biol 1002 fungi and protists exam 2
What benefit does mycorrhizae give to the plant and how?
- More effective at absorbing water/nutrients from soil - Advantage when first spreading over earth's land - mycorrhizal fungi receive energy-rich sugar molecules that are produced photosynthetically by plants and passed from their roots to the fungi. In return, the fungi absorb mineral nutrients from the soil, passing some of them directly into the root cells.
Does the sickle cell shape or trait of RBC offer any advantage to overcome malarial infection
- carries less oxygen - release a little CO
what are some ways mushrooms can save the world
- cleaning polluted soil (renewable soil) - making insecticides - treating smallpox and flu viruses - BioShield program - recycled material - fuel generation - carbon banks
Which are the "two" well documented reasons that shows that individuals with a sickle cell trait are highly protected against malaria?
- not enough oxygen in a sickle cell for malaria infection to use (sickle cell induce HO-1 expression) - a little CO is released from sickle cell - sickle cell has a -host tolerance to malaria so infection does not last long
what are the 3 major types of stramenopiles
- water molds - diatoms - brown algae
What are the two events associated with red tides that we should be careful about
-affected fish - secretion of neuro toxin from affected fish(neurotic behavior, amnesia (brevetoxins specially gymnodinium breve marine algae*** eaten by shell fish)
Dr. Nemo went to a field trip in a bog/swap/marsh/lake and collected some water sample and placed it under microscope! What type of microbial kingdom do you think he could find?
-parasites -malaria--plasmodium -protists--ex: Giardia will not find: diatoms only found in fresh water) , red, green, brown algae is unlikely b/c usually seem in marine waters
What benefit does the algal partner provide to the fungal hyphae?
-sided than it is usually portrayed
C N B G Ba A 1) Compare the three groups labelled as "C" , "N" and "B" ! Which two groups are closely related? 2) Compare the three groups labelled as "G" , "Ba" and "A" ! Which two groups are closely related? 3) Compare the three groups labelled as "N" , "B" and "A" ! Which two groups are closely related? 4) Compare the three groups labelled as "G" , "A" and "C" ! Which two groups are closely related? 5) Compare the three groups labelled as "G" , "B" and "Ba" ! Which two groups are closely related?
1) C and N 2) A and Ba 3) N and B 4) G and A 5) G and Ba—both from fork 2 ( B is from fork 1)
what is similar about Amoeba and Giardia? Are both protist and have a parasitic nature? Are both found in water? Are both causing dysentery ? Do both have the ability to form cyst like structures? 1) T/F: both are protists 2) T/F: only Giardia contaminates water 3) T/F: both are dysentery causing 4) T/F: Giardia is only cyst forming
1) T 2) F: both contaminate water 3) T 4) F: both are cyst forming
1) Photosynthetic protists are collectively known as ___________ 2) Nonphotosynthetic protists are collectively known as __________
1) algae 2) protozoa
list the 3 ways a protists reproduces asexually
1) binary fission seen in unicellular organisms 2) separation of male and female seen in plasmodium 3) mitosis-- asexual b/c it is multicellular
in dinoflaggelates, One flagellum ____1)______ the cell 2) The second flagellum projects (in front of/ behind) it
1) encircles 2) behind
What is/are the main difference/s between the kingdom of Protist and Bacteria? prokaryote vs eukaryote protists are ________1)_____ and bacteria are ____2)___________
1) eukaryotic (nucleus) 2) prokaryotic (floating DNA)
know the stages of malaria
1) female anopheies mosquito bites an infected human and ingests gametocytes which become gametes 2) fertilization-- produces zygote that enters the wall of the mosquito's stomach 3) the zygote gives rise to sporozoites that migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands 4) the infected mosquito bites an uninfected human and saliva containing sporozoites enter the liver and develop through several stages 5) parasite emerge from the liver and enter red blood cells 6) parasites multiply in the red blood cells 7) the synchronized rupture of red blood cells releases toxins and the parasites infect more blood cells
Dr. Nemo went camping where there were streams and ponds and lots of animals! He ran out of his purified bottled water and was very thirsty and hesitated to drink or use the water from the stream. Why?
1) giardia 2) Trypanosoma via CC fly
What are the three most well documented ways by which a protist derives its nutrition
1) ingestion (amoeba--pseudopods) 2) absorption (cilia) 3) photosynthesis (green, red, brown algae and diatoms)
molds are 1---(unicellular/multicellular) and have 2--(linear/branched) roots that are thin
1) multicellular 2) branched
In a truffle complex life cycle, the ____1)______ establish a symbiotic interaction with host organisms predominantly with the roots of various trees, both gymnosperms, and angiosperms, such as hazel, poplar, pine, eucalyptus, and oak.
1) mycelia
The vegetative body of most fungi is called a(n) ____1)_______, which consists of an interwoven mass of threadlike filaments called _____2)______ a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae
1) mycelium 2) hyphae
Why are the body structures in fungi important? Why thread like nature? The fungi structure is important because they are 1--- (motile/nonmotile) so the shape helps penetrate and extend into food sources and to extend towards more nutrients. These stay 2---(on the surface/ underground)
1) nonmotile 2) on the surface
Beta-lactamases are ____1)_____ (amino acid) -proteases and with the important transpeptidases (which crosslink the peptide side chains) in the peptidoglycan network of the bacterial cell wall, they form the so-called group of ____2)_______ which breaks down penicillin
1) serine 2) PSE: Penicillin-Sensitive Enzymes
Zygomycetes reproduce asexually through the haploid spores formed in _____________ or sexually through diploid nuclei formed in _______________ a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae
1) sporangia 2) zygosporangia
The association between plants and mycorrhizal fungi benefits both the fungi and their plant partners 1) The mycorrhizal fungi receives energy-rich _________ molecules that are produced photosynthetically by plants and passed from their roots to the fungi 2) In return, the fungi absorb mineral nutrients from the soil, passing some of them directly into the _________cells. 3) Mycorrhizal fungi also absorb water and pass it to the plant—an advantage for plants in ___________soils.
1) sugar 2) root 3) dry/sandy
How is asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction occurring in a fungal life cycle? What happens if Fungi chooses mitotic division? And what happens in fungal meiosis?
Asexual reproduction in fungi life is occurring by producing two cells, one from each parent cell, so there is no cross over and the new set will look the same as the first cell. This is called mitosis; 2 for mi.Meiosis is the offspring that are genetically different from the parents; 4.
Fungal Spores that are produced asexually by mitosis are they genetically same like their parents?
Asexual= genetically same as parent
Can Fungi be used as a tool for biocontrol?
Aspergillus sp. experiment--isolate has been isolated from dying ants used in rearing of parasitic Phorid flies. Studies with this fungus will determine whether the attacking phorid flies can transmit this pathogen, and the conditions under which the transmission occurs.
A simplified conceptual figure of the influence of soil properties on tree growth and mortality but not biomass, across phosphorus-depleted tropical forest: Both forests have the same aboveground biomass, but different turnover rates and soil properties sandy end of the soil continuum= forests with slower (narrower) nutrient cycling due to greater nutrient retention in the aboveground biomass (dark blue) based on slower growth, greater longevity, lower quality litter At the other end of the spectrum are forests where the greater capacity of clay and (hydr)oxide-rich soils to retain phosphorus and organic matter support faster (wider) nutrient cycling forests.
At clayey sites, nutrient recycling via decomposition (dark blue) is supported by a greater relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi.
what lichen did native american tribes eat?
Bryoria
Yeast are ________. A) Unicellular B) Multicellular C) Mainly unicellular (but can become multicellular)
C) Mainly unicellular (but can become multicellular)
Fungi are heterotrophs. What does this mean? A) They can reproduce without sex B) Fungi need to have sex to reproduce C) They have to consume carbon for their biomass D) Fungi can use carbon from photosynthesis for their biomass
C) They have to consume carbon for their biomass
___________ disease is caused by the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted from person to person mainly by blood-sucking insects known as triatomine bugs (sometimes called "kissing bugs" or CC flies).
Chagas ( most common in Mexico, central America, and south America)
What are the two green algae in the market which in some reports have claimed to offer health benefits?
Chlorella, spirulina both offer antioxidants such as omega 3s, vitamin C, and carotenoids
How does the cyst of Giardia form trophozoites
Cyst goes through Binary fission that is divided to create a trophozoite. When life cycle is complete it and cyst and trophozoites are excreted out of body and then passed into water and ingested (usually from animals) and the cycle continues again and again ** cysts survive but trophozoites not as strong
Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
T/F: Karyogamy and mitosis in asci produce ascospores.
F: Karyogamy and meiosis in asci produce ascospores
T/F: Karyogamy and mitosis in basidia produce basidiospores.
F: Karyogamy and meiosis in basidia produce basidiospores.
T/F: Protists are true fungal/animal/ plant cells
F: NOT A TRUE fungal/animal/plant cell (although has SOME similarities) It has its own kingdoms
T/F: Plants became successful on land because of the help of bacteria
F: Plants became successful on land because of the help of fungi
T/F: you can find diatoms in dirty water
F: a. Won't find them in dirty water—only in fresh/salty water--- used to indicate how clean water is
T/F: giardia reproduces sexually
F: asexually via binary fission
T/F: giardia excreted cysts cannot survive in swimming pools and hot tubs
F: can survive
T/F: Ciliates are the most simple of the alveolates
F: complex
T/F: excavates are multicellular meaning that have a chloroplast, mitochondria and use mitosis
F: excavates are unicellular-- do NOT have a chloroplast, mitochondria and do NOT use mitosis
T/F: fungi have chlorophyll
F: fungi do not have chlorophyll
T/F: giardia does not form cysts
F: giardia does form cysts
T/F: few fungi are saprotrophs--- (decomposers, and absorb nutrients from dead organisms)
F: most fungi are saprotrophs
T/F: Plants that do not have mycorrhizae are more effective at absorbing water and nutrients from the soil
F: plants that have mycorrhizae = more effective at absorbing water/ nutrients from the soil
T/F: all lichen are edible
F: some are poisonous 1. Ex: wolf lichen (used to poison wolves in Europe and native americans used it on their arrowheads) 2. Ex: Parmelia molliuscula (ground lichen)- cause of death in elk in Wyoming in 2004--- Visiting elk from Colorado ate this lichen, which caused tissue decay and eventual death. The native elk were not affected, simply because their immune systems were already equipped to deal with this toxic lichen. This is another example of wildlife and plant life evolving with each other. This lichen has also been known to poison sheep and cattle.
T/F: fungi can photosynthesize
F: they cannot photosynthesize
T/F: protists do not have a nuclei
F: they have a nuclei and other complex organelles
T/F: you cannot ingest truffles
F: truffles are regarded as a costly delicacy, they are worldwide appreciated as valuable foodstuffs due to their distinctive flavor
FYI: Individuals carrying just one copy of the sickle mutation (inherited from either the father or mother) were known not to develop sickle cell anemia, leading rather normal lives. However, it was found that these same individuals, said to carry the sickle cell trait, were in fact highly protected against malaria, thus explaining the high prevalence of this mutation in geographical areas where malaria is endemic.
FYI
- single-celled organisms (protists) with shells or tests (technical term for internal shells). - They are abundant as fossils for the last 540 million years - The shells are commonly divided into chambers that are added during growth, though the simplest forms are open tubes or hollow spheres
Foraminifera (aka Forams)
how do fungi breakdown their food?
Fungi do not have stomachs. They must digest their food before it can pass through the cell wall into the hyphae. Hyphae secrete acids and enzymes that break the surrounding organic material down into simple molecules they can easily absorb. Fungi have evolved to use a lot of different items for food.
Do fungi have peptidoglycan layer, mycolic acid layer?
Fungi has no peptidoglycan layer and no mycolic acid layer.
label the picture worms being strangled by roots
Fungus Arthrobotrys (roundworm strangler)
name the picture: pink guitar pic shaped with 2 antenna and 2 dark circles that look like eyes as well as 6 sting like legs
Giardia
A person who develops severe diarrhea after drinking untreated water on a camping trip is likely to have been infected by _____?
Giardia--protists
If Chitin is degraded, what will it provide? Nitrogen source? Carbon source?
If chitin is degraded it will provide both a carbon and nitrogen. When broken down, it turns into small cell materials or is mineralized to potentially be removed from the cell. (N-acetylglucosamine is degraded to fructose-6-P and channeled into the carbohydrate metabolism)
Where are mushroom mycelium usually found?
In the forest among dead leaves and wood
brown algae uses sodium alginate to stabilize what items a) ice cream b) shaving cream c) paint d) wound dressing e) 3D printing f) cancer drug delivery g) a and c only h) a b and c only I) d and f only J) all of the above
J) all of the above
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus —leading cause of bacterial infections
MRSA
Name the two known fungi that kills fire ants
Metarhizium anisopliae Beauveria bassiana
Are protists unicellular or multicellular?
Most are unicellular but some are multicellular
What is a mycorrhizae relationship?
Mycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships that form between fungi and plants. The fungi colonize the root system of a host plant, providing increased water and nutrient absorption capabilities while the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates formed from photosynthesis.
an ameba (single-celled living organism) that lives in soil and warm fresh water, such as lakes, rivers, and hot springs. It is commonly called the "brain-eating ameba" because it can cause a brain infection when water containing the ameba goes up the nose
Naegleria fowleri
name the photo looks like moldy strawberry jam
Naegleria fowleri-- brain eating ameba
red tides occur from an overabundant of dinoflagellates (aka "bloom") which decreases ___________ and is toxic to fish and other organisms
O2
In general, how will fungal based antibiotics like Penicillin and Cephalosporin , Copsin and Micasin target to kill bacteria?
Penicillina and cephalosporins are both derived from fungi and are classified as betalactam antibiotics. They target to kill bacteria by targeting the cell wall. When overused, can run the risk of bacteria becoming immune to them.
Which protist is important causing malaria
Plasmodium ( species infect many kinds of animals)—loves blood
How can fungi be used in construction for good and bad?
Pros of it are: they can cut down expenses and replace other materials Cons are: may not meet requirements and possibly prevent hazards. *** Low thermal conductivity and high acoustic absorption
Fungal Spores produced sexually are they genetically same or different from either parent?
Sexual= genetic distinct from parent
T/F: The mosquito is unharmed by the presence of Plasmodium and may eventually bite a human and pass the protist to an unfortunate victim
T
T/F: network of hyphae produce an individual fungus called mycelium
T
T/F: Aspergillus is responsible for aflatoxin
T
T/F: Bulk of the mushroom is the mycelium hidden below the surface
T
T/F: Carrageenan is widely used as an emulsifier, stabilizer, or thickener of various foods:
T
T/F: Cellulose and chitin are chemically very similar. In chitin, glucose is replaced by N-acetylglucosamine, which makes a difference for degraders since chitin contains approximately 7% N (C:N-ratio = 7).
T
T/F: Chagas infections can be cured with drugs during the weeks immediately following infection, but the disease is much more difficult to treat once it reaches the chronic, heart-damaging stage
T
T/F: Ciliates inhabit fresh and salt water and represent the peak of unicellular complexity
T
T/F: Dark pigmentation in yeasts increases heat capture from radiation, which affects fitness depending on ambient temperatures, and affects their latitudinal distribution.
T
T/F: Diatoms are important phytoplanktons with an ecological significance
T
T/F: Dry soil: adding clay, high SOM and O occlusion, higher SOC stocks, AM fungi, more closed nutrient cycling, mycorrhizae== faster growth and mortality
T
T/F: Entomopathogenic fungi were among the first pathogens noticed to affect imported fire ant populations in their native range in South America When spores of these fungi contact the host cuticle, the fungus germinates, penetrates the insect body, and starts growing in the insect body. Typically, an infected insect will die within 3-5 days. After death of the host insect, the fungus grows throughout the cadavers and emerges through the cuticle. Infective spores develop on the mummified cadaver, and a new cycle of infection can occur when healthy ants come in contact with the spores.
T
T/F: Few molds (in the right conditions) produce mycotoxins that are poisonous and can make you sick
T
T/F: Fossil evidence suggests an important link between mycorrhizae and the successful invasion of land by plants.
T
T/F: Fossil zooplankton (that eat the algae or other protists) are represented by the foraminifera and ostracodes as well as many other microfossils
T
T/F: Fungi is similar to nematodes because these are roundworms that crawl in the environment and get trapped by the hypae and then the fungi feasts on it. The scientific name of this is fungus arthrobotrys.
T
T/F: Fungi that feed on dead tissue are saprophytes
T
T/F: Fungi uses sugar molecule from algae photosynthesis and break down to carbon and give sugar back to algae and cycle continues
T
T/F: Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote
T
T/F: Like bacteria, Fungi also have a resilient cell wall structure!
T
T/F: Most chlorophyte algae live in freshwater ponds and lakes, but some live in the oceans
T
T/F: Mycorrhizae help plants obtain water from the soil
T
T/F: Patients who are treated with metronidazole have a 90% - 95% cure rate from trichomonas
T
T/F: Penicillium roqueforti is a mold often found in cheeses
T
T/F: Plasmodium species infect many kinds of animals
T
T/F: Poisonous substances produced by certain molds found primarily in grain, nut crops, celery, grape juice, apples, etc. and new ones are constantly being discovering
T
T/F: Rocella and Lecanora/Ochlerechia species of lichen were used for litmus tests
T
T/F: Some fungi are parasitic and feed on living organisms, usually plants.
T
T/F: Some molds can cause allergic reactions and respiratory problems
T
T/F: The current research about lichens is showing that there is a unicellular species found growing alongside algae and fungi thought to be a third partner potentially to yeast.
T
T/F: They are able to colonize inhospitable habitats and collect solar energy.
T
T/F: Though most dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, there are also some nonphotosynthetic species
T
T/F: Trypanosoma Infections initially cause few or no symptoms, so the infection often goes undiagnosed. But years after infection, many victims develop heart diseases including abnormal rhythms and heart failure that can lead to sudden death.
T
T/F: Unlike the cloned offspring produced by asexual spores, sexually produced fungal bodies are genetically distinct from either parent
T
T/F: Zygosporangia are produced by plasmogamy
T
T/F: amoeba survives adverse environmental periods by encystment (becomes circular, loses most of its water, and secretes a cyst membrane that serves as protective covering)
T
T/F: ascocarps bear asci
T
T/F: chitin is the constituent of the cell walls of common soil fungi (ex: aspergillus and penicillium) and is an important waste product from pharmaceutical and shellfish industries
T
T/F: fossil nummulites, depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains or other particles cemented together, or crystalline CaCO3 (calcite or aragonite)- gives hardened structure that gets stronger and harder to survive
T
T/F: fungi are nonmotile
T
T/F: fungi lack stems, leaves, and roots
T
T/F: giardia are parasitic protozoan
T
T/F: giardia is an example of a protozoa in the trophozoite stage
T
T/F: human infected with Giardia experience symptoms of: severe diarrhea, dehydration, nausea, vomiting, and cramps
T
T/F: i. Instead of cellulose, the material that makes up fungi cell walls is known as chitin, a chemical often found in animal exoskeletons.
T
T/F: lichen tend the photosynthetic algal or bacterial partner by providing shelter and protection from harsh conditions
T
T/F: metarnizium anisopilae and bacteria bassiana are known to kill fire ants?
T
T/F: pregnant women infected with trichomonas are at risk for preterm delivery, low birth weight infant, and premature rupture of membranes. There is also a high risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease.
T
T/F: red algae used in chondrus crispus is safe for consumption
T
T/F: spores give molds their color
T
T/F: stramenopiles are chromists
T
T/F: the fungi often consume the lion's share of the photosynthetic product (up to 90% in some species), leading some researchers to conclude that the symbiotic relationship in lichens is really much more one-sided than it is usually portrayed
T
T/F: there are some predatory fungi that attack tiny worms in the soil
T
T/F: there are geographical variations of MRSA—due to differences in local infection control practices and pathogen specific characteristics of circulating clones
T-- found in places on body were you sweat a lot
T/F: The partnership between mycorrhizae and plants makes a crucial contribution to the health of Earth's plants.
T: Plants without mycorrhizal fungi tend to be smaller and less vigorous than plants with mycorrhizal partners.
T/F: prosts have orgaelles like chloroplasts
T: Yes protists are eukaryotic so they have mitochondria, golgi, chloroplast, vacuoles, etc.
T/F: If one person infected with Giardia has diarrhea in the water, the water can be contaminated with millions of germs. Swallowing even a small amount of pool water that has been contaminated with the Giardia germ can make you sick.
T: You share the water—and the germs in it
T/F: The bioactive compounds in truffles potentiate the use of truffles in other medicinal usages
T: ex: anti-depressants, cholesterol reducer, and immunostimulant.
T/F: Protist (some of them) can reproduce sexually without forming male and female reproductive cell
T: ex: plasmodium
T/F: fungi have cell walls
T: made of cellulose and materials found in animal skeletons ---but they are NOT plants
T/F: excavates are are parasites that feed on tissue of human being
T: thing excavates= digging-- parasite dig into skin to feed on human tissue
What benefit does the algal partner provide to the fungal hyphae
The algae partner benefits the fungal hypae by producing protection/shelter from harsh conditions as well as creating excess foods for the fungi to consume
how does malaria spread once in the body
The blood cells in the liver and spleen rupture, and large quantities of spores are released, causing recurrent fever of malaria
can also be transmitted from mother to child or by blood transfusions
Trypanosoma
dangerous parasite that is responsible for African sleeping sickness, transmitted to humans by infected tsetse flies (CC flies)
Trypanosoma
which parasite: While feeding on the blood of a mammal, an infected fly can transmit saliva containing the trypanosome to the mammal The parasite then develops inside the new host
Trypanosoma
How do fungi compensate for lack of mobility
Use hyphae that can grow rapidly in any direction within a suitable environment
Is Yeats a fungi and does yeast form hyphae?
Yes yeast is a fungi and it does form hyphae
Does Giardia appear as a diplomonad under microscope
Yes, Giardia is an example of a parasitic diplomonad which as 2 nuclei and move by means of multiple flagella
MRSA
a staph infection which may appear as a pimple or spider bite and feels warm to the touch, has drainage, and causes fevers. it is a skin infection which can lead to phenumonia, etc. and when left untreated can become severe and cause sepsis.
What are lichens? a) A symbiotic association of algae and fungi b) Fungi c) Archaea d) A symbiotic association of algae and Archaea e) Algae
a) A symbiotic association of algae and fungi
Who discovered penicillin? a) Alexander Fleming b) Jonas Salk c) Louis Pasteur d) Edward Jenner
a) Alexander Fleming
What gives blue cheeses such as Roquefort and Stilton their unique flavor? a) Ascomycete mold b) Yeast c) Chytrids d) Alcohol e) Mushrooms
a) Ascomycete mold
Which of the following is an example of a parasitic fungal disease? a) Athlete's foot b) Sleeping sickness c) Herpes d) Trichinosis e) Malaria
a) Athlete's foot
What renders penicillin not effective against infections? a) Bacterial resistance b) Mold spores c) Carbon dioxide d) Prolonged exposure to sunlight
a) Bacterial resistance
Which of the following features are characteristic of fungi? a) Cell walls, feeding by absorption, and usually filamentous bodies b) No cell walls, feeding by absorption, chemosynthesis c) Cell walls, chemosynthetic, heterotrophic d) No cell walls, parasitic, heterotrophic e) Cell walls, photosynthesis, and usually filamentous bodies
a) Cell walls, feeding by absorption, and usually filamentous bodies
An important drug derived from fungi is cyclosporin. How is this drug used? a) It is used to suppress the immune system after organ transplantation b) It is used as a vaccinating agent for influenza c) It prevents bacterial infections d) It is used as a superficial anti-inflammatory agent e) It prevents viral diseases.
a) It is used to suppress the immune system after organ transplantation--- prevents rejection of the transplanted organ
Which cell structure is missing in Trichomonas and Giardia? a) Mitochondria b) Cell membranes c) Nuclei d) Cysts e) Flagella
a) Mitochondria
Which of the following is a true statement? a) Most protists are single-celled b) Most protists are large, multicellular organisms c) Protists have an astoundingly simple, but not diverse, mode of reproduction d) Protists do not exist as multicellular organisms e) Single celled protists all look very much alike.
a) Most protists are single-celled
Dr. Nemo found a new species of what looked like a brown algae! What features do you think he can associate with the specimen?
a) Multicellular b) Resemble plants but lack distinctive feature of plants c) Brownish- yellow pigments that increase seaweed's light-gathering ability d) Mostly marine habitat e) Photosynthesis f) Important seaweeds found in marine habitats G) Get sodium alginate!!!
If there were no fungi, which of the following would occur? a) Nutrient recycling would stop b) Grazing animals would be unable to digest plants c) Plants would overrun the Earth d) Oxygen production would stop
a) Nutrient recycling would stop
match the mycotoxin and where it is found a) Ochratoxin A= Aspergillus, and Penicillium b) Patulin= Aspergillus, penicillium, Byssochlamys c) Fusarium creates toxins—Fumonsins and zearalenone d) nivalenol/deoxynivalenol 1) Soil and produce a range of toxins in cereal crops 2) Cereal, coffee beans, dry vine fruits, grape juice, spices, liquorice 3) Rotting apples, apple product, moldy fruits, grains 4) not specified
a) Ochratoxin A= Aspergillus, and Penicillium---- 2) Cereal, coffee beans, dry vine fruits, grape juice, spices, liquorice b) Patulin= Aspergillus, penicillium, Byssochlamys--- 3) Rotting apples, apple product, moldy fruits, grains c) Fusarium creates toxins—Fumonsins and zearalenone---1) Soil and produce a range of toxins in cereal crops d) d) nivalenol/deoxynivalenol--- 4) not specified
T/F for the following questions on what mushrooms/fungi/mycelium can do a) Mycelium help to decompose organic matter to create nutrients? b) Fungi produces antibiotics? c) Fungi only rot woods which is harmful but also they take care to recycle the nutrients? d) Mycelium net = are poor microfiltration membranes? e) Fungi protect biosphere? f) Fungi breaks large rock to soil? g) Fungi help in cleaning up oil spills and use up PAH and restores healthy habitat h) Some mushrooms have fungal metabolites that can be helpful in controlling viruses (flu , pox virus) and some fungi can kill insects
a) T b) T c) F: rots wood and infects plants d) F: good microfiltration membrane e) T f) T g) T h) T
how does mycelium look? a. T/F: Infuses all landscapes and holds soils together b. (minimal/abundant) branching c. T/F: Sentient (knows that they are there—ex: when you walk across landscape, it leaps up in the aftermath of you footsteps trying to grab debris) d. Produce (oxalic/carbonic) acids and other acids and enzymes--- helps create soil
a) T-- **can hold 30,000x its mass b) abundant c) T--**knows that they are there—ex: when you walk across landscape, it leaps up in the aftermath of you footsteps trying to grab debris d) oxalic
Trichoderma harzianum is a fungus that is successfully used as a biocontrol agent for diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solanii, a fungus plant pathogen that attacks beans and tomatoes. Why is this important to humans? a) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would reduce our dependence on toxic and expensive chemical agents b) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would allow Cheaper varieties of seeds to be used. c) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would provide us with an alternative product to replace ace the damaged food crop d) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would create better tasting beans and tomatoes. e) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would encourage farmers to plant and harvest a wide variety of crops.
a) The use of T. harzianum as a biological agent to control plant diseases would reduce our dependence on toxic and expensive chemical agents----The biological agent could be considered to be a "fungal pesticide."
explain what is happening in the figure (slide 8-protist) a) 1 large green cell with hundreds of tiny green cells inside) b) a bunch of small green cells
a) a. Second protist symbiotic in paramecium cell b) 22 protists coexist together
Some fungi that grow on grains produce toxins that are highly toxic and carcinogenic. Which carcinogen is produced by Aspergillus? a) aflatoxin b) LSD d) ringworm d) oleandomycin e) ergot
a) aflatoxin---These are highly toxic and farmers are trying to reduce the growth of Aspergillus in stored crops to prevent aflatoxin formation.
give examples for the following protist feeding types a) autotropic (trap solar energy and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis) ex: __________ b) heterotrophs (predatory= get nutrient and energy from capturing and ingesting prey) ex:. _____________________ c) saprophytes (absorb nutrients from dead) ex: ________
a) algae, amoeba b) amoeba and paramecium c) fungi
label the picture a) green balls near the top of a "nest" b) vines attached to green balls c) bottom nest sitting on the ground
a) algal layer b) fungal hyphae c) attachment structure
list the following as bacteria, virus, protist, fungi a) shigella b) E.coli c) norovirus d) Giardia
a) bacteria-prokaryote-living b) bacteria- prokaryote-living c) RNA virus- nonliving d) protist- eukaryotic- living
Mycelium converting plant cellulose to fungal sugars ...gateway to solve energy crisis "Econol" a) bioethanol b) biomethanol c) bionitronol d) biopentanol
a) bioethanol
Protist photosynthesis relies on: a) chloroplasts b) silica c) pseudoplasmodia d) eyespots e) pseudopods.
a) chloroplasts
Chalky detritus of single celled algae (at the bottom of the marine food chain) make up the rocks of the white cliffs of dover a) coccolithophores b) calcite c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate f) diatoms
a) coccolithophores
Dr. Nemo went for a walk along the White Cliffs of Dover in UK and scrapped a piece of the rock front he cliff, what do you think he will find in that sample (hint: there maybe more than 1 answer) a) coccolithophores b) calcite c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate f) diatoms
a) coccolithophores b) calcite f) diatoms
Karyogamy produces a _____. a) diploid zygote b) haploid zygote c) spores mycelium d) hypha
a) diploid zygote (karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei)
name the group for the following using the bank: chlorophyte algae, stramenopiles, excavates, alveolates, red algae a) diplomads b) parabasalids c) kinetoplastids d) diatoms e) dinoflagellates f) plasmodium g) paramedium h) prophyra I) ulva
a) diplomads= excavates b) parabasalids= excavates c) kinetoplastids= excavates d) diatoms= stramenopiles e) dinoflagellates= alveolates f) plasmodium= alveolates g) paramedium= alveolates h) prophyra= red algae I) ulva= chlorophyte algae
Protists that have two nuclei are classified as a) diplomonads b) apicomplexans c) ciliates d) parabasalids e) amoebas
a) diplomonads
name the photo a) red and spores spreading out b) looks like green kelp
a) encrusting lichen b) leafy lichen
A man is brought to the hospital suffering from nausea, vomiting, and severe stomach cramps. He had recently returned from a hiking trip in northern Minnesota. A sample taken from the man shows a single-celled flagellate organism that lacks mitochondria but has two nuclei. This organism is a(n) a) excavate b) diatom c) apicomplexan d) euglenozoan e) green alga.
a) excavate
The antibiotic penicillin was originally derived from a) fungi b) bacteria c) plants d) Archaea e) chemical factories
a) fungi
What kingdoms exist in partnership in this group of fungi "Lichens" a) fungi b) green algae c) cyanobacteria d) red algae e) virus f) plants g) animals
a) fungi b) green bacteria c) cyanobacteria
You have been looking for organisms that you suspect will colonize a lava flow field on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific. What do you believe will be the first colonizers? a) lichens b) basidiomycetes c) mycorrhizae d) ascomycetes e) mushrooms
a) lichens
__________organ(s) in the human victim is the target site for malarial parasite to replicate in red blood cells. a) liver and spleen b) stomach and small intestine c) skin d) brain e) lungs f) heart
a) liver and spleen
label the picure a) grey squares with red dots in the shape if a football field goal coming out of it b) purple hexagon shapes attached to each other c) pink rectangles attached to each other in a linear line
a) manno-proteins b) B-glucan c) chitin
label the picture a) wavy feather like branching b) looks like a bunch of sticks and thorns crossing over each other c) zoomed in microscopic tube with a single cross section
a) mycelium b) hyphae c) hypha cross-section
Which part of the mushroom grows first? What is this structure important for a) mycelium b) hyphae c) stem d) roots
a) mycelium--underground portion of the mushroom and can extend for miles
diplomads features yes/no: a) mitochondria b) inhabits soil or water c) parasitic d) unicellular e) heterotrophic (consume other organisms) f) swim with flagella
a) no b) yes c) may be parasitic d) yes e) yes f) yes
parabasalid features yes/no: a) mitochondria b) parasite or mutualists symbionts c) unicellular d) heterotrophic (consume other organisms) e) swim with flagella
a) no b) yes c) yes d) yes e) yes
amoebas features yes/no: a) extend thick pseudopods b) have no shells c) unicellular d) common pond dweller
a) no-- extend THIN pseudopods b) yes c) yes d) yes
brown algae features yes/no: a) swim with flagella b) photosynthetic c) found in seaweeds of temperate oceans d) multicellular e) macrocytes (forms kelp forests)
a) no-- nonmotile b) yes c) yes d) yes e) yes
red algae features yes/no: a) swim with flagella b) photosynthetic c) some deposit calcium carbonate d) found mostly in marine (deep, clear water) e) porphyria (sushi wrapper) f) no used in red tide
a) no-- nonmotile b) yes c) yes d) yes e) yes f) yes
chlorophyte algae yes/no: a) nonmotile b) nonphotosynthetic c) close relative with clad (includes land plants) d) unicellular and multicellular e) ulva (sea lettuce)
a) no-- swill with flagella (some species) b) no-- photosynthetic c) yes d) yes e) yes
Where are we likely to find photosynthetic protists? a) oceans, lakes, and ponds b) intestines of animals c) as endosymbionts d) parasitizing coral e) free-floating in the air
a) oceans, lakes, and ponds
most commonly used antibiotic globally a) penicillin b) cephalosporin c) copsin d) miscasin
a) penicillin
beta-lactam antibiotic that blocks cell wall synthesis a) penicillin b) cephalosporin c) copsin d) micasin
a) penicillin b) cephalosporin
Fungi produce several antibiotics. What is the name of the first antibiotic discovered? a) penicillin b) tetracycline c) clindamycin d) cyclosporin e) cephalosporin
a) penicillin---Penicillin was shown to be extremely effective in preventing the replication of Staphylococcus, the cause of staph infections
key features of fungi a) (nonpolarized/polarized) multicellular growth b) (fruiting/flowering) body development c) (dimorphism/trimorphism) d) (primary/secondary) metabolism e) (wood/floral) decay f) mycorrhizae
a) polarized b) fruiting c) dimorphism d) secondary e) wood f) mycorrhizae---symbitoic associations between roots and fungi
match using the following bank-- predators, unicellular consumers, multicellular consumers, land plants, microalgae a) pollen b) calc. algae c) foraminifer d) ostracode e) teeth
a) pollen= land plants b) calc. algae= microalgae c) foraminifer= unicellular consumer d) ostracode= multicellular consumer e) teeth= predators
Cilia in paramecium aid in survival. But in what ways a) cilia (fine hair like filaments beat rhythmically to (propel/distance) them and direct food into their mouths b) paramecium respond to their _________________ c) when confronted with noxious chemicals or a physical barrier, the cell immediate backs up by reversing the beating of its ____________
a) propel b) environment c) cilia
brown vs red algae: a) __________ algae ------- photosynthetic pigments-- Pigment transfers light energy to chlorophyll for photosynthesis ii. Multicellular iii. Found exclusively in marine environments iv. Dominate in deep, tropical, clear, waters v. Uses carrageenan b. _________ algae i. ---------- pigments that increase seaweed's light-gathering ability ii. Multicellular iii. Mostly marine environments iv. Similar to plants but lack distinctive features v. Uses sodium alginate ad alginated-based hydrogels
a) red b) brown
Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? a) the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle b) zygote spore-producing structures c) mycelium d) hypha
a) the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle
a growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host looks like sheer purple balloons a) trophozoites b) schizont c) RBC
a) trophozoites
kinetoplastids features yes/no: a) inhabits soil or water b) parasitic c) unicellular d) heterotrophic (consume other organisms) e) swim with flagella
a) yes b) may be parasitic c) yes d) yes e) yes
ciliates features yes/no: a) include most complex single cell b) multicellular c) paramecium-- fast moving pond dwindler
a) yes b) no--- unicellular c) yes
stramenopiles features yes/no: a) swim with flagella (gametes along the surface) b) photosynthetic c) no silica shell d) found in marine life e) multicellular f) navicular (glides toward light)
a) yes b) yes c) no-- it has silica shell d) yes e) no-- unicellular (few are multicellular) f) yes
apicomplexans features yes/no: a) all parasitic b) infectious spores c) multicellular d) plasmodium-- causes malaria
a) yes b) yes c) no--- unicellular d) yes
dinoflagellates features yes/no: a) photosynthesis b) many bioluminescent c) chitin walls d) multicellular e) Gonyaulax-- causes red tides f) pitted center appearance g) 1 flagella
a) yes b) yes c) no--cellulose wall d) no--- unicellular e) yes f) yes g) no-- 2 flagella
Which theory can explain the very existence of Chloroplast and Mitochondria in eukaryotes
a. Endosymbiosis theory
what is the fungi that kills nematodes (roundworms)
a. Fungus Arthrobotrys (roundworm strangler) traps its prey in a noose-like modified hypha--When a nematode wanders into the noose, its presence stimulates the noose cells to swell with water. In a fraction of a second, the noose constricts, trapping the worm. Fungal hyphae then penetrate and feast on their prey.
What problems (especially health) can mycotoxin cause
a. Growth retardation b. Infertility c. Immunotoxicity d. Liver failure e. Intestinal destruction f. Oxidative distress g. Endoplasmic reticulum distress h. Apoptosis i. Porcine and bovine cell proliferation J. nausea k. cancer
TEST QUESTION: Why is microalgal based bioenergy best to produce biofuels and biodiesels
a. Microalgal biofuel has been recognized as one of the most prominent and versatile alternative renewable energy sources because it can be converted into a wide array of biofuels, such as biodiesel, bioethanol, bioelectricity and biogases such as syngas, methane, hydrogen, and hythane etc., with a lower carbon emission profile b. Some chlorophyte species are currently under intensive cultivation by companies that hope to use them for commercial production of biofuels and are hoped to replace dwindling fossil fules wand release less CO2 c. Biodiesel derived from microalgae has been regarded as a strong substitute for conventional diesel primarily due to their high lipid content and sustainability d. There are diverse species of microalgae with varying lipid content which can thrive in different environment. e. various factors which affect the propagation of microalgal cells in addition to the cultivation techniques: The main biomass of microalgae that can be converted to biodiesel is lipid and the lipid content can be further optimized by inducing nutrient and environmental stress to microalgae. g. Optimizing lipid production can lead to lowering the cost of production. The cells of microalgae have to be processed and the lipid extracted has to be trans-esterified to biodiesel.
Dr. Nemo went to a dry arid region where the plants were not growing fast. He hired you as his assistant to help him revive the plants in the arid, dry forest what suggestions can you give to Dr. Nemo?
add clay soils so the moisture can help hydrate the plants as well as creating host specific mycorrhizal spores and adjust soil with hydroxide-rich soils to retain phosphorous and organic matter to help maintain nutrients.
cancer-causing poison produced by certain fungi in/on foods and feeds (especially corn and peanuts). they are most known and intensely researched mycotoxin in the world
aflatoxin--Associated with aflatoxicosis
challenge bonus question: where are diatoms used and applied? a) toothpaste b) metal polish c) solar cell panels d) biochem sensing e) heavy metal removal f) drug delivery g) nano-conjugate for catalyst h) biominetic
all are correct! 3 for sure to show up on question and ones you should definitely pick are a) toothpaste b) metal polish c) solar cell panels
why is Trichomonas a very important parasitic protist? a) sexually transmitted b) related to termites c) hairy projections that excavates itself into female reproductive organs
all are true but the most important is: c) c) hairy projections that excavates itself into female reproductive organs
Dr. Nemo went to a camp and used water from the nearby stream on the campsite. He added a chlorine tablet to disinfect the water from the campsite. However, he complained of vomiting and had diarrhea. Why? What could have happened? a) cryptosporidium b) Giardia c) Norovirus d) E. coli e) shigella ** all of the lists above can survive in chlorinated water (but have different time spans)
all could be an answer but best answer and answer you should choose on the test is: b) giardia
which of the following are applications of lichen for humans a) dyes b) clothing c) antibioticd d) decoration e) tea f) toothpaste g) deodorant h) salves I) extracts J) perfumes k) paint l) anti-mildew m) food
all of the above
definition used in class-- pitted appearance (ex: honeycomb—like dinoflagellates)
alveolates
what 2 protists will cause infection if you drink infected water?
amoeba and Giardia
Dr. Nemo collected wastewater sample and found a eukaryotic unicellular microbe with false feet
amoeba-- "false feet"
major groups of ____________are the amoebas and the slime molds
amoebozoans
also known as sac fungi, include morels, yeasts, and the species that produces penicillin a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae
ascomycetes
sexual or asexual: - haploid spore producing via mitosis - Produces Haploid Spores by Mitosis---The mycelia and spores of fungi are haploid. A haploid mycelium produces haploid asexual spores by mitosis. If an asexual spore is deposited in a favorable location, it will begin mitotic divisions and develop into a new mycelium. This simple reproductive cycle results in the rapid production of a genetically identical clone of the original mycelium
asexual
Which of the following has pseudopods? a) Ciliate b) Amoeba c) Slime mold d) Diatom e) Apicomplexan
b) Amoeba
If trends continue, which of the following will occur in England? a) An increasing interest in wild foods, except for mushrooms b) An increasing interest in wild foods, including mushrooms c) A decreasing interest in wild foods, including mushrooms d) A decreasing interest in wild foods, but an increasing interest in mushrooms
b) An increasing interest in wild foods, including mushrooms
Aflatoxins, which are highly toxic, carcinogenic compounds, come from a) corn smut b) Aspergillis c) Amanita d) Candida albicans e) Claviceps purpurea.
b) Aspergillis
what do the organisms in the photos have in common picture A: looks like clouds on either side and in the middle is a lane filled with circles (like ghost souls from the haunted mansion lol) picture b: looks almost like eye-less catfish a) Both are photosynthetic b) Both are parasites c) Both have calcium carbonate shells d) Both are multicellular. e) Both use pseudopods to capture food.
b) Both are parasites
Which of the following would likely be best to help the native mushrooms of England? a) Require training and licensing for people interested in harvesting mushrooms b) Protect their remaining habitat c) Increase the prices being paid for wild mushrooms d) Fine those that harvest mushrooms illegally.
b) Protect their remaining habitat
Which protist causes a sexually transmitted disease? a) Plasmodium b) Trichomonas c) Pfiesteria d) Trypanosoma e) Giardia
b) Trichomonas
MRSA is a _______________ a) virus b) bacteria c) protist d) fungi
b) bacteria
In club fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in _____. a) basidiospores b) basidia c) ovule d) asci e) zygotes
b) basidia
White chalk made by coccolithophores the white cliffs of dover a) coccolithophores b) calcite c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate f) diatoms
b) calcite
Fungal cell walls are different from plant cell walls because fungal walls contain a) cellulose, whereas plant walls have pectin b) chitin, whereas plant walls have cellulose c) glycogen, whereas plant walls have cellulose d) chitin, whereas plant walls have starch e) cellulose, whereas plant walls have chitin.
b) chitin, whereas plant walls have cellulose
The short, hair-like structures that propel Paramecium through the water are called a) pseudopods b) cilia c) pseudoplasmodia d) vacuoles e) flagella.
b) cilia
you live in Minnesota and decide to take up mushroom hunting. Where would likely be the best place to look? a) grassland b) forest c) city yards d) abandoned farm field
b) forest
Plasmogamy is indicated by the a) spores to mycelium b) fusion of cytoplasm c) fusion of nuclei d) zygote to spore-producing structures e) spores to mycelium
b) fusion of cytoplasm (plasmogamy is the fusion of hyphae)
A cross section under a microscope reveals the internal organization, a cell wall, cytoplasm, pore, and septum and can be unicellular or multicellular a) mycelium b) hyphae c) hypha cross-section
b) hyphae
What does that ring structure with a sulphur in it actually do a) inhibit protein folding b) inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis c) increase bacterial cell wall biosynthesis d) increase replication
b) inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.
Within each cycle, several rounds of DNA replication produce multinucleated forms, called schizonts, that undergo segmentation to form daughter merozoites) looks like little dots inside sheer purple balloon (cells) a) trophozoites b) schizont c) RBC
b)schizont
are called club fungi because they produce club-shaped reproductive structures like toadstools a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae
basidiomycetes
the most common form of reproduction, is asexual; multiple asexual division occurs in some forms.
binary fission
What other biocontrol "protists" have we came across
biocontrol agents are metarnizium anisopilae and becaueria bassiana which are know to infect fire ants in wild life or lab experiments.
how can we detect Trypanosoma
blood or stool sample--- nothing else
Cup fungi are in the phylum _____. a) Zygomycota b) Chytridomycota c) Ascomycota d) Chordata e) Basidiomycota
c) Ascomycota
Which protist group includes organisms that can reach heights of hundreds of feet and grow more than half a foot per day? a) Slime molds b) Water molds c) Brown algae d) Phytoplankton e) Cyanobacteria
c) Brown algae
The process indicated by the letter _____ produces a diploid structure a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
c) C
What is the main chemical found in fossil nummulites found in the construction material of Ancient Pyramids a) O2 b) CO2 c) CaCO3 d) O3 e) Ca+ f) Mg+
c) CaCO3
Exoskeleton of insects, crabs and spider and fungi have something in common! What is it? a) cellulose b) carbon c) chitin d) more than 2 legs
c) Chitin is used in their exoskeleton
Which of the following fungus causes ergot poisoning, a common cause of death in Europe in the Middle Ages? a) Candida albicans b) Truffles c) Claviceps purpurea d) Amanita e) Aspergillus
c) Claviceps purpurea
Which of the following is likely the most harmful to England's mushroom populations? a) Foraging for personal consumption b) Foraging for medicinal purposes c) Foraging to sell to markets and restaurants d) Foraging for the illegal drug market.
c) Foraging to sell to markets and restaurants
A parasitic protist that presents a major health problem to backpackers and hikers if they drink unfiltered stream or lake water is a) Didinium b) Pfiesteria c) Giardia d) Plasmodium e) Trypanosoma.
c) Giardia
What is one negative impact protists have on humans? a) Photosynthetic protists in Earth's oceans produce oxygen that replenishes the atmosphere. b) Protists are slowly replacing bacteria in our ecosystem c) Many human diseases are caused by protists d) They are a cause of global warming.
c) Many human diseases are caused by protists
What part of bacteria does penicillin break down? a) Protein b) Mitochondria c) The cell wall d) The nucleus
c) The cell wall
What was a possible benefit of a mycorrhizae association of an aquatic fungus and a green alga at the time of plant invasion of land more than 400 million years ago? a) Fungi provided energy the alga required for reproduction b) The alga could have protected the fungus from predators c) The fungus could have helped the alga acquire the water and mineral nutrients it needed to survive out of water d) The fungus could have provided a form of protection from predators e) Fungi provided support for the alga as it attempted to collect more solar energy.
c) The fungus could have helped the alga acquire the water and mineral nutrients it needed to survive out of water
From what source is penicillin derived? a) The penicillium plant b) A rogue bacterial species c) The mold penicillium d) through fermentation process
c) The mold penicillium
The chloroplast found within a photosynthetic protist is surrounded by four membranes. How can we account for this? a) One is from the bacterium, one is from the protest, one is from the bacterial nuclear membrane, and one is from a food vacuole b) Four membranes evolved from the protist's cell membrane c) Two are from the originally engulfed photosynthetic bacterium; one is a protist membrane; the other is from the food vacuole produced by the protist originally containing the bacterium d) All four are bacterial membranes e) All four are protist membranes.
c) Two are from the originally engulfed photosynthetic bacterium; one is a protist membrane; the other is from the food vacuole produced by the protist originally containing the bacterium
In sac fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in _____. a) ascospores b) antheridia c) asci d) ascogonia e) basidia
c) asci
Natural penicillins [penicillin G (IV), penicillin V (PO)] are used to treat selected gram-_____________ infections: a) positve b) negative c) both positive and negative
c) both positive and negative
Foraminiferans are marine protists that produce beautiful shells composed mostly of __________. a) sodium chloride b) silica c) calcium carbonate d) nucleic acids e) amino acids
c) calcium carbonate
From fungus Coprinopsis cinerea found in dung! ii. It targets gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria by interfering with cell wall synthesis a) penicillin b) cephalosporin c) copsin d) miscasin
c) copsin
antimicrobial peptide that blocks cell wall synthesis a) penicillin b) cephalosporin c) copsin d) miscasin
c) copsin
The importance of fungi to ecosystems is mostly as a(n) a) symbiote b) parasite c) decomposer d) predator e) producer
c) decomposer
Fungi usually obtain food by a) chemosynthesis b) absorbing it and then digesting it within fungal cells c) digesting it externally and then absorbing it d) producing antibiotics that internally destroy bacteria e) photosynthesis.
c) digesting it externally and then absorbing it
After a meal of raw oysters, a woman begins to feel numbness and tingling in her hands and feet. By the time she gets to the hospital, she can no longer move and is having difficulty breathing. The lab finds a protist with two flagella. The organism is a(n) a) apicomplexan b) radiolarian c) dinoflagellate d) brown alga e) euglenozoan.
c) dinoflagellate
When a red tide occurs, huge numbers of microscopic organisms are filtered out of coastal waters by oysters and clams. This sometimes causes the shellfish to become toxic to people who eat them. The organisms that create the red tide are classified as a) slime molds b) euglenids c) dinoflagellates d) diatoms e) red algae.
c) dinoflagellates
double carbonate of calcium and magnesium—commonly composed of tiny fossil shell fragments and other fossilized debris-----magnesium carbonite a) coccolithophores b) calcite c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate f) diatoms
c) dolomite
which of the following is found in limestone a) coccolithophores b) calcite c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate f) diatoms
c) dolomite d) fossilized debris e) calcium carbonate
Both Trichomonas and Giardia are parasitic protists in the group called a) euglenids b) slime molds c) excavates d) alveolates e) diatoms.
c) excavates
Fungi produce _____ spores. a) dikaryotic b) heterokaryotic c) haploid d) diploid e) triploid
c) haploid (fungal spores are haploid)
Zygosporangia are _____. a) diploid b) haploid c) heterokaryotic d) haplodiploid e) either haploid or diploid, depending on the type of fungus
c) heterokaryotic
one cell thick and show their internal organization a) mycelium b) hyphae c) hypha cross-section
c) hypha cross-section
The interwoven mass of cells that forms large structures such as an earthstar or a mushroom is a a) spore b) hypha c) mycelium d) septum e) root.
c) mycelium
Both cyanobacteria and phytoplankton are a) eukaryotic b) heterotrophic c) photosynthetic d) multicellular e) parasitic
c) photosynthetic
A major difference in early development found in plants and animals but not found in protists is that __________. a) protists reproduce asexually by binary fission b) reproduction is asexual in protists c) protist reproduction never includes the formation and development of an embryo d) the life cycles of protists are very similar; those of plants and animals vary greatly
c) protist reproduction never includes the formation and development of an embryo
using _________the blood cholesterol-reducing effect of linoleic acid has been widely reported a) bacteria b) protists c) truffles d) algae
c) truffles
What do the names Roquefort, Camembert, Stilton, and Gorgonzola have in common? a) They are names of wineries in France b) They are wine districts in California c)They are all cheeses flavored by the growth of Ascomycete fungi d) They are the names of individuals who discovered antibiotics e) They are the names of antibiotics produced by fungi.
c)They are all cheeses flavored by the growth of Ascomycete fungi
what do you get when you break down chitin
carbon and nitrogen
Some dinoflagellates are enclosed only by a plasma membrane; others have __________walls that resemble armor plates.
cellulose
protists are different from fungi in that protists are made up of (chitin/cellulose)
cellulose (fungi are made up of chitin)
long-chain linear biopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine units joined by β-1,4 linkages, chitin has a chemical structure similar to cellulose.
chitin
Name an enzyme that can specifically degrade Chitin
chitinase: contribute to the generation of carbon and nitrogen in the ecosystem
If Giardia trophozoites and cyst are excreted in the stools that are released in the environment..., then which stage/s can survive in the environment?
cyst
What percentage of patients who think they are allergic to penicillin will tolerate the drug? a) 10% b) 50% c) 75% d) 90%
d) 90%
________ are photosynthetic protists a)F ungi b) Prokaryotes c) Plants d) Algae e) Parasites
d) Algae
If a strong fungicide is released and eliminates all the fungi in an ecosystem, which of the following is likely to happen? a) Improved soil fertility b) Faster breakdown of leaf litter c) Improved growth of plant species d) An accumulation of dead and discarded plant and animal tissues e) Increased rate of photosynthesis
d) An accumulation of dead and discarded plant and animal tissues
How are lichens and mycorrhizae similar? a) Both parasitize live plants, eventually killing them b) Both are saprophytes that decompose dead materials c) Both are pioneer species that colonize bare rock d) Both form symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic species.
d) Both form symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic species.
Which group is commonly referred to as the "seaweeds"? a) Phytoplankton b) Ciliates c) Cyanobacteria d) Brown algae e) Water molds
d) Brown algae
________ causes human yeast infections. a) Claviceps purpurea b) Amanita c) Aspergillus d) Candida albicans
d) Candida albicans
Which of these structures bears asci? a) A (singal branch) b) B (2 branches) c) C (knot of 2 branches) d) D (top of a mushroom) e) E (shape that looks like a finger)
d) D (top of a mushroom)-- called ascocarps
Species of red algae are useful for a variety of reasons, such as forming reefs and producing gelatinous substances with commercial uses. What is their most important contribution? a) They grow in the deepest areas of oceans and recycle nutrients through anaerobic respiration b) Red algae cause red tides that kill a variety of fish c) They are absorptive feeders d) During photosynthesis they capture solar energy to help support nonphotosynthetic organisms in marine ecosystems e) They are parasitic.
d) During photosynthesis they capture solar energy to help support nonphotosynthetic organisms in marine ecosystems
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes red algae from diatoms and dinoflagellates? a) One is a protist, whereas the other is not b) One is photosynthetic, whereas the other is not c) One lives in an aquatic environment d) One is multicellular, whereas the other is not e) One is eukaryotic, whereas the other is not.
d) One is multicellular, whereas the other is not
Many single-celled protists are considered predators because they ingest their food. How could this make them predators? a) They are able to absorb nutrients directly from the surrounding environment b) Because they are motile, they stalk their prey c) They secrete poisons to render their prey helpless d) One major group uses their flexible membrane to engulf living organisms and consequently, harm their prey e) They rely on photosynthesis for energy.
d) One major group uses their flexible membrane to engulf living organisms and consequently, harm their prey
Red tides caused by a species of dinoflagellate kill thousands of fish by depletion of oxygen. How are they responsible for depletion of oxygen? a) Dinoflagellates use available oxygen to fill floats to support their bodies b) Predatory dinoflagellates require oxygen for photosynthesis c) Dinoflagellates use oxygen in aerobic respiration d) Oxygen depletion is caused by the decay of billions of dinoflagellates
d) Oxygen depletion is caused by the decay of billions of dinoflagellates
as β-lactamases (important group of bacterial enzymes, which preferentially cleave the beta-lactam ring a) PCC b) PBB c) PBC d) PBP e) PCP
d) PBPs (penicillin binding proteins)
A woman develops liver inflammation, a high fever, and a severe decline in red blood cell numbers. Her blood is filled with a parasitic, single-celled organism. When asked about any recent travel, she tells the nurse about her trip to a tropical rain forest. It was a great trip except for the huge number of mosquitoes that bit her. She is probably infected with a) Trypanosoma b) Euglena c) Giardia d) Plasmodium e) Trichomonas.
d) Plasmodium
which of these is NOT a toxin affiliated with dinoflagellates a) paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) b) diarrheic shellfish poisonings (DSP) c) amnesic shellfish poisonings (ASP) d) vomiting shellfish poisonings (VSP) e) neurotoxic shellfish poisonings (NSP)
d) d) vomiting shellfish poisonings (VSP)
A nucleus within an ascus undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid spores, which then undergo mitosis, producing eight haploid ascospores. These haploid ascospores contain a maximum of _____ different genetic types. a) one b) two c) three d) four e) five
d) four **Meiosis of a diploid cell produces four genetically different cells. A cell that undergoes mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells
Which of the following is a common protist that can swim using a flagellum and is photosynthetic? a) foraminiferans b) red algae c) brown algae d) green algae e) ciliates
d) green algae
You have been asked to diagram the life cycle of Plasmodium, the malarial parasite, in humans. In which organ would you show several stages of development of sporozoites? a) kidney b) endoreticular system c) lungs d) liver e) blood
d) liver (Development occurs in the liver, and emerging parasites enter red blood cells for reproduction)
antimicrobial peptide that interferes in protein folding and comes from the fungus Microsporum canis found on human skin a) penicillin b) cephalosporin c) copsin d) miscasin
d) miscasin
When you eat mushrooms on your pizza, you are technically eating the a) seeds b) chloroplasts c) roots d) mycelium e) fungal leaves
d) mycelium
What is the principle way fungi reproduce? a) binary fission b) fragmentation c) fusion of spores d) spore production e) sexual reproduction without spore formation
d) spore production
You wish to raise mushrooms on a commercial scale. Which of the following will you need to get started? a) roots b) seeds c) eggs d) spores
d) spores
A parasitic kinetoplastid is responsible for African sleeping sickness in mammals. What is the intermediate insect host of this protist? a) oomycetes of water molds b) Euglena c) a termite d) the Tsetse fly e) diatoms
d) the Tsetse fly
Single-celled fungi are known as a) spores b) chytrids c) club fungi d) yeasts e) prokaryotes
d) yeasts
red algae are found in marine environments but dominate in (shallow/deep) clear, tropical water
deep
Many amoebas are predators that stalk and engulf prey Some species are parasitic, including one that causes amoebic dysentery that leads to severe __________
diarrhea
Dr. Nemo collected some seawater and found this very interesting single celled organisms that have a glassy and prism like appearance with fascinating shapes and patterns under microscope! What do you think Dr. Nemo is looking at?
diatoms
are phytoplankton with glassy shells. These shells consist of identical top and bottom halves that fit together.
diatoms
what is the major difference between Giardia and Amoeba
different classification: Giardia= excavate amoeba= ameobizoids
Dr. Nemo found an interesting protist under microscope with had a pitted surface and two whip-like flagella and which were bioluminescent. What could it be
dinoflagellate
are alveolates with a round shape and two whip-like flagella that propel them through the water.
dinoflagellates
name the subgroup: Gonyaulax--causes red tide
dinoflagellates
list the three alveolates
dinoflagellates apicomplexans ciliates
name the subgroup: Giardia-- intestinal parasite of mammals
diplomads
are excavates with double nuclei and multiple flagella.
diplomonads
single-celled and have two nuclei and move about by means of multiple flagella.
diplomond
Which polysaccharide is produced by both fungi and arthropods? a) Glycogen b) Cellulose c) Fructose d) Glucose e) Chitin
e) Chitin
What could be so unique about protists: which of these is a special feeding mechanism seen in protists a) autotropic (trap solar energy and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis) ex: algae b) heterotrophs (predatory= get nutrient and energy from capturing and ingesting prey) ex:. Amoeba and paramecium c) saprophytes (absorb nutrients from dead) ex: fungi d) parasite= Variety of protists e) all of the above f) none of the above
e) all of the above
Fungi are similar to plants because both a) have chloroplasts in their cells b) liberate nutrients from dead tissues c) produce embryos when they reproduce d) are important producers in their ecosystems e) have cell walls surrounding their plasma membranes
e) have cell walls surrounding their plasma membranes
Secondary endosymbiosis can occur when a: a) protist evolves to become a prokaryote b) green alga engulfs a photosynthetic bacterium c) nonphotosynthetic protist engulfs a photosynthetic bacterium d) virus infects a photosynthetic prokaryote e) nonphotosynthetic protist engulfs a photosynthetic protist
e) nonphotosynthetic protist engulfs a photosynthetic protist
What does hyphae mean?
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
what is it called when photosynthetic bacteria reside inside a larger cell
endosymbiosis
Similarity between protist and fungi
eukaryotic cell well (difference is chitin)
name the photo: look like yellow seashells growing at the base of a tree
example of fungi
name the picture looks like orange and white pollen growing on the ground
example of fungi
name the picture: looks like a yellow seed with green mold on it
example of fungi
1) Which features of a fungus's body structure are adaptations related to its methods of acquiring nutrient a) filametous shape b) extreme thinness c) large mouths d) extreme thickness e) motability f) a and b g) b and c h) c and d I) b and e
f) a and b-- filamentous shape and extreme thinness
which of the following are applications of lichen for animals a) forage b) shelter c) building materials d) appearance e) none of the above f) all of the above
f) all of the above
which of these is NOT an important reason to study protists a) To learn from the past explain shape and purposes b) Indicators of ancient life c) living proof of pollen with protist replication d) Possibly may be important missing link between us and prokaryotes (ex: shark tooth shaped protist) e) all of the above f) none of the above
f) none of the above-- all the options listed are important reasons to study protists
The malaria parasite Plasmodium spends parts of its life cycle in the body of a/n ___________________
female anopheles mosquito
red algae use carrageenan which is a ________________, and often seen in baby food and jello
food thickener
Chlorophytes are green algae! Why are they called that way
for their chloroplasts
what is the picture showing (slide 9-protists) 5 large and 14 small orange colored rocks that have small finger-like dents on them
fossil nummulites---specifically nummulite foraminifera dating from the Eocene Epoch, near AI Ain, United Arab Emirates
Mushroom are grouped under which kingdom
fungi
__________ absorb nutrients from the bodies of living and dead things
fungi
__________ is an example of a parasitic diplomonad that poses a world-wide health threat
giardia
What is the nature of the spores formed? Is it haploid or diploid? It also depends the -ploidy level of the parents
haploid
How does melanin help fungi (and us)
helps harness thermal energy for sexual and asexual reproduction that is fund above ground and often exposed to cold temperatures
What is chitin and where is it found?
it is a structural polysaccharide that is a polymer of an amino sugar called β-glucan and mannan. it is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and also found in the cell walls of some fungi.
are euglenozoans with distinctly structured mitochondria.
kinetoplastids
name the subgroup: Trypanosoma--causes African sleeping sickness—loves blood
kinetoplastids
name the picture a) rings seen in penicillin's and cephalosporins that contain a N (nitrogen) and S (sulfur) group
lactum ring
is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a single-celled alga or cyanobacterium. The fungus protects the photosynthesizer from harsh conditions while consuming the extra nutrients it produces a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae
lichen
" the fungi that learned how to garden
lichen= fungal members of the partnership with plants "tend" the photosynthetic algal or bacterial partner by providing shelter and protection from harsh conditions
There was one other mentioned in class (Litmus and Lichens and pH condition detection
litmus test for pH (changes color)--- used Rocella and Lecanora/Ochlerechia species
diverse group of black to brown polymers that fulfills a variety of biological functions--- It provides color and helps protect them from harsh environments
melanin
_______ can be used to make certain cheese and can be found on the surface or internally (ex: blue veined cheese, Roquefort, blue, gorgonzola, stilton)
mold
__________ spores are transported via water, air, and insects
mold
toxic spores that secrete aflatoxins and are in homes, foods, paints, etc. These are filimanteous fungi.
molds
A __________ is a basidiocarp
mushroom
- underground portion of the mushroom and can extend for miles - Play a critical role in forest decomposition - Unable to create own food so it breaks down and consumes leaves, needles, and other forest "litter"
mycelium
____________ forms the thallus (body of a typical fungus) In almost all fungi the hyphae that make up the thallus have cell walls, which is a characteristic of plants
mycelium
"fungal bodies consist of slender threads" that spread over decaying vegetation a) mycelium b) hyphae c) hypha cross-section
mycelium--- composed of hyphae and hypha cross-section
is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. The fungus receives energy-rich sugar molecules produced by the plant while passing minerals and nutrients from the soil to the root a) ascomycetes b) zygosporangia c) lichen d) sporangia e) mycorrhiza f) mycelium g) basidiomycetes h) hyphae
mycorrhiza
important symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots
mycorrhiza (singular: mycorrhiza)-- mycor= fungi and rhizae= under the soil
1. Penicillin susceptible Streptococcus pneumonia and meningitis 2. Streptococcal pharyngitis 3. Endocarditis 4. Skin and soft tissue infections 5. Neisseria meningitides infections 6. Syphilis
natural penicillin
T/F: paramecium have a well developed ______________ system
nervous
is cilia an human parasite?
no
are protists the same as fungi, plants, and animals?
no they have their own kingdom
Are molds only on surface of foods
no, roots are deep within
_______ edible seaweed used in sushi rolls--- often from red algae
nori
What could be so unique about protists: are they single celled?
not always---Ex: brown algae= multicellular
Can viruses be classified under Protists?
no—b/c viruses are NOT LIVING and must attach to a specific host cell and cannot replicate without host
are excavates that live inside animals in a mutualistic relationship with their host.
parabasalids
name the subgroup: trichomonas--causes sexually transmitted infection--- aka trichomoniasis
parabasalids
Completely covered with cilia (fine hairlike filaments) that beat rhythmically to propel them and to direct bacteria and other food particles into their mouths.
paramecium
name the picture looks like a 4 jelly bean with hair all around it
paramecium
name the subgroup: fast-moving pond dweller
paramecium
4. Dr. Nemo was approached by a patient's family doctor who said that the patient all of a sudden showed symptoms of amnesia and neurotic behavior after spending time on a remote island where the patient won a shellfish meat eating race! What do you think would have happened to the patient and what can be predicted and diagnosed about the case?
patient has NSP and ASP from eating contaminated shell fish living in a red tide
why is red algae red in color?
phycoerythrin - a pigment reflects red light and absorbs blue light - contains red photosynthetic pigments mask their green chlorophyll - red pigment transfer light energy to chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Marine ________________ account for about 50% of all photosynthetic activity on Earth, absorbing carbon dioxide, recharging the atmosphere with oxygen, and supporting the complex web of aquatic life.
phytoplankton
are single-celled photosynthetic protists that live in the upper layers of Earth's lakes and oceans.
phytoplankton
diatoms form part of the ____________
phytoplankton---the single-celled photosynthesizers that float passively in the upper layers of Earth's lakes and oceans
name the subgroup: causes malaria
plasmodium
The heterokaryotic stage is produced by __________
plasmogamy
name the subgroup: used to make sushi wrappers
porphyria
How can some bacteria like MRSA be resistant against penicillin
produce PBP (penicillin binding proteins) that act as β-lactamases-- cleaving beta-lactam rings and thus inactivates penicillin and cephalosporins
What is an autotropic bacteria?
producer
Which protist are red tides / algal blooms in the ocean associated with
protist algae and dinoflagellate
microscopic unicellular eukaryotes that have a relatively complex internal structure and carry out complex metabolic activities Infections range from asymptomatic to life threatening, depending on the species and strain of the parasite and the resistance of the host.
protozoa
protective membrane or thickened wall that must survive outside the host and usually have more resistant walls than cysts that form in tissues.
protozoan cysts
The flexible cell membranes of some single-celled protists can form extensions called ______________that reach out and engulf prey.
pseudopods
are used by Amoeba to aid in feeding process
pseudopods
Remember Psilocybin, LSD and fungus Claviceps purpurea and ergot - have been used to help in treating ___________ disorders
psychiatric (misused and should not be taken illegally)
when can fungi be a problem for humans
ringworm, athletes foot, fungi that lies in gut biome that escapes to blood lung infection
cup fungi ae a type of ______ fungus
sac
term for when a non-photosynthetic protist (ex:Paramecium) engulf a photosynthetic, chloroplast-containing protist (ex: Chlorella)
secondary endosymbiosis
sexual or asexual: - spore producing haploid via meiosis - Diploid structures form only during a brief period of the sexual portion of the fungal life cycle. Sexual reproduction begins when a hypha of one mycelium comes into contact with a hypha from a second mycelium that is of a different, but compatible, mating type. (The different mating types of fungi are comparable to the different sexes of animals, except that in fungi there are often more than two mating types.) If conditions are suitable, the two hyphae may fuse, so that nuclei from the two different hyphae share a common cell. The merger of hyphae is followed by fusion of haploid nuclei, one from each of the two mating types, to form a diploid zygote. The zygote then undergoes meiosis to form haploid sexual spores. These spores are dispersed, germinate, and divide by mitosis to form new haploid mycelia.
sexual
hollow and very absorbent (have several different shapes, especially circles and differentiating triangles---like a fidget spinner)
silica
Is chitin and cellulose same in structure? Are they both polysaccharides
similar but different a. Cellulose and chitin are both structural polysaccharides that consist of many thousand glucose monomers combined in long fibers. The only difference between the two polysaccharides are the side-chains attached to the carbon rings of the monosaccharides
If an animal/human drinks infected giardia water, the cysts develop into the adult form in which body part?
small intestine
lightweight packages of genetic information that produce a new fungal colony under appropriate conditions, are produced in great numbers
spores
where can Giardia cyst be found in the environment
streams and lakes, municipal water supplies, and even swimming pools and hot tubs
Truffles are ectomycorrhizal having (non symbiotic/symbiotic) root association
symbiotic
why does Trypanosoma make good use of blood?
takes all the O2 and stops your heart
theory predicting that dark-colored mushrooms heat up more rapidly than light-colored mushrooms and, therefore, have advantages, such as increased reproductive success, in cold environments
theory of thermal melanism for multicellular mushroom-forming fungi
Naegleria fowleri is (thermophilic/thermophobic), free-living ameba (single-celled microbe) and is the only known Naegleria to infect people
thermophilic-- found in hot springs, warm fresh water (lakes, river)
why are diatoms glassy?
they produce silica aka silicane dioxide in their cell wall
Why is it important to know the significance of fungi on nematodes?
this can be a way of biocontrol against insects eating nutrients and fungi.
how does a. Naegleria fowleri enter the body
through the nose
_______ is an unscientific label that is sometimes applied to certain types of mushrooms. It usually refers to colorful and poisonous or inedible mushrooms. There is no biological distinction between a toadstool and mushroom that scientists make Since they are mushrooms, they reproduce in the same ways. The ________ or mushroom is the fruitbody of a larger underground fungal network
toadstool
What are mycotoxins
toxins produced by fungi
name the picture: looks like a super furry termite
trichomonas
stages of parasitic protozoa that actively feed and multiply are frequently
trophozoites stage
_________ are hyopgeneous ascomycetes fungi that grow underground (5-10cm) and there are more than 100 different species known worldwide
truffles
truffles comprise abundant amino acids involving l-_________ (amino acid) which is a precursor of neurotransmitters catecholamines deeply involved in neural circuits
tyrosine
name the subgroup: sea lettuce
ulva
Dr. Nemo had some water sample collected from the LSU lake. How can he detect the community of Protists present in that water sample?
using a microscope
Are red algae multicellular and photosynthetic
yes
Do plant produce any alkaloids to ward off unwanted pathogens to protect mycorrhizae?
yes
In mitosis, the spores remain the same as their parent -ploidy level? If the parent is haploid, then the offspring is haploid
yes
can giardia be cured with drugs?
yes
Is there a crossing over stage where genetic material in the chromosomes are exchanged in meiosis?
yes it occurs when the chromosomes line up
do fungi have their own kingdom?
yes, the kingdom: fungi
do protists reproduce like animals and plants?
yes-- sexually and asexually
Can production of a pigment like melanin influence how a fungi survive in cold climates
yes-- theory of thermal melanism
What could be so unique about protists: are they locomotory?
yes: 1) cilia- help to move and catch prey 2) flagella 3) pseudopods- finger like projections made of tubulin to move around-- think amoeba
Do we as humans produce melanin
yes: found in including skin and hair pigmentation and photoprotection of the skin and eye