biol 1002 fungi and protists exam 2

What benefit does mycorrhizae give to the plant and how?

- More effective at absorbing water/nutrients from soil - Advantage when first spreading over earth's land - mycorrhizal fungi receive energy-rich sugar molecules that are produced photosynthetically by plants and passed from their roots to the fungi. In return, the fungi absorb mineral nutrients from the soil, passing some of them directly into the root cells.

Does the sickle cell shape or trait of RBC offer any advantage to overcome malarial infection

- carries less oxygen - release a little CO

what are some ways mushrooms can save the world

- cleaning polluted soil (renewable soil) - making insecticides - treating smallpox and flu viruses - BioShield program - recycled material - fuel generation - carbon banks

Which are the "two" well documented reasons that shows that individuals with a sickle cell trait are highly protected against malaria?

- not enough oxygen in a sickle cell for malaria infection to use (sickle cell induce HO-1 expression) - a little CO is released from sickle cell - sickle cell has a -host tolerance to malaria so infection does not last long

what are the 3 major types of stramenopiles

- water molds - diatoms - brown algae

What are the two events associated with red tides that we should be careful about

-affected fish - secretion of neuro toxin from affected fish(neurotic behavior, amnesia (brevetoxins specially gymnodinium breve marine algae*** eaten by shell fish)

Dr. Nemo went to a field trip in a bog/swap/marsh/lake and collected some water sample and placed it under microscope! What type of microbial kingdom do you think he could find?

-parasites -malaria--plasmodium -protists--ex: Giardia will not find: diatoms only found in fresh water) , red, green, brown algae is unlikely b/c usually seem in marine waters

What benefit does the algal partner provide to the fungal hyphae?

-sided than it is usually portrayed

C N B G Ba A 1) Compare the three groups labelled as "C" , "N" and "B" ! Which two groups are closely related? 2) Compare the three groups labelled as "G" , "Ba" and "A" ! Which two groups are closely related? 3) Compare the three groups labelled as "N" , "B" and "A" ! Which two groups are closely related? 4) Compare the three groups labelled as "G" , "A" and "C" ! Which two groups are closely related? 5) Compare the three groups labelled as "G" , "B" and "Ba" ! Which two groups are closely related?

1) C and N 2) A and Ba 3) N and B 4) G and A 5) G and Ba—both from fork 2 ( B is from fork 1)

what is similar about Amoeba and Giardia? Are both protist and have a parasitic nature? Are both found in water? Are both causing dysentery ? Do both have the ability to form cyst like structures? 1) T/F: both are protists 2) T/F: only Giardia contaminates water 3) T/F: both are dysentery causing 4) T/F: Giardia is only cyst forming

1) T 2) F: both contaminate water 3) T 4) F: both are cyst forming

1) Photosynthetic protists are collectively known as ___________ 2) Nonphotosynthetic protists are collectively known as __________

1) algae 2) protozoa

list the 3 ways a protists reproduces asexually

1) binary fission seen in unicellular organisms 2) separation of male and female seen in plasmodium 3) mitosis-- asexual b/c it is multicellular

in dinoflaggelates, One flagellum ____1)______ the cell 2) The second flagellum projects (in front of/ behind) it

1) encircles 2) behind

What is/are the main difference/s between the kingdom of Protist and Bacteria? prokaryote vs eukaryote protists are ________1)_____ and bacteria are ____2)___________

1) eukaryotic (nucleus) 2) prokaryotic (floating DNA)

know the stages of malaria

1) female anopheies mosquito bites an infected human and ingests gametocytes which become gametes 2) fertilization-- produces zygote that enters the wall of the mosquito's stomach 3) the zygote gives rise to sporozoites that migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands 4) the infected mosquito bites an uninfected human and saliva containing sporozoites enter the liver and develop through several stages 5) parasite emerge from the liver and enter red blood cells 6) parasites multiply in the red blood cells 7) the synchronized rupture of red blood cells releases toxins and the parasites infect more blood cells

Dr. Nemo went camping where there were streams and ponds and lots of animals! He ran out of his purified bottled water and was very thirsty and hesitated to drink or use the water from the stream. Why?

1) giardia 2) Trypanosoma via CC fly

What are the three most well documented ways by which a protist derives its nutrition

1) ingestion (amoeba--pseudopods) 2) absorption (cilia) 3) photosynthesis (green, red, brown algae and diatoms)

molds are 1---(unicellular/multicellular) and have 2--(linear/branched) roots that are thin

1) multicellular 2) branched

In a truffle complex life cycle, the ____1)______ establish a symbiotic interaction with host organisms predominantly with the roots of various trees, both gymnosperms, and angiosperms, such as hazel, poplar, pine, eucalyptus, and oak.

1) mycelia

The vegetative body of most fungi is called a(n) ____1)_______, which consists of an interwoven mass of threadlike filaments called _____2)______ a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae

1) mycelium 2) hyphae

Why are the body structures in fungi important? Why thread like nature? The fungi structure is important because they are 1--- (motile/nonmotile) so the shape helps penetrate and extend into food sources and to extend towards more nutrients. These stay 2---(on the surface/ underground)

1) nonmotile 2) on the surface

Beta-lactamases are ____1)_____ (amino acid) -proteases and with the important transpeptidases (which crosslink the peptide side chains) in the peptidoglycan network of the bacterial cell wall, they form the so-called group of ____2)_______ which breaks down penicillin

1) serine 2) PSE: Penicillin-Sensitive Enzymes

Zygomycetes reproduce asexually through the haploid spores formed in _____________ or sexually through diploid nuclei formed in _______________ a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae

1) sporangia 2) zygosporangia

The association between plants and mycorrhizal fungi benefits both the fungi and their plant partners 1) The mycorrhizal fungi receives energy-rich _________ molecules that are produced photosynthetically by plants and passed from their roots to the fungi 2) In return, the fungi absorb mineral nutrients from the soil, passing some of them directly into the _________cells. 3) Mycorrhizal fungi also absorb water and pass it to the plant—an advantage for plants in ___________soils.

1) sugar 2) root 3) dry/sandy

How is asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction occurring in a fungal life cycle? What happens if Fungi chooses mitotic division? And what happens in fungal meiosis?

Asexual reproduction in fungi life is occurring by producing two cells, one from each parent cell, so there is no cross over and the new set will look the same as the first cell. This is called mitosis; 2 for mi.Meiosis is the offspring that are genetically different from the parents; 4.

Fungal Spores that are produced asexually by mitosis are they genetically same like their parents?

Asexual= genetically same as parent

Can Fungi be used as a tool for biocontrol?

Aspergillus sp. experiment--isolate has been isolated from dying ants used in rearing of parasitic Phorid flies. Studies with this fungus will determine whether the attacking phorid flies can transmit this pathogen, and the conditions under which the transmission occurs.

A simplified conceptual figure of the influence of soil properties on tree growth and mortality but not biomass, across phosphorus-depleted tropical forest: Both forests have the same aboveground biomass, but different turnover rates and soil properties sandy end of the soil continuum= forests with slower (narrower) nutrient cycling due to greater nutrient retention in the aboveground biomass (dark blue) based on slower growth, greater longevity, lower quality litter At the other end of the spectrum are forests where the greater capacity of clay and (hydr)oxide-rich soils to retain phosphorus and organic matter support faster (wider) nutrient cycling forests.

At clayey sites, nutrient recycling via decomposition (dark blue) is supported by a greater relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi.

what lichen did native american tribes eat?

Bryoria

Yeast are ________. A) Unicellular B) Multicellular C) Mainly unicellular (but can become multicellular)

C) Mainly unicellular (but can become multicellular)

Fungi are heterotrophs. What does this mean? A) They can reproduce without sex B) Fungi need to have sex to reproduce C) They have to consume carbon for their biomass D) Fungi can use carbon from photosynthesis for their biomass

C) They have to consume carbon for their biomass

___________ disease is caused by the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted from person to person mainly by blood-sucking insects known as triatomine bugs (sometimes called "kissing bugs" or CC flies).

Chagas ( most common in Mexico, central America, and south America)

What are the two green algae in the market which in some reports have claimed to offer health benefits?

Chlorella, spirulina both offer antioxidants such as omega 3s, vitamin C, and carotenoids

How does the cyst of Giardia form trophozoites

Cyst goes through Binary fission that is divided to create a trophozoite. When life cycle is complete it and cyst and trophozoites are excreted out of body and then passed into water and ingested (usually from animals) and the cycle continues again and again ** cysts survive but trophozoites not as strong

Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

T/F: Karyogamy and mitosis in asci produce ascospores.

F: Karyogamy and meiosis in asci produce ascospores

T/F: Karyogamy and mitosis in basidia produce basidiospores.

F: Karyogamy and meiosis in basidia produce basidiospores.

T/F: Protists are true fungal/animal/ plant cells

F: NOT A TRUE fungal/animal/plant cell (although has SOME similarities) It has its own kingdoms

T/F: Plants became successful on land because of the help of bacteria

F: Plants became successful on land because of the help of fungi

T/F: you can find diatoms in dirty water

F: a. Won't find them in dirty water—only in fresh/salty water--- used to indicate how clean water is

T/F: giardia reproduces sexually

F: asexually via binary fission

T/F: giardia excreted cysts cannot survive in swimming pools and hot tubs

F: can survive

T/F: Ciliates are the most simple of the alveolates

F: complex

T/F: excavates are multicellular meaning that have a chloroplast, mitochondria and use mitosis

F: excavates are unicellular-- do NOT have a chloroplast, mitochondria and do NOT use mitosis

T/F: fungi have chlorophyll

F: fungi do not have chlorophyll

T/F: giardia does not form cysts

F: giardia does form cysts

T/F: few fungi are saprotrophs--- (decomposers, and absorb nutrients from dead organisms)

F: most fungi are saprotrophs

T/F: Plants that do not have mycorrhizae are more effective at absorbing water and nutrients from the soil

F: plants that have mycorrhizae = more effective at absorbing water/ nutrients from the soil

T/F: all lichen are edible

F: some are poisonous 1. Ex: wolf lichen (used to poison wolves in Europe and native americans used it on their arrowheads) 2. Ex: Parmelia molliuscula (ground lichen)- cause of death in elk in Wyoming in 2004--- Visiting elk from Colorado ate this lichen, which caused tissue decay and eventual death. The native elk were not affected, simply because their immune systems were already equipped to deal with this toxic lichen. This is another example of wildlife and plant life evolving with each other. This lichen has also been known to poison sheep and cattle.

T/F: fungi can photosynthesize

F: they cannot photosynthesize

T/F: protists do not have a nuclei

F: they have a nuclei and other complex organelles

T/F: you cannot ingest truffles

F: truffles are regarded as a costly delicacy, they are worldwide appreciated as valuable foodstuffs due to their distinctive flavor

FYI: Individuals carrying just one copy of the sickle mutation (inherited from either the father or mother) were known not to develop sickle cell anemia, leading rather normal lives. However, it was found that these same individuals, said to carry the sickle cell trait, were in fact highly protected against malaria, thus explaining the high prevalence of this mutation in geographical areas where malaria is endemic.

FYI

- single-celled organisms (protists) with shells or tests (technical term for internal shells). - They are abundant as fossils for the last 540 million years - The shells are commonly divided into chambers that are added during growth, though the simplest forms are open tubes or hollow spheres

Foraminifera (aka Forams)

how do fungi breakdown their food?

Fungi do not have stomachs. They must digest their food before it can pass through the cell wall into the hyphae. Hyphae secrete acids and enzymes that break the surrounding organic material down into simple molecules they can easily absorb. Fungi have evolved to use a lot of different items for food.

Do fungi have peptidoglycan layer, mycolic acid layer?

Fungi has no peptidoglycan layer and no mycolic acid layer.

label the picture worms being strangled by roots

Fungus Arthrobotrys (roundworm strangler)

name the picture: pink guitar pic shaped with 2 antenna and 2 dark circles that look like eyes as well as 6 sting like legs

Giardia

A person who develops severe diarrhea after drinking untreated water on a camping trip is likely to have been infected by _____?

Giardia--protists

If Chitin is degraded, what will it provide? Nitrogen source? Carbon source?

If chitin is degraded it will provide both a carbon and nitrogen. When broken down, it turns into small cell materials or is mineralized to potentially be removed from the cell. (N-acetylglucosamine is degraded to fructose-6-P and channeled into the carbohydrate metabolism)

Where are mushroom mycelium usually found?

In the forest among dead leaves and wood

brown algae uses sodium alginate to stabilize what items a) ice cream b) shaving cream c) paint d) wound dressing e) 3D printing f) cancer drug delivery g) a and c only h) a b and c only I) d and f only J) all of the above

J) all of the above

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus —leading cause of bacterial infections

MRSA

Name the two known fungi that kills fire ants

Metarhizium anisopliae Beauveria bassiana

Are protists unicellular or multicellular?

Most are unicellular but some are multicellular

What is a mycorrhizae relationship?

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships that form between fungi and plants. The fungi colonize the root system of a host plant, providing increased water and nutrient absorption capabilities while the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates formed from photosynthesis.

an ameba (single-celled living organism) that lives in soil and warm fresh water, such as lakes, rivers, and hot springs. It is commonly called the "brain-eating ameba" because it can cause a brain infection when water containing the ameba goes up the nose

Naegleria fowleri

name the photo looks like moldy strawberry jam

Naegleria fowleri-- brain eating ameba

red tides occur from an overabundant of dinoflagellates (aka "bloom") which decreases ___________ and is toxic to fish and other organisms

O2

In general, how will fungal based antibiotics like Penicillin and Cephalosporin , Copsin and Micasin target to kill bacteria?

Penicillina and cephalosporins are both derived from fungi and are classified as betalactam antibiotics. They target to kill bacteria by targeting the cell wall. When overused, can run the risk of bacteria becoming immune to them.

Which protist is important causing malaria

Plasmodium ( species infect many kinds of animals)—loves blood

How can fungi be used in construction for good and bad?

Pros of it are: they can cut down expenses and replace other materials Cons are: may not meet requirements and possibly prevent hazards. *** Low thermal conductivity and high acoustic absorption

Fungal Spores produced sexually are they genetically same or different from either parent?

Sexual= genetic distinct from parent

T/F: The mosquito is unharmed by the presence of Plasmodium and may eventually bite a human and pass the protist to an unfortunate victim

T

T/F: network of hyphae produce an individual fungus called mycelium

T

T/F: Aspergillus is responsible for aflatoxin

T

T/F: Bulk of the mushroom is the mycelium hidden below the surface

T

T/F: Carrageenan is widely used as an emulsifier, stabilizer, or thickener of various foods:

T

T/F: Cellulose and chitin are chemically very similar. In chitin, glucose is replaced by N-acetylglucosamine, which makes a difference for degraders since chitin contains approximately 7% N (C:N-ratio = 7).

T

T/F: Chagas infections can be cured with drugs during the weeks immediately following infection, but the disease is much more difficult to treat once it reaches the chronic, heart-damaging stage

T

T/F: Ciliates inhabit fresh and salt water and represent the peak of unicellular complexity

T

T/F: Dark pigmentation in yeasts increases heat capture from radiation, which affects fitness depending on ambient temperatures, and affects their latitudinal distribution.

T

T/F: Diatoms are important phytoplanktons with an ecological significance

T

T/F: Dry soil: adding clay, high SOM and O occlusion, higher SOC stocks, AM fungi, more closed nutrient cycling, mycorrhizae== faster growth and mortality

T

T/F: Entomopathogenic fungi were among the first pathogens noticed to affect imported fire ant populations in their native range in South America When spores of these fungi contact the host cuticle, the fungus germinates, penetrates the insect body, and starts growing in the insect body. Typically, an infected insect will die within 3-5 days. After death of the host insect, the fungus grows throughout the cadavers and emerges through the cuticle. Infective spores develop on the mummified cadaver, and a new cycle of infection can occur when healthy ants come in contact with the spores.

T

T/F: Few molds (in the right conditions) produce mycotoxins that are poisonous and can make you sick

T

T/F: Fossil evidence suggests an important link between mycorrhizae and the successful invasion of land by plants.

T

T/F: Fossil zooplankton (that eat the algae or other protists) are represented by the foraminifera and ostracodes as well as many other microfossils

T

T/F: Fungi is similar to nematodes because these are roundworms that crawl in the environment and get trapped by the hypae and then the fungi feasts on it. The scientific name of this is fungus arthrobotrys.

T

T/F: Fungi that feed on dead tissue are saprophytes

T

T/F: Fungi uses sugar molecule from algae photosynthesis and break down to carbon and give sugar back to algae and cycle continues

T

T/F: Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote

T

T/F: Like bacteria, Fungi also have a resilient cell wall structure!

T

T/F: Most chlorophyte algae live in freshwater ponds and lakes, but some live in the oceans

T

T/F: Mycorrhizae help plants obtain water from the soil

T

T/F: Patients who are treated with metronidazole have a 90% - 95% cure rate from trichomonas

T

T/F: Penicillium roqueforti is a mold often found in cheeses

T

T/F: Plasmodium species infect many kinds of animals

T

T/F: Poisonous substances produced by certain molds found primarily in grain, nut crops, celery, grape juice, apples, etc. and new ones are constantly being discovering

T

T/F: Rocella and Lecanora/Ochlerechia species of lichen were used for litmus tests

T

T/F: Some fungi are parasitic and feed on living organisms, usually plants.

T

T/F: Some molds can cause allergic reactions and respiratory problems

T

T/F: The current research about lichens is showing that there is a unicellular species found growing alongside algae and fungi thought to be a third partner potentially to yeast.

T

T/F: They are able to colonize inhospitable habitats and collect solar energy.

T

T/F: Though most dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, there are also some nonphotosynthetic species

T

T/F: Trypanosoma Infections initially cause few or no symptoms, so the infection often goes undiagnosed. But years after infection, many victims develop heart diseases including abnormal rhythms and heart failure that can lead to sudden death.

T

T/F: Unlike the cloned offspring produced by asexual spores, sexually produced fungal bodies are genetically distinct from either parent

T

T/F: Zygosporangia are produced by plasmogamy

T

T/F: amoeba survives adverse environmental periods by encystment (becomes circular, loses most of its water, and secretes a cyst membrane that serves as protective covering)

T

T/F: ascocarps bear asci

T

T/F: chitin is the constituent of the cell walls of common soil fungi (ex: aspergillus and penicillium) and is an important waste product from pharmaceutical and shellfish industries

T

T/F: fossil nummulites, depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains or other particles cemented together, or crystalline CaCO3 (calcite or aragonite)- gives hardened structure that gets stronger and harder to survive

T

T/F: fungi are nonmotile

T

T/F: fungi lack stems, leaves, and roots

T

T/F: giardia are parasitic protozoan

T

T/F: giardia is an example of a protozoa in the trophozoite stage

T

T/F: human infected with Giardia experience symptoms of: severe diarrhea, dehydration, nausea, vomiting, and cramps

T

T/F: i. Instead of cellulose, the material that makes up fungi cell walls is known as chitin, a chemical often found in animal exoskeletons.

T

T/F: lichen tend the photosynthetic algal or bacterial partner by providing shelter and protection from harsh conditions

T

T/F: metarnizium anisopilae and bacteria bassiana are known to kill fire ants?

T

T/F: pregnant women infected with trichomonas are at risk for preterm delivery, low birth weight infant, and premature rupture of membranes. There is also a high risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease.

T

T/F: red algae used in chondrus crispus is safe for consumption

T

T/F: spores give molds their color

T

T/F: stramenopiles are chromists

T

T/F: the fungi often consume the lion's share of the photosynthetic product (up to 90% in some species), leading some researchers to conclude that the symbiotic relationship in lichens is really much more one-sided than it is usually portrayed

T

T/F: there are some predatory fungi that attack tiny worms in the soil

T

T/F: there are geographical variations of MRSA—due to differences in local infection control practices and pathogen specific characteristics of circulating clones

T-- found in places on body were you sweat a lot

T/F: The partnership between mycorrhizae and plants makes a crucial contribution to the health of Earth's plants.

T: Plants without mycorrhizal fungi tend to be smaller and less vigorous than plants with mycorrhizal partners.

T/F: prosts have orgaelles like chloroplasts

T: Yes protists are eukaryotic so they have mitochondria, golgi, chloroplast, vacuoles, etc.

T/F: If one person infected with Giardia has diarrhea in the water, the water can be contaminated with millions of germs. Swallowing even a small amount of pool water that has been contaminated with the Giardia germ can make you sick.

T: You share the water—and the germs in it

T/F: The bioactive compounds in truffles potentiate the use of truffles in other medicinal usages

T: ex: anti-depressants, cholesterol reducer, and immunostimulant.

T/F: Protist (some of them) can reproduce sexually without forming male and female reproductive cell

T: ex: plasmodium

T/F: fungi have cell walls

T: made of cellulose and materials found in animal skeletons ---but they are NOT plants

T/F: excavates are are parasites that feed on tissue of human being

T: thing excavates= digging-- parasite dig into skin to feed on human tissue

What benefit does the algal partner provide to the fungal hyphae

The algae partner benefits the fungal hypae by producing protection/shelter from harsh conditions as well as creating excess foods for the fungi to consume

how does malaria spread once in the body

The blood cells in the liver and spleen rupture, and large quantities of spores are released, causing recurrent fever of malaria

can also be transmitted from mother to child or by blood transfusions

Trypanosoma

dangerous parasite that is responsible for African sleeping sickness, transmitted to humans by infected tsetse flies (CC flies)

Trypanosoma

which parasite: While feeding on the blood of a mammal, an infected fly can transmit saliva containing the trypanosome to the mammal The parasite then develops inside the new host

Trypanosoma

How do fungi compensate for lack of mobility

Use hyphae that can grow rapidly in any direction within a suitable environment

Is Yeats a fungi and does yeast form hyphae?

Yes yeast is a fungi and it does form hyphae

Does Giardia appear as a diplomonad under microscope

Yes, Giardia is an example of a parasitic diplomonad which as 2 nuclei and move by means of multiple flagella

MRSA

a staph infection which may appear as a pimple or spider bite and feels warm to the touch, has drainage, and causes fevers. it is a skin infection which can lead to phenumonia, etc. and when left untreated can become severe and cause sepsis.

What are lichens? a) A symbiotic association of algae and fungi b) Fungi c) Archaea d) A symbiotic association of algae and Archaea e) Algae

a) A symbiotic association of algae and fungi

Who discovered penicillin? a) Alexander Fleming b) Jonas Salk c) Louis Pasteur d) Edward Jenner

a) Alexander Fleming

What gives blue cheeses such as Roquefort and Stilton their unique flavor? a) Ascomycete mold b) Yeast c) Chytrids d) Alcohol e) Mushrooms

a) Ascomycete mold

Which of the following is an example of a parasitic fungal disease? a) Athlete's foot b) Sleeping sickness c) Herpes d) Trichinosis e) Malaria

a) Athlete's foot

What renders penicillin not effective against infections? a) Bacterial resistance b) Mold spores c) Carbon dioxide d) Prolonged exposure to sunlight

a) Bacterial resistance

Which of the following features are characteristic of fungi? a) Cell walls, feeding by absorption, and usually filamentous bodies b) No cell walls, feeding by absorption, chemosynthesis c) Cell walls, chemosynthetic, heterotrophic d) No cell walls, parasitic, heterotrophic e) Cell walls, photosynthesis, and usually filamentous bodies

a) Cell walls, feeding by absorption, and usually filamentous bodies

An important drug derived from fungi is cyclosporin. How is this drug used? a) It is used to suppress the immune system after organ transplantation b) It is used as a vaccinating agent for influenza c) It prevents bacterial infections d) It is used as a superficial anti-inflammatory agent e) It prevents viral diseases.

a) It is used to suppress the immune system after organ transplantation--- prevents rejection of the transplanted organ

Which cell structure is missing in Trichomonas and Giardia? a) Mitochondria b) Cell membranes c) Nuclei d) Cysts e) Flagella

a) Mitochondria

Which of the following is a true statement? a) Most protists are single-celled b) Most protists are large, multicellular organisms c) Protists have an astoundingly simple, but not diverse, mode of reproduction d) Protists do not exist as multicellular organisms e) Single celled protists all look very much alike.

a) Most protists are single-celled

Dr. Nemo found a new species of what looked like a brown algae! What features do you think he can associate with the specimen?

a) Multicellular b) Resemble plants but lack distinctive feature of plants c) Brownish- yellow pigments that increase seaweed's light-gathering ability d) Mostly marine habitat e) Photosynthesis f) Important seaweeds found in marine habitats G) Get sodium alginate!!!

If there were no fungi, which of the following would occur? a) Nutrient recycling would stop b) Grazing animals would be unable to digest plants c) Plants would overrun the Earth d) Oxygen production would stop

a) Nutrient recycling would stop

match the mycotoxin and where it is found a) Ochratoxin A= Aspergillus, and Penicillium b) Patulin= Aspergillus, penicillium, Byssochlamys c) Fusarium creates toxins—Fumonsins and zearalenone d) nivalenol/deoxynivalenol 1) Soil and produce a range of toxins in cereal crops 2) Cereal, coffee beans, dry vine fruits, grape juice, spices, liquorice 3) Rotting apples, apple product, moldy fruits, grains 4) not specified

a) Ochratoxin A= Aspergillus, and Penicillium---- 2) Cereal, coffee beans, dry vine fruits, grape juice, spices, liquorice b) Patulin= Aspergillus, penicillium, Byssochlamys--- 3) Rotting apples, apple product, moldy fruits, grains c) Fusarium creates toxins—Fumonsins and zearalenone---1) Soil and produce a range of toxins in cereal crops d) d) nivalenol/deoxynivalenol--- 4) not specified

T/F for the following questions on what mushrooms/fungi/mycelium can do a) Mycelium help to decompose organic matter to create nutrients? b) Fungi produces antibiotics? c) Fungi only rot woods which is harmful but also they take care to recycle the nutrients? d) Mycelium net = are poor microfiltration membranes? e) Fungi protect biosphere? f) Fungi breaks large rock to soil? g) Fungi help in cleaning up oil spills and use up PAH and restores healthy habitat h) Some mushrooms have fungal metabolites that can be helpful in controlling viruses (flu , pox virus) and some fungi can kill insects

a) T b) T c) F: rots wood and infects plants d) F: good microfiltration membrane e) T f) T g) T h) T

how does mycelium look? a. T/F: Infuses all landscapes and holds soils together b. (minimal/abundant) branching c. T/F: Sentient (knows that they are there—ex: when you walk across landscape, it leaps up in the aftermath of you footsteps trying to grab debris) d. Produce (oxalic/carbonic) acids and other acids and enzymes--- helps create soil

a) T-- **can hold 30,000x its mass b) abundant c) T--**knows that they are there—ex: when you walk across landscape, it leaps up in the aftermath of you footsteps trying to grab debris d) oxalic

Trichoderma harzianum is a fungus that is successfully used as a biocontrol agent for diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solanii, a fungus plant pathogen that attacks beans and tomatoes. Why is this important to humans? a) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would reduce our dependence on toxic and expensive chemical agents b) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would allow Cheaper varieties of seeds to be used. c) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would provide us with an alternative product to replace ace the damaged food crop d) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would create better tasting beans and tomatoes. e) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would encourage farmers to plant and harvest a wide variety of crops.

a) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would reduce our dependence on toxic and expensive chemical agents----The biological agent could be considered to be a "fungal pesticide."

explain what is happening in the figure (slide 8-protist) a) 1 large green cell with hundreds of tiny green cells inside) b) a bunch of small green cells

a) a. Second protist symbiotic in paramecium cell b) 22 protists coexist together

Some fungi that grow on grains produce toxins that are highly toxic and carcinogenic. Which carcinogen is produced by Aspergillus? a) aflatoxin b) LSD d) ringworm d) oleandomycin e) ergot

a) aflatoxin---These are highly toxic and farmers are trying to reduce the growth of Aspergillus in stored crops to prevent aflatoxin formation.

give examples for the following protist feeding types a) autotropic (trap solar energy and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis) ex: __________ b) heterotrophs (predatory= get nutrient and energy from capturing and ingesting prey) ex:. _____________________ c) saprophytes (absorb nutrients from dead) ex: ________

a) algae, amoeba b) amoeba and paramecium c) fungi

label the picture a) green balls near the top of a "nest" b) vines attached to green balls c) bottom nest sitting on the ground

a) algal layer b) fungal hyphae c) attachment structure

list the following as bacteria, virus, protist, fungi a) shigella b) E.coli c) norovirus d) Giardia

a) bacteria-prokaryote-living b) bacteria- prokaryote-living c) RNA virus- nonliving d) protist- eukaryotic- living

Mycelium converting plant cellulose to fungal sugars ...gateway to solve energy crisis "Econol" a) bioethanol b) biomethanol c) bionitronol d) biopentanol

a) bioethanol

Protist photosynthesis relies on: a) chloroplasts b) silica c) pseudoplasmodia d) eyespots e) pseudopods.

a) chloroplasts

Chalky detritus of single celled algae (at the bottom of the marine food chain) make up the rocks of the white cliffs of dover a) coccolithophores b) calcite c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate f) diatoms

a) coccolithophores

Dr. Nemo went for a walk along the White Cliffs of Dover in UK and scrapped a piece of the rock front he cliff, what do you think he will find in that sample (hint: there maybe more than 1 answer) a) coccolithophores b) calcite c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate f) diatoms

a) coccolithophores b) calcite f) diatoms

Karyogamy produces a _____. a) diploid zygote b) haploid zygote c) spores mycelium d) hypha

a) diploid zygote (karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei)

name the group for the following using the bank: chlorophyte algae, stramenopiles, excavates, alveolates, red algae a) diplomads b) parabasalids c) kinetoplastids d) diatoms e) dinoflagellates f) plasmodium g) paramedium h) prophyra I) ulva

a) diplomads= excavates b) parabasalids= excavates c) kinetoplastids= excavates d) diatoms= stramenopiles e) dinoflagellates= alveolates f) plasmodium= alveolates g) paramedium= alveolates h) prophyra= red algae I) ulva= chlorophyte algae

Protists that have two nuclei are classified as a) diplomonads b) apicomplexans c) ciliates d) parabasalids e) amoebas

a) diplomonads

name the photo a) red and spores spreading out b) looks like green kelp

a) encrusting lichen b) leafy lichen

A man is brought to the hospital suffering from nausea, vomiting, and severe stomach cramps. He had recently returned from a hiking trip in northern Minnesota. A sample taken from the man shows a single-celled flagellate organism that lacks mitochondria but has two nuclei. This organism is a(n) a) excavate b) diatom c) apicomplexan d) euglenozoan e) green alga.

a) excavate

The antibiotic penicillin was originally derived from a) fungi b) bacteria c) plants d) Archaea e) chemical factories

a) fungi

What kingdoms exist in partnership in this group of fungi "Lichens" a) fungi b) green algae c) cyanobacteria d) red algae e) virus f) plants g) animals

a) fungi b) green bacteria c) cyanobacteria

You have been looking for organisms that you suspect will colonize a lava flow field on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific. What do you believe will be the first colonizers? a) lichens b) basidiomycetes c) mycorrhizae d) ascomycetes e) mushrooms

a) lichens

__________organ(s) in the human victim is the target site for malarial parasite to replicate in red blood cells. a) liver and spleen b) stomach and small intestine c) skin d) brain e) lungs f) heart

a) liver and spleen

label the picure a) grey squares with red dots in the shape if a football field goal coming out of it b) purple hexagon shapes attached to each other c) pink rectangles attached to each other in a linear line

a) manno-proteins b) B-glucan c) chitin

label the picture a) wavy feather like branching b) looks like a bunch of sticks and thorns crossing over each other c) zoomed in microscopic tube with a single cross section

a) mycelium b) hyphae c) hypha cross-section

Which part of the mushroom grows first? What is this structure important for a) mycelium b) hyphae c) stem d) roots

a) mycelium--underground portion of the mushroom and can extend for miles

diplomads features yes/no: a) mitochondria b) inhabits soil or water c) parasitic d) unicellular e) heterotrophic (consume other organisms) f) swim with flagella

a) no b) yes c) may be parasitic d) yes e) yes f) yes

parabasalid features yes/no: a) mitochondria b) parasite or mutualists symbionts c) unicellular d) heterotrophic (consume other organisms) e) swim with flagella

a) no b) yes c) yes d) yes e) yes

amoebas features yes/no: a) extend thick pseudopods b) have no shells c) unicellular d) common pond dweller

a) no-- extend THIN pseudopods b) yes c) yes d) yes

brown algae features yes/no: a) swim with flagella b) photosynthetic c) found in seaweeds of temperate oceans d) multicellular e) macrocytes (forms kelp forests)

a) no-- nonmotile b) yes c) yes d) yes e) yes

red algae features yes/no: a) swim with flagella b) photosynthetic c) some deposit calcium carbonate d) found mostly in marine (deep, clear water) e) porphyria (sushi wrapper) f) no used in red tide

a) no-- nonmotile b) yes c) yes d) yes e) yes f) yes

chlorophyte algae yes/no: a) nonmotile b) nonphotosynthetic c) close relative with clad (includes land plants) d) unicellular and multicellular e) ulva (sea lettuce)

a) no-- swill with flagella (some species) b) no-- photosynthetic c) yes d) yes e) yes

Where are we likely to find photosynthetic protists? a) oceans, lakes, and ponds b) intestines of animals c) as endosymbionts d) parasitizing coral e) free-floating in the air

a) oceans, lakes, and ponds

most commonly used antibiotic globally a) penicillin b) cephalosporin c) copsin d) miscasin

a) penicillin

beta-lactam antibiotic that blocks cell wall synthesis a) penicillin b) cephalosporin c) copsin d) micasin

a) penicillin b) cephalosporin

Fungi produce several antibiotics. What is the name of the first antibiotic discovered? a) penicillin b) tetracycline c) clindamycin d) cyclosporin e) cephalosporin

a) penicillin---Penicillin was shown to be extremely effective in preventing the replication of Staphylococcus, the cause of staph infections

key features of fungi a) (nonpolarized/polarized) multicellular growth b) (fruiting/flowering) body development c) (dimorphism/trimorphism) d) (primary/secondary) metabolism e) (wood/floral) decay f) mycorrhizae

a) polarized b) fruiting c) dimorphism d) secondary e) wood f) mycorrhizae---symbitoic associations between roots and fungi

match using the following bank-- predators, unicellular consumers, multicellular consumers, land plants, microalgae a) pollen b) calc. algae c) foraminifer d) ostracode e) teeth

a) pollen= land plants b) calc. algae= microalgae c) foraminifer= unicellular consumer d) ostracode= multicellular consumer e) teeth= predators

Cilia in paramecium aid in survival. But in what ways a) cilia (fine hair like filaments beat rhythmically to (propel/distance) them and direct food into their mouths b) paramecium respond to their _________________ c) when confronted with noxious chemicals or a physical barrier, the cell immediate backs up by reversing the beating of its ____________

a) propel b) environment c) cilia

brown vs red algae: a) __________ algae ------- photosynthetic pigments-- Pigment transfers light energy to chlorophyll for photosynthesis ii. Multicellular iii. Found exclusively in marine environments iv. Dominate in deep, tropical, clear, waters v. Uses carrageenan b. _________ algae i. ---------- pigments that increase seaweed's light-gathering ability ii. Multicellular iii. Mostly marine environments iv. Similar to plants but lack distinctive features v. Uses sodium alginate ad alginated-based hydrogels

a) red b) brown

Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? a) the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle b) zygote spore-producing structures c) mycelium d) hypha

a) the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle

a growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host looks like sheer purple balloons a) trophozoites b) schizont c) RBC

a) trophozoites

kinetoplastids features yes/no: a) inhabits soil or water b) parasitic c) unicellular d) heterotrophic (consume other organisms) e) swim with flagella

a) yes b) may be parasitic c) yes d) yes e) yes

ciliates features yes/no: a) include most complex single cell b) multicellular c) paramecium-- fast moving pond dwindler

a) yes b) no--- unicellular c) yes

stramenopiles features yes/no: a) swim with flagella (gametes along the surface) b) photosynthetic c) no silica shell d) found in marine life e) multicellular f) navicular (glides toward light)

a) yes b) yes c) no-- it has silica shell d) yes e) no-- unicellular (few are multicellular) f) yes

apicomplexans features yes/no: a) all parasitic b) infectious spores c) multicellular d) plasmodium-- causes malaria

a) yes b) yes c) no--- unicellular d) yes

dinoflagellates features yes/no: a) photosynthesis b) many bioluminescent c) chitin walls d) multicellular e) Gonyaulax-- causes red tides f) pitted center appearance g) 1 flagella

a) yes b) yes c) no--cellulose wall d) no--- unicellular e) yes f) yes g) no-- 2 flagella

Which theory can explain the very existence of Chloroplast and Mitochondria in eukaryotes

a. Endosymbiosis theory

what is the fungi that kills nematodes (roundworms)

a. Fungus Arthrobotrys (roundworm strangler) traps its prey in a noose-like modified hypha--When a nematode wanders into the noose, its presence stimulates the noose cells to swell with water. In a fraction of a second, the noose constricts, trapping the worm. Fungal hyphae then penetrate and feast on their prey.

What problems (especially health) can mycotoxin cause

a. Growth retardation b. Infertility c. Immunotoxicity d. Liver failure e. Intestinal destruction f. Oxidative distress g. Endoplasmic reticulum distress h. Apoptosis i. Porcine and bovine cell proliferation J. nausea k. cancer

TEST QUESTION: Why is microalgal based bioenergy best to produce biofuels and biodiesels

a. Microalgal biofuel has been recognized as one of the most prominent and versatile alternative renewable energy sources because it can be converted into a wide array of biofuels, such as biodiesel, bioethanol, bioelectricity and biogases such as syngas, methane, hydrogen, and hythane etc., with a lower carbon emission profile b. Some chlorophyte species are currently under intensive cultivation by companies that hope to use them for commercial production of biofuels and are hoped to replace dwindling fossil fules wand release less CO2 c. Biodiesel derived from microalgae has been regarded as a strong substitute for conventional diesel primarily due to their high lipid content and sustainability d. There are diverse species of microalgae with varying lipid content which can thrive in different environment. e. various factors which affect the propagation of microalgal cells in addition to the cultivation techniques: The main biomass of microalgae that can be converted to biodiesel is lipid and the lipid content can be further optimized by inducing nutrient and environmental stress to microalgae. g. Optimizing lipid production can lead to lowering the cost of production. The cells of microalgae have to be processed and the lipid extracted has to be trans-esterified to biodiesel.

Dr. Nemo went to a dry arid region where the plants were not growing fast. He hired you as his assistant to help him revive the plants in the arid, dry forest what suggestions can you give to Dr. Nemo?

add clay soils so the moisture can help hydrate the plants as well as creating host specific mycorrhizal spores and adjust soil with hydroxide-rich soils to retain phosphorous and organic matter to help maintain nutrients.

cancer-causing poison produced by certain fungi in/on foods and feeds (especially corn and peanuts). they are most known and intensely researched mycotoxin in the world

aflatoxin--Associated with aflatoxicosis

challenge bonus question: where are diatoms used and applied? a) toothpaste b) metal polish c) solar cell panels d) biochem sensing e) heavy metal removal f) drug delivery g) nano-conjugate for catalyst h) biominetic

all are correct! 3 for sure to show up on question and ones you should definitely pick are a) toothpaste b) metal polish c) solar cell panels

why is Trichomonas a very important parasitic protist? a) sexually transmitted b) related to termites c) hairy projections that excavates itself into female reproductive organs

all are true but the most important is: c) c) hairy projections that excavates itself into female reproductive organs

Dr. Nemo went to a camp and used water from the nearby stream on the campsite. He added a chlorine tablet to disinfect the water from the campsite. However, he complained of vomiting and had diarrhea. Why? What could have happened? a) cryptosporidium b) Giardia c) Norovirus d) E. coli e) shigella ** all of the lists above can survive in chlorinated water (but have different time spans)

all could be an answer but best answer and answer you should choose on the test is: b) giardia

which of the following are applications of lichen for humans a) dyes b) clothing c) antibioticd d) decoration e) tea f) toothpaste g) deodorant h) salves I) extracts J) perfumes k) paint l) anti-mildew m) food

all of the above

definition used in class-- pitted appearance (ex: honeycomb—like dinoflagellates)

alveolates

what 2 protists will cause infection if you drink infected water?

amoeba and Giardia

Dr. Nemo collected wastewater sample and found a eukaryotic unicellular microbe with false feet

amoeba-- "false feet"

major groups of ____________are the amoebas and the slime molds

amoebozoans

also known as sac fungi, include morels, yeasts, and the species that produces penicillin a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae

ascomycetes

sexual or asexual: - haploid spore producing via mitosis - Produces Haploid Spores by Mitosis---The mycelia and spores of fungi are haploid. A haploid mycelium produces haploid asexual spores by mitosis. If an asexual spore is deposited in a favorable location, it will begin mitotic divisions and develop into a new mycelium. This simple reproductive cycle results in the rapid production of a genetically identical clone of the original mycelium

asexual

Which of the following has pseudopods? a) Ciliate b) Amoeba c) Slime mold d) Diatom e) Apicomplexan

b) Amoeba

If trends continue, which of the following will occur in England? a) An increasing interest in wild foods, except for mushrooms b) An increasing interest in wild foods, including mushrooms c) A decreasing interest in wild foods, including mushrooms d) A decreasing interest in wild foods, but an increasing interest in mushrooms

b) An increasing interest in wild foods, including mushrooms

Aflatoxins, which are highly toxic, carcinogenic compounds, come from a) corn smut b) Aspergillis c) Amanita d) Candida albicans e) Claviceps purpurea.

b) Aspergillis

what do the organisms in the photos have in common picture A: looks like clouds on either side and in the middle is a lane filled with circles (like ghost souls from the haunted mansion lol) picture b: looks almost like eye-less catfish a) Both are photosynthetic b) Both are parasites c) Both have calcium carbonate shells d) Both are multicellular. e) Both use pseudopods to capture food.

b) Both are parasites

Which of the following would likely be best to help the native mushrooms of England? a) Require training and licensing for people interested in harvesting mushrooms b) Protect their remaining habitat c) Increase the prices being paid for wild mushrooms d) Fine those that harvest mushrooms illegally.

b) Protect their remaining habitat

Which protist causes a sexually transmitted disease? a) Plasmodium b) Trichomonas c) Pfiesteria d) Trypanosoma e) Giardia

b) Trichomonas

MRSA is a _______________ a) virus b) bacteria c) protist d) fungi

b) bacteria

In club fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in _____. a) basidiospores b) basidia c) ovule d) asci e) zygotes

b) basidia

White chalk made by coccolithophores the white cliffs of dover a) coccolithophores b) calcite c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate f) diatoms

b) calcite

Fungal cell walls are different from plant cell walls because fungal walls contain a) cellulose, whereas plant walls have pectin b) chitin, whereas plant walls have cellulose c) glycogen, whereas plant walls have cellulose d) chitin, whereas plant walls have starch e) cellulose, whereas plant walls have chitin.

b) chitin, whereas plant walls have cellulose

The short, hair-like structures that propel Paramecium through the water are called a) pseudopods b) cilia c) pseudoplasmodia d) vacuoles e) flagella.

b) cilia

you live in Minnesota and decide to take up mushroom hunting. Where would likely be the best place to look? a) grassland b) forest c) city yards d) abandoned farm field

b) forest

Plasmogamy is indicated by the a) spores to mycelium b) fusion of cytoplasm c) fusion of nuclei d) zygote to spore-producing structures e) spores to mycelium

b) fusion of cytoplasm (plasmogamy is the fusion of hyphae)

A cross section under a microscope reveals the internal organization, a cell wall, cytoplasm, pore, and septum and can be unicellular or multicellular a) mycelium b) hyphae c) hypha cross-section

b) hyphae

What does that ring structure with a sulphur in it actually do a) inhibit protein folding b) inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis c) increase bacterial cell wall biosynthesis d) increase replication

b) inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.

Within each cycle, several rounds of DNA replication produce multinucleated forms, called schizonts, that undergo segmentation to form daughter merozoites) looks like little dots inside sheer purple balloon (cells) a) trophozoites b) schizont c) RBC

b)schizont

are called club fungi because they produce club-shaped reproductive structures like toadstools a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae

basidiomycetes

the most common form of reproduction, is asexual; multiple asexual division occurs in some forms.

binary fission

What other biocontrol "protists" have we came across

biocontrol agents are metarnizium anisopilae and becaueria bassiana which are know to infect fire ants in wild life or lab experiments.

how can we detect Trypanosoma

blood or stool sample--- nothing else

Cup fungi are in the phylum _____. a) Zygomycota b) Chytridomycota c) Ascomycota d) Chordata e) Basidiomycota

c) Ascomycota

Which protist group includes organisms that can reach heights of hundreds of feet and grow more than half a foot per day? a) Slime molds b) Water molds c) Brown algae d) Phytoplankton e) Cyanobacteria

c) Brown algae

The process indicated by the letter _____ produces a diploid structure a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

c) C

What is the main chemical found in fossil nummulites found in the construction material of Ancient Pyramids a) O2 b) CO2 c) CaCO3 d) O3 e) Ca+ f) Mg+

c) CaCO3

Exoskeleton of insects, crabs and spider and fungi have something in common! What is it? a) cellulose b) carbon c) chitin d) more than 2 legs

c) Chitin is used in their exoskeleton

Which of the following fungus causes ergot poisoning, a common cause of death in Europe in the Middle Ages? a) Candida albicans b) Truffles c) Claviceps purpurea d) Amanita e) Aspergillus

c) Claviceps purpurea

Which of the following is likely the most harmful to England's mushroom populations? a) Foraging for personal consumption b) Foraging for medicinal purposes c) Foraging to sell to markets and restaurants d) Foraging for the illegal drug market.

c) Foraging to sell to markets and restaurants

A parasitic protist that presents a major health problem to backpackers and hikers if they drink unfiltered stream or lake water is a) Didinium b) Pfiesteria c) Giardia d) Plasmodium e) Trypanosoma.

c) Giardia

What is one negative impact protists have on humans? a) Photosynthetic protists in Earth's oceans produce oxygen that replenishes the atmosphere. b) Protists are slowly replacing bacteria in our ecosystem c) Many human diseases are caused by protists d) They are a cause of global warming.

c) Many human diseases are caused by protists

What part of bacteria does penicillin break down? a) Protein b) Mitochondria c) The cell wall d) The nucleus

c) The cell wall

What was a possible benefit of a mycorrhizae association of an aquatic fungus and a green alga at the time of plant invasion of land more than 400 million years ago? a) Fungi provided energy the alga required for reproduction b) The alga could have protected the fungus from predators c) The fungus could have helped the alga acquire the water and mineral nutrients it needed to survive out of water d) The fungus could have provided a form of protection from predators e) Fungi provided support for the alga as it attempted to collect more solar energy.

c) The fungus could have helped the alga acquire the water and mineral nutrients it needed to survive out of water

From what source is penicillin derived? a) The penicillium plant b) A rogue bacterial species c) The mold penicillium d) through fermentation process

c) The mold penicillium

The chloroplast found within a photosynthetic protist is surrounded by four membranes. How can we account for this? a) One is from the bacterium, one is from the protest, one is from the bacterial nuclear membrane, and one is from a food vacuole b) Four membranes evolved from the protist's cell membrane c) Two are from the originally engulfed photosynthetic bacterium; one is a protist membrane; the other is from the food vacuole produced by the protist originally containing the bacterium d) All four are bacterial membranes e) All four are protist membranes.

c) Two are from the originally engulfed photosynthetic bacterium; one is a protist membrane; the other is from the food vacuole produced by the protist originally containing the bacterium

In sac fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in _____. a) ascospores b) antheridia c) asci d) ascogonia e) basidia

c) asci

Natural penicillins [penicillin G (IV), penicillin V (PO)] are used to treat selected gram-_____________ infections: a) positve b) negative c) both positive and negative

c) both positive and negative

Foraminiferans are marine protists that produce beautiful shells composed mostly of __________. a) sodium chloride b) silica c) calcium carbonate d) nucleic acids e) amino acids

c) calcium carbonate

From fungus Coprinopsis cinerea found in dung! ii. It targets gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria by interfering with cell wall synthesis a) penicillin b) cephalosporin c) copsin d) miscasin

c) copsin

antimicrobial peptide that blocks cell wall synthesis a) penicillin b) cephalosporin c) copsin d) miscasin

c) copsin

The importance of fungi to ecosystems is mostly as a(n) a) symbiote b) parasite c) decomposer d) predator e) producer

c) decomposer

Fungi usually obtain food by a) chemosynthesis b) absorbing it and then digesting it within fungal cells c) digesting it externally and then absorbing it d) producing antibiotics that internally destroy bacteria e) photosynthesis.

c) digesting it externally and then absorbing it

After a meal of raw oysters, a woman begins to feel numbness and tingling in her hands and feet. By the time she gets to the hospital, she can no longer move and is having difficulty breathing. The lab finds a protist with two flagella. The organism is a(n) a) apicomplexan b) radiolarian c) dinoflagellate d) brown alga e) euglenozoan.

c) dinoflagellate

When a red tide occurs, huge numbers of microscopic organisms are filtered out of coastal waters by oysters and clams. This sometimes causes the shellfish to become toxic to people who eat them. The organisms that create the red tide are classified as a) slime molds b) euglenids c) dinoflagellates d) diatoms e) red algae.

c) dinoflagellates

double carbonate of calcium and magnesium—commonly composed of tiny fossil shell fragments and other fossilized debris-----magnesium carbonite a) coccolithophores b) calcite c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate f) diatoms

c) dolomite

which of the following is found in limestone a) coccolithophores b) calcite c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate f) diatoms

c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate

Both Trichomonas and Giardia are parasitic protists in the group called a) euglenids b) slime molds c) excavates d) alveolates e) diatoms.

c) excavates

Fungi produce _____ spores. a) dikaryotic b) heterokaryotic c) haploid d) diploid e) triploid

c) haploid (fungal spores are haploid)

Zygosporangia are _____. a) diploid b) haploid c) heterokaryotic d) haplodiploid e) either haploid or diploid, depending on the type of fungus

c) heterokaryotic

one cell thick and show their internal organization a) mycelium b) hyphae c) hypha cross-section

c) hypha cross-section

The interwoven mass of cells that forms large structures such as an earthstar or a mushroom is a a) spore b) hypha c) mycelium d) septum e) root.

c) mycelium

Both cyanobacteria and phytoplankton are a) eukaryotic b) heterotrophic c) photosynthetic d) multicellular e) parasitic

c) photosynthetic

A major difference in early development found in plants and animals but not found in protists is that __________. a) protists reproduce asexually by binary fission b) reproduction is asexual in protists c) protist reproduction never includes the formation and development of an embryo d) the life cycles of protists are very similar; those of plants and animals vary greatly

c) protist reproduction never includes the formation and development of an embryo

using _________the blood cholesterol-reducing effect of linoleic acid has been widely reported a) bacteria b) protists c) truffles d) algae

c) truffles

What do the names Roquefort, Camembert, Stilton, and Gorgonzola have in common? a) They are names of wineries in France b) They are wine districts in California c)They are all cheeses flavored by the growth of Ascomycete fungi d) They are the names of individuals who discovered antibiotics e) They are the names of antibiotics produced by fungi.

c)They are all cheeses flavored by the growth of Ascomycete fungi

what do you get when you break down chitin

carbon and nitrogen

Some dinoflagellates are enclosed only by a plasma membrane; others have __________walls that resemble armor plates.

cellulose

protists are different from fungi in that protists are made up of (chitin/cellulose)

cellulose (fungi are made up of chitin)

long-chain linear biopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine units joined by β-1,4 linkages, chitin has a chemical structure similar to cellulose.

chitin

Name an enzyme that can specifically degrade Chitin

chitinase: contribute to the generation of carbon and nitrogen in the ecosystem

If Giardia trophozoites and cyst are excreted in the stools that are released in the environment..., then which stage/s can survive in the environment?

cyst

What percentage of patients who think they are allergic to penicillin will tolerate the drug? a) 10% b) 50% c) 75% d) 90%

d) 90%

________ are photosynthetic protists a)F ungi b) Prokaryotes c) Plants d) Algae e) Parasites

d) Algae

If a strong fungicide is released and eliminates all the fungi in an ecosystem, which of the following is likely to happen? a) Improved soil fertility b) Faster breakdown of leaf litter c) Improved growth of plant species d) An accumulation of dead and discarded plant and animal tissues e) Increased rate of photosynthesis

d) An accumulation of dead and discarded plant and animal tissues

How are lichens and mycorrhizae similar? a) Both parasitize live plants, eventually killing them b) Both are saprophytes that decompose dead materials c) Both are pioneer species that colonize bare rock d) Both form symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic species.

d) Both form symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic species.

Which group is commonly referred to as the "seaweeds"? a) Phytoplankton b) Ciliates c) Cyanobacteria d) Brown algae e) Water molds

d) Brown algae

________ causes human yeast infections. a) Claviceps purpurea b) Amanita c) Aspergillus d) Candida albicans

d) Candida albicans

Which of these structures bears asci? a) A (singal branch) b) B (2 branches) c) C (knot of 2 branches) d) D (top of a mushroom) e) E (shape that looks like a finger)

d) D (top of a mushroom)-- called ascocarps

Species of red algae are useful for a variety of reasons, such as forming reefs and producing gelatinous substances with commercial uses. What is their most important contribution? a) They grow in the deepest areas of oceans and recycle nutrients through anaerobic respiration b) Red algae cause red tides that kill a variety of fish c) They are absorptive feeders d) During photosynthesis they capture solar energy to help support nonphotosynthetic organisms in marine ecosystems e) They are parasitic.

d) During photosynthesis they capture solar energy to help support nonphotosynthetic organisms in marine ecosystems

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes red algae from diatoms and dinoflagellates? a) One is a protist, whereas the other is not b) One is photosynthetic, whereas the other is not c) One lives in an aquatic environment d) One is multicellular, whereas the other is not e) One is eukaryotic, whereas the other is not.

d) One is multicellular, whereas the other is not

Many single-celled protists are considered predators because they ingest their food. How could this make them predators? a) They are able to absorb nutrients directly from the surrounding environment b) Because they are motile, they stalk their prey c) They secrete poisons to render their prey helpless d) One major group uses their flexible membrane to engulf living organisms and consequently, harm their prey e) They rely on photosynthesis for energy.

d) One major group uses their flexible membrane to engulf living organisms and consequently, harm their prey

Red tides caused by a species of dinoflagellate kill thousands of fish by depletion of oxygen. How are they responsible for depletion of oxygen? a) Dinoflagellates use available oxygen to fill floats to support their bodies b) Predatory dinoflagellates require oxygen for photosynthesis c) Dinoflagellates use oxygen in aerobic respiration d) Oxygen depletion is caused by the decay of billions of dinoflagellates

d) Oxygen depletion is caused by the decay of billions of dinoflagellates

as β-lactamases (important group of bacterial enzymes, which preferentially cleave the beta-lactam ring a) PCC b) PBB c) PBC d) PBP e) PCP

d) PBPs (penicillin binding proteins)

A woman develops liver inflammation, a high fever, and a severe decline in red blood cell numbers. Her blood is filled with a parasitic, single-celled organism. When asked about any recent travel, she tells the nurse about her trip to a tropical rain forest. It was a great trip except for the huge number of mosquitoes that bit her. She is probably infected with a) Trypanosoma b) Euglena c) Giardia d) Plasmodium e) Trichomonas.

d) Plasmodium

which of these is NOT a toxin affiliated with dinoflagellates a) paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) b) diarrheic shellfish poisonings (DSP) c) amnesic shellfish poisonings (ASP) d) vomiting shellfish poisonings (VSP) e) neurotoxic shellfish poisonings (NSP)

d) d) vomiting shellfish poisonings (VSP)

A nucleus within an ascus undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid spores, which then undergo mitosis, producing eight haploid ascospores. These haploid ascospores contain a maximum of _____ different genetic types. a) one b) two c) three d) four e) five

d) four **Meiosis of a diploid cell produces four genetically different cells. A cell that undergoes mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells

Which of the following is a common protist that can swim using a flagellum and is photosynthetic? a) foraminiferans b) red algae c) brown algae d) green algae e) ciliates

d) green algae

You have been asked to diagram the life cycle of Plasmodium, the malarial parasite, in humans. In which organ would you show several stages of development of sporozoites? a) kidney b) endoreticular system c) lungs d) liver e) blood

d) liver (Development occurs in the liver, and emerging parasites enter red blood cells for reproduction)

antimicrobial peptide that interferes in protein folding and comes from the fungus Microsporum canis found on human skin a) penicillin b) cephalosporin c) copsin d) miscasin

d) miscasin

When you eat mushrooms on your pizza, you are technically eating the a) seeds b) chloroplasts c) roots d) mycelium e) fungal leaves

d) mycelium

What is the principle way fungi reproduce? a) binary fission b) fragmentation c) fusion of spores d) spore production e) sexual reproduction without spore formation

d) spore production

You wish to raise mushrooms on a commercial scale. Which of the following will you need to get started? a) roots b) seeds c) eggs d) spores

d) spores

A parasitic kinetoplastid is responsible for African sleeping sickness in mammals. What is the intermediate insect host of this protist? a) oomycetes of water molds b) Euglena c) a termite d) the Tsetse fly e) diatoms

d) the Tsetse fly

Single-celled fungi are known as a) spores b) chytrids c) club fungi d) yeasts e) prokaryotes

d) yeasts

red algae are found in marine environments but dominate in (shallow/deep) clear, tropical water

deep

Many amoebas are predators that stalk and engulf prey Some species are parasitic, including one that causes amoebic dysentery that leads to severe __________

diarrhea

Dr. Nemo collected some seawater and found this very interesting single celled organisms that have a glassy and prism like appearance with fascinating shapes and patterns under microscope! What do you think Dr. Nemo is looking at?

diatoms

are phytoplankton with glassy shells. These shells consist of identical top and bottom halves that fit together.

diatoms

what is the major difference between Giardia and Amoeba

different classification: Giardia= excavate amoeba= ameobizoids

Dr. Nemo found an interesting protist under microscope with had a pitted surface and two whip-like flagella and which were bioluminescent. What could it be

dinoflagellate

are alveolates with a round shape and two whip-like flagella that propel them through the water.

dinoflagellates

name the subgroup: Gonyaulax--causes red tide

dinoflagellates

list the three alveolates

dinoflagellates apicomplexans ciliates

name the subgroup: Giardia-- intestinal parasite of mammals

diplomads

are excavates with double nuclei and multiple flagella.

diplomonads

single-celled and have two nuclei and move about by means of multiple flagella.

diplomond

Which polysaccharide is produced by both fungi and arthropods? a) Glycogen b) Cellulose c) Fructose d) Glucose e) Chitin

e) Chitin

What could be so unique about protists: which of these is a special feeding mechanism seen in protists a) autotropic (trap solar energy and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis) ex: algae b) heterotrophs (predatory= get nutrient and energy from capturing and ingesting prey) ex:. Amoeba and paramecium c) saprophytes (absorb nutrients from dead) ex: fungi d) parasite= Variety of protists e) all of the above f) none of the above

e) all of the above

Fungi are similar to plants because both a) have chloroplasts in their cells b) liberate nutrients from dead tissues c) produce embryos when they reproduce d) are important producers in their ecosystems e) have cell walls surrounding their plasma membranes

e) have cell walls surrounding their plasma membranes

Secondary endosymbiosis can occur when a: a) protist evolves to become a prokaryote b) green alga engulfs a photosynthetic bacterium c) nonphotosynthetic protist engulfs a photosynthetic bacterium d) virus infects a photosynthetic prokaryote e) nonphotosynthetic protist engulfs a photosynthetic protist

e) nonphotosynthetic protist engulfs a photosynthetic protist

What does hyphae mean?

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

what is it called when photosynthetic bacteria reside inside a larger cell

endosymbiosis

Similarity between protist and fungi

eukaryotic cell well (difference is chitin)

name the photo: look like yellow seashells growing at the base of a tree

example of fungi

name the picture looks like orange and white pollen growing on the ground

example of fungi

name the picture: looks like a yellow seed with green mold on it

example of fungi

1) Which features of a fungus's body structure are adaptations related to its methods of acquiring nutrient a) filametous shape b) extreme thinness c) large mouths d) extreme thickness e) motability f) a and b g) b and c h) c and d I) b and e

f) a and b-- filamentous shape and extreme thinness

which of the following are applications of lichen for animals a) forage b) shelter c) building materials d) appearance e) none of the above f) all of the above

f) all of the above

which of these is NOT an important reason to study protists a) To learn from the past explain shape and purposes b) Indicators of ancient life c) living proof of pollen with protist replication d) Possibly may be important missing link between us and prokaryotes (ex: shark tooth shaped protist) e) all of the above f) none of the above

f) none of the above-- all the options listed are important reasons to study protists

The malaria parasite Plasmodium spends parts of its life cycle in the body of a/n ___________________

female anopheles mosquito

red algae use carrageenan which is a ________________, and often seen in baby food and jello

food thickener

Chlorophytes are green algae! Why are they called that way

for their chloroplasts

what is the picture showing (slide 9-protists) 5 large and 14 small orange colored rocks that have small finger-like dents on them

fossil nummulites---specifically nummulite foraminifera dating from the Eocene Epoch, near AI Ain, United Arab Emirates

Mushroom are grouped under which kingdom

fungi

__________ absorb nutrients from the bodies of living and dead things

fungi

__________ is an example of a parasitic diplomonad that poses a world-wide health threat

giardia

What is the nature of the spores formed? Is it haploid or diploid? It also depends the -ploidy level of the parents

haploid

How does melanin help fungi (and us)

helps harness thermal energy for sexual and asexual reproduction that is fund above ground and often exposed to cold temperatures

What is chitin and where is it found?

it is a structural polysaccharide that is a polymer of an amino sugar called β-glucan and mannan. it is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and also found in the cell walls of some fungi.

are euglenozoans with distinctly structured mitochondria.

kinetoplastids

name the subgroup: Trypanosoma--causes African sleeping sickness—loves blood

kinetoplastids

name the picture a) rings seen in penicillin's and cephalosporins that contain a N (nitrogen) and S (sulfur) group

lactum ring

is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a single-celled alga or cyanobacterium. The fungus protects the photosynthesizer from harsh conditions while consuming the extra nutrients it produces a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae

lichen

" the fungi that learned how to garden

lichen= fungal members of the partnership with plants "tend" the photosynthetic algal or bacterial partner by providing shelter and protection from harsh conditions

There was one other mentioned in class (Litmus and Lichens and pH condition detection

litmus test for pH (changes color)--- used Rocella and Lecanora/Ochlerechia species

diverse group of black to brown polymers that fulfills a variety of biological functions--- It provides color and helps protect them from harsh environments

melanin

_______ can be used to make certain cheese and can be found on the surface or internally (ex: blue veined cheese, Roquefort, blue, gorgonzola, stilton)

mold

__________ spores are transported via water, air, and insects

mold

toxic spores that secrete aflatoxins and are in homes, foods, paints, etc. These are filimanteous fungi.

molds

A __________ is a basidiocarp

mushroom

- underground portion of the mushroom and can extend for miles - Play a critical role in forest decomposition - Unable to create own food so it breaks down and consumes leaves, needles, and other forest "litter"

mycelium

____________ forms the thallus (body of a typical fungus) In almost all fungi the hyphae that make up the thallus have cell walls, which is a characteristic of plants

mycelium

"fungal bodies consist of slender threads" that spread over decaying vegetation a) mycelium b) hyphae c) hypha cross-section

mycelium--- composed of hyphae and hypha cross-section

is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. The fungus receives energy-rich sugar molecules produced by the plant while passing minerals and nutrients from the soil to the root a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae

mycorrhiza

important symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots

mycorrhiza (singular: mycorrhiza)-- mycor= fungi and rhizae= under the soil

1. Penicillin susceptible Streptococcus pneumonia and meningitis 2. Streptococcal pharyngitis 3. Endocarditis 4. Skin and soft tissue infections 5. Neisseria meningitides infections 6. Syphilis

natural penicillin

T/F: paramecium have a well developed ______________ system

nervous

is cilia an human parasite?

no

are protists the same as fungi, plants, and animals?

no they have their own kingdom

Are molds only on surface of foods

no, roots are deep within

_______ edible seaweed used in sushi rolls--- often from red algae

nori

What could be so unique about protists: are they single celled?

not always---Ex: brown algae= multicellular

Can viruses be classified under Protists?

no—b/c viruses are NOT LIVING and must attach to a specific host cell and cannot replicate without host

are excavates that live inside animals in a mutualistic relationship with their host.

parabasalids

name the subgroup: trichomonas--causes sexually transmitted infection--- aka trichomoniasis

parabasalids

Completely covered with cilia (fine hairlike filaments) that beat rhythmically to propel them and to direct bacteria and other food particles into their mouths.

paramecium

name the picture looks like a 4 jelly bean with hair all around it

paramecium

name the subgroup: fast-moving pond dweller

paramecium

4. Dr. Nemo was approached by a patient's family doctor who said that the patient all of a sudden showed symptoms of amnesia and neurotic behavior after spending time on a remote island where the patient won a shellfish meat eating race! What do you think would have happened to the patient and what can be predicted and diagnosed about the case?

patient has NSP and ASP from eating contaminated shell fish living in a red tide

why is red algae red in color?

phycoerythrin - a pigment reflects red light and absorbs blue light - contains red photosynthetic pigments mask their green chlorophyll - red pigment transfer light energy to chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Marine ________________ account for about 50% of all photosynthetic activity on Earth, absorbing carbon dioxide, recharging the atmosphere with oxygen, and supporting the complex web of aquatic life.

phytoplankton

are single-celled photosynthetic protists that live in the upper layers of Earth's lakes and oceans.

phytoplankton

diatoms form part of the ____________

phytoplankton---the single-celled photosynthesizers that float passively in the upper layers of Earth's lakes and oceans

name the subgroup: causes malaria

plasmodium

The heterokaryotic stage is produced by __________

plasmogamy

name the subgroup: used to make sushi wrappers

porphyria

How can some bacteria like MRSA be resistant against penicillin

produce PBP (penicillin binding proteins) that act as β-lactamases-- cleaving beta-lactam rings and thus inactivates penicillin and cephalosporins

What is an autotropic bacteria?

producer

Which protist are red tides / algal blooms in the ocean associated with

protist algae and dinoflagellate

microscopic unicellular eukaryotes that have a relatively complex internal structure and carry out complex metabolic activities Infections range from asymptomatic to life threatening, depending on the species and strain of the parasite and the resistance of the host.

protozoa

protective membrane or thickened wall that must survive outside the host and usually have more resistant walls than cysts that form in tissues.

protozoan cysts

The flexible cell membranes of some single-celled protists can form extensions called ______________that reach out and engulf prey.

pseudopods

are used by Amoeba to aid in feeding process

pseudopods

Remember Psilocybin, LSD and fungus Claviceps purpurea and ergot - have been used to help in treating ___________ disorders

psychiatric (misused and should not be taken illegally)

when can fungi be a problem for humans

ringworm, athletes foot, fungi that lies in gut biome that escapes to blood lung infection

cup fungi ae a type of ______ fungus

sac

term for when a non-photosynthetic protist (ex:Paramecium) engulf a photosynthetic, chloroplast-containing protist (ex: Chlorella)

secondary endosymbiosis

sexual or asexual: - spore producing haploid via meiosis - Diploid structures form only during a brief period of the sexual portion of the fungal life cycle. Sexual reproduction begins when a hypha of one mycelium comes into contact with a hypha from a second mycelium that is of a different, but compatible, mating type. (The different mating types of fungi are comparable to the different sexes of animals, except that in fungi there are often more than two mating types.) If conditions are suitable, the two hyphae may fuse, so that nuclei from the two different hyphae share a common cell. The merger of hyphae is followed by fusion of haploid nuclei, one from each of the two mating types, to form a diploid zygote. The zygote then undergoes meiosis to form haploid sexual spores. These spores are dispersed, germinate, and divide by mitosis to form new haploid mycelia.

sexual

hollow and very absorbent (have several different shapes, especially circles and differentiating triangles---like a fidget spinner)

silica

Is chitin and cellulose same in structure? Are they both polysaccharides

similar but different a. Cellulose and chitin are both structural polysaccharides that consist of many thousand glucose monomers combined in long fibers. The only difference between the two polysaccharides are the side-chains attached to the carbon rings of the monosaccharides

If an animal/human drinks infected giardia water, the cysts develop into the adult form in which body part?

small intestine

lightweight packages of genetic information that produce a new fungal colony under appropriate conditions, are produced in great numbers

spores

where can Giardia cyst be found in the environment

streams and lakes, municipal water supplies, and even swimming pools and hot tubs

Truffles are ectomycorrhizal having (non symbiotic/symbiotic) root association

symbiotic

why does Trypanosoma make good use of blood?

takes all the O2 and stops your heart

theory predicting that dark-colored mushrooms heat up more rapidly than light-colored mushrooms and, therefore, have advantages, such as increased reproductive success, in cold environments

theory of thermal melanism for multicellular mushroom-forming fungi

Naegleria fowleri is (thermophilic/thermophobic), free-living ameba (single-celled microbe) and is the only known Naegleria to infect people

thermophilic-- found in hot springs, warm fresh water (lakes, river)

why are diatoms glassy?

they produce silica aka silicane dioxide in their cell wall

Why is it important to know the significance of fungi on nematodes?

this can be a way of biocontrol against insects eating nutrients and fungi.

how does a. Naegleria fowleri enter the body

through the nose

_______ is an unscientific label that is sometimes applied to certain types of mushrooms. It usually refers to colorful and poisonous or inedible mushrooms. There is no biological distinction between a toadstool and mushroom that scientists make Since they are mushrooms, they reproduce in the same ways. The ________ or mushroom is the fruitbody of a larger underground fungal network

toadstool

What are mycotoxins

toxins produced by fungi

name the picture: looks like a super furry termite

trichomonas

stages of parasitic protozoa that actively feed and multiply are frequently

trophozoites stage

_________ are hyopgeneous ascomycetes fungi that grow underground (5-10cm) and there are more than 100 different species known worldwide

truffles

truffles comprise abundant amino acids involving l-_________ (amino acid) which is a precursor of neurotransmitters catecholamines deeply involved in neural circuits

tyrosine

name the subgroup: sea lettuce

ulva

Dr. Nemo had some water sample collected from the LSU lake. How can he detect the community of Protists present in that water sample?

using a microscope

Are red algae multicellular and photosynthetic

yes

Do plant produce any alkaloids to ward off unwanted pathogens to protect mycorrhizae?

yes

In mitosis, the spores remain the same as their parent -ploidy level? If the parent is haploid, then the offspring is haploid

yes

can giardia be cured with drugs?

yes

Is there a crossing over stage where genetic material in the chromosomes are exchanged in meiosis?

yes it occurs when the chromosomes line up

do fungi have their own kingdom?

yes, the kingdom: fungi

do protists reproduce like animals and plants?

yes-- sexually and asexually

Can production of a pigment like melanin influence how a fungi survive in cold climates

yes-- theory of thermal melanism

What could be so unique about protists: are they locomotory?

yes: 1) cilia- help to move and catch prey 2) flagella 3) pseudopods- finger like projections made of tubulin to move around-- think amoeba

Do we as humans produce melanin

yes: found in including skin and hair pigmentation and photoprotection of the skin and eye