respiration, which molecule(s) directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain?

NADH

The waste products of cellular respiration include ________.

Water and carbon dioxide

Photosynthetic organisms like grass are able to ________.

use molecules in the air as a major source of carbon

Which molecule shown in the figure below does NOT begin cellular respiration in the cytoplasm?

fatty acids

Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately.

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Glycolysis results in ________.

the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain?

the harnessing of energy from high-energy electrons obtained from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

A product of glycolysis is ________.

pyruvic acid

In Texas, a man showed up at a medical facility claiming that he felt drunk when he had not ingested any alcohol. Indeed his blood alcohol measured 0.37, many times the legal limit. Although he was a homebrewer, he claimed that this intoxication had been happening often without his drinking any alcohol. Which of these hypotheses and actions might be most useful in diagnosing this problem?

1. The fumes from the alcohol that he is using as a cleaning solution might be getting into his bloodstream. Ask him if he is using alcohol externally (wrong) 2. He might have recently had a round of antibiotics that killed the bacteria that usually live in his gut and allowed a yeast species to overgrow. Put him on probiotics and a low carb diet for a week and recheck his blood alcohol.

What is the major function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

1. conversion of FAD to FADH2 (wrong) 2. conversion of NADH to NAD+

Examine the figure above. Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm?

1. glycolysis and citric acid cycle (wrong) 2. Glycolysis

Which of the following chemical pathways require(s) oxygen to generate ATP?

1. glycolysis and electron transport chain (wrong) 2. Glycolysis

Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of stages in cellular respiration?

1. glycolysis, electron transport, citric acid cycle (wrong) 2. glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport

The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the ________.

1. inner membrane of a mitochondrion (wrong) 2. mitochondrial matrix

An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. Exchanges across respiratory membranes are increased when we breathe faster as we exercise. What exchanges are increased, and why?

1. oxygen out and carbon dioxide in to support aerobic metabolism (wrong) 2. carbon dioxide in and lactic acid out to support anaerobic metabolism

When electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules in cellular respiration ________.

1. the electrons gain energy as they move from one electron acceptor to another (wrong) 2. oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons in the formation of water

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose converted to pyruvate, ________.

1. two molecules of ATP are used, and two molecules of ATP are produced (wrong) 2. two molecules of ATP are used, and four molecules of ATP are produced

For each molecule of glucose, what fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated by the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

1/3

In aerobic respiration, how many molecules of acetic acid are produced from six molecules of glucose?

12

Anaerobic respiration produces a maximum of ________ ATP per glucose

2

A horse eating some hay is an example of ________.

A consumer eating a producer

Which statement below describes a possible order of cell respiration activities?

A product of glycolysis enters the electron transport chain.

What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?

ATP

An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. When the circulatory system cannot deliver oxygen fast enough to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which ________.

ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product

During fermentation, yeast cells produce _______.

ATP, NAD+, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in which of the following processes or events?

Accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

The figure above shows that ________.

Cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP

Muscle cells have enough available ATP for about 30 seconds of maximum activity. What happens when an athlete exhausts the ATP supply in his or her muscles?

Chemical reactions in the muscle cells generate more ATP.

During which part of aerobic cellular respiration is most CO2 released?

Citric acid cycle

Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH?

Citric acid cycle

Cyanide is well known to produce its lethal effect by affecting cellular respiration. How does cyanide interfere with cellular respiration?

Cyanide inhibits the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain.

Examine the figure. Which of these stages receive input from more than one other stage?

Electron transport

What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?

Ethyl alcohol

Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but before the electron transport chain, glucose has been completely broken down to CO2 with some net gain of ATP. At this point in cellular respiration, most of the energy from the original glucose molecule is stored in ________.

NADH

Which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle?

NADH and FADH2

A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________.

Oxygen

The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ________.

Oxygen

Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration ________.

Produces ATP

Examine the figure above. Most of the organic matter in the tree shown in the figure comes from ________.

The air

The second stage of cellular respiration is ________.

The citric acid cycle

In cellular respiration, most ATP is DIRECTLY produced as a result of ________.

The movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A physician is examining a patient who fatigues easily after walking only a short distance. Tissue examination reveals that certain skeletal muscle cells are missing mitochondria. Laboratory tests are likely also to find ________.

The muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise

T/F: Body cells can make some of their own water.

True

T/F: Glucose is a reactant in both cellular respiration and fermentation.

True

T/F: Glycolysis occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

True

T/F: NAD+ and FAD are made from vitamins.

True

T/F: Pyruvic acid is required for both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

True

Before pyruvic acid can enter the citric acid cycle, it needs to be "groomed" first (converted to acetic acid and then bonded to coenzyme A). What are the major products formed from this grooming step?

acetyl CoA, NADH, and CO2

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following chemical pathways?

conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle (wrong)

In mitochondria, what is the most direct source of the energy used to synthesize ATP from ADP + phosphate?

energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their concentration gradient

Which sequence describes the path by which electrons travel downhill energetically in aerobic respiration?

glucose → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

Electron transport takes place in the ________.

mitochondria

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location in eukaryotic cells?

mitochondrial intermembrane space

Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ________.

produce ATP without O2

Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days, they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that ________.

the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen