Biol 114 Unit 4
What are disadvantages to photosynthetic life transitioning to land?
* Dehydration * Structual support * reproduction
What are advantages to photosynthetic life transitioning to land?
* Sun *CO2 * Nutrients in soil * reduced competition
What is true of charophytes?
They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants
*Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Why?
They have fruits enclosing seeds
*Stomata are found in every plant group except the liverworts. Why?
They resemble the most ancestral of the plants, and stomatas appeared right after liverworts.
*Liverworts, hornworts and mosses all share what in common?
They use water for reproduction
Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidase. What advantage does this group of fungi have over other fungi because of this capability?
This fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnesses for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?
Water and minerals
Do pollinators have a preference for flower species?
Yes
Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants ______
allows it to be nourished by the parent plant
Conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive of ______.
decreased surface area, reducing water loss
All fungi are _____
eukaryotic
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____.
fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae
As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to readily see a _____.
gametophyte of a moss
*long, branching fungal filaments are called _____
hyphae
Stomata _____.
open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss
What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks 2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. 3. the seed coat should be able to withstand low pHs 4.the seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitaminsor nutrients to animals 5. the seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes
3. the seed coat sould be able to withstand low pHs 5. the seed coat should be resistant to the animals's digestive enzymes
Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.
475
Which of the following is the closely related to land plants? A) Psilophytes B) Charophytes C) Chrysophytes
B) Charophytes
Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? A) Extensive growth of gymnosperm forests B) Silurian-Devonian explosion with fossils of plant lineages that contain most of the major morphological innovations C) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses D) rise and diversification of angiosperms E) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes
D) rise and diversification of angiosperms
What is the most important feature of a flower for attracting pollinators?
Depends on the flower and pollinator
_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants.
Ferns
Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals?
Plasmogamy
Fungi have a high surface-area-to volume ratio. What is the advantage?
The larger surface area allows for more contact with the food source
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes (nonvascular). Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?
The require water for reproduction
*Major trend in land plant evolution?
The trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____.
bryophytes
Cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue are all key adaptations enabling land plants to _____.
colonize land
Stamens, sepals, betals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all _____
modified leaves
Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle? A) Fungi release fixed carbon back to the atmosphere for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize B) fungi provide fixed carbon in the form of carbohydrates to plants for the production of plant tissues C) fungi fix carbon by undergoing photosynthesis D) Fungi reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide
A) Fingi release fixed carbon back to the atmoshpere for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize
What is the major unifying characteristic of all fungi?
Acquiring nutrition through absorption
Seeds can lie dormant for months or years. Why would that be adaptive for many seeds?
Allows seeds to germinate when conditions are favoribl for growth
Flowers are the reproductive structures of _____
Angiosperms
Includes the flowering plants; most species-rich plant phyla
Angiosperms
Fungi are most closely related to...
Animals
What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate its host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which materials are passed from fungus to host?
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____
Are unicellular
Which of the following should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte (stonewort) that was the common ancestor of the land plants? A) early angiosperms B) early bryophytes C) early gymnosperms D) early ferns
B) early bryophytes
Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom?
Basidia
Where should vascular tissue be placed on the plant tree of life?
Before seedless plants
Which species concept involves flowers and pollinators?
Biological
Nonvascular plants; includes the mosses; important in nutrient and carbon cycling
Bryophytes
Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants? A) too much sunlight B) a shortage of carbon dioxide C) desiccation D) animal predation
C) desiccation
*Gymnosperms and angiosperms have all but what in common? A) seeds B) pollens C) flowers
C) flowers
Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution? A) the trend toward smaller size B) the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle C) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle D) the trend toward larger gametophytes
C) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
Which of the four major types of fungi exhibit a Hernation of generations?
Chytids/ the chytridiomycete life cycle
Vascular plants; includes the spruces; important in building materials
Conifers
What trait gives seeds an advantage over spores?
Contain nutrients
Arrange the events in the life cycle of mosses. A) haploid eggs form in archegonia, and haploid sperm from in antheridia B) The diploid zygote develops into a sporophyte C) Separate spores develop into female and male Gametophytes D) Mature sporophytes produce haploid spores, dispensed by wind E) Haploid gametes undergo fertilization, forming a diploid zygote
D -> C -> A -> E -> B
*What of the following was a challenge to the first land plants?
Desiccation
In terms of ecological roles, which of the following groups include primary producers in ecosystems: A) Land plants B) Fungi C) Protists D) A and C are correct E) All of the above are correct
E) All of the above are correct
Which of the following is not one of the 5 key traits that appears in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes? A) Alternation of generations B) Multicellular, independent embryos C) Walled spores produced in sporangia D) Multicellular gametangia E) Apical meristems
E) Apical meristems
Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?
Endophytes
True or False? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together
False
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____.
Ferns
Which of the following characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi? A) nucleoide sequences of several genes B) autotrophic mode of nutrition C) zoospores D) flagellated spores E) cell walls of cellulose
Flagellated spores
Why are fungi so important to the carbon cycle?
Fungi accelerate the carbon cycle by breaking down wood and thus freeing up carbon atoms
*Vascular tissue enabled plants to _____
Grow taller
Angiosperms are most closely related to _____.
Gymnosperms
Pollen is a reproductive structure of _____
Gymnosperms
Which was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?
Gymnosperms
Some plants are parasitic. Which of the following represents plants that are wholly dependent on their hosts?
Holoparasitic
Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? A) the mycelium forms B) Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus C) Hypae are produced by mitosis D) A Heterokaryotic mycelium forms
Hypae are produced by mitosis
Long, branching fungal filaments are called _____.
Hyphae
How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?
In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia
You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____.
Is surrounded by a cuticle
Where does the root appear on the phylogenic tree?
Lycophlya and down
What group was likely ancestral to land plants?
Multicellular green algae found in fresh water habitats
Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?
Mutualistic
Which of the following is NOT a reproductive structure in fungi? A) Basidia B) Zygosporangia C) Asci D) Mycelia
Mycelia
Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself?
Mycelium
Which structure is NOT directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi?
Mycelium
Are seedless plants a monophyletic group?
No
Plants synthesize toxic compounds to repel insects, deer, or other herbivores. Isolating these compounds is important in terms of their value to the development of new _____.
Pharmaceuticals
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?
Pollen
Nectar would be a _____ attractant.
Primary
If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms would benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed?
Prokaryotes
Color would be an example of _____ attractant.
Secondary
Fruit is most important in facilitating _____.
Seed dispersal
I would expect more desert plants to be _____.
Seed plants
*Bryophytes and seedless vascular plants both have what?
Sperm swim from antheridia to archnidia
Spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because_____
Spores are unicellular; seeds are not
In the process of alternation of generations, the _____ is diploid and produces _____.
Sporophyte, Spores
Why have biologist hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?
The ancestors of land plants lack the structural support ot stand erect in air
True or False? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei
True
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ______
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are _____.
compsed of hyphae, referred to as a mycelium, usually underground
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and _____
cyanobacteria or algae
In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a _____.
fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia
About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have _____.
had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____.
in conjunction with jungi that helped provide them with nutriets from the soil
Spores are a reproductive structure of _____
mosses (Bryophytes) and Basidiomycetes
Where does the stomata appear on the phylogenic tree?
mosses and down
In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently _____.
results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells
A pine tree gametophyte is ______.
smaller than a fern gametophyte
The fundamental reproductive cell produced by fungi is the _____.
spore
In the process of alternation of generations, the ____.
sporophyte is diploid and produces spores
Organisms that absorb nutrients from dead and decaying plant matter are called _____
sprophytes