Biol 114 Unit 4

What are disadvantages to photosynthetic life transitioning to land?

* Dehydration * Structual support * reproduction

What are advantages to photosynthetic life transitioning to land?

* Sun *CO2 * Nutrients in soil * reduced competition

What is true of charophytes?

They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants

*Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Why?

They have fruits enclosing seeds

*Stomata are found in every plant group except the liverworts. Why?

They resemble the most ancestral of the plants, and stomatas appeared right after liverworts.

*Liverworts, hornworts and mosses all share what in common?

They use water for reproduction

Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidase. What advantage does this group of fungi have over other fungi because of this capability?

This fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnesses for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose

In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?

Water and minerals

Do pollinators have a preference for flower species?

Yes

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants ______

allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

Conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive of ______.

decreased surface area, reducing water loss

All fungi are _____

eukaryotic

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____.

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to readily see a _____.

gametophyte of a moss

*long, branching fungal filaments are called _____

hyphae

Stomata _____.

open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks 2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. 3. the seed coat should be able to withstand low pHs 4.the seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitaminsor nutrients to animals 5. the seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes

3. the seed coat sould be able to withstand low pHs 5. the seed coat should be resistant to the animals's digestive enzymes

Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.

475

Which of the following is the closely related to land plants? A) Psilophytes B) Charophytes C) Chrysophytes

B) Charophytes

Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? A) Extensive growth of gymnosperm forests B) Silurian-Devonian explosion with fossils of plant lineages that contain most of the major morphological innovations C) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses D) rise and diversification of angiosperms E) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes

D) rise and diversification of angiosperms

What is the most important feature of a flower for attracting pollinators?

Depends on the flower and pollinator

_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants.

Ferns

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals?

Plasmogamy

Fungi have a high surface-area-to volume ratio. What is the advantage?

The larger surface area allows for more contact with the food source

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes (nonvascular). Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?

The require water for reproduction

*Major trend in land plant evolution?

The trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____.

bryophytes

Cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue are all key adaptations enabling land plants to _____.

colonize land

Stamens, sepals, betals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all _____

modified leaves

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle? A) Fungi release fixed carbon back to the atmosphere for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize B) fungi provide fixed carbon in the form of carbohydrates to plants for the production of plant tissues C) fungi fix carbon by undergoing photosynthesis D) Fungi reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide

A) Fingi release fixed carbon back to the atmoshpere for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize

What is the major unifying characteristic of all fungi?

Acquiring nutrition through absorption

Seeds can lie dormant for months or years. Why would that be adaptive for many seeds?

Allows seeds to germinate when conditions are favoribl for growth

Flowers are the reproductive structures of _____

Angiosperms

Includes the flowering plants; most species-rich plant phyla

Angiosperms

Fungi are most closely related to...

Animals

What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate its host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which materials are passed from fungus to host?

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____

Are unicellular

Which of the following should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte (stonewort) that was the common ancestor of the land plants? A) early angiosperms B) early bryophytes C) early gymnosperms D) early ferns

B) early bryophytes

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom?

Basidia

Where should vascular tissue be placed on the plant tree of life?

Before seedless plants

Which species concept involves flowers and pollinators?

Biological

Nonvascular plants; includes the mosses; important in nutrient and carbon cycling

Bryophytes

Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants? A) too much sunlight B) a shortage of carbon dioxide C) desiccation D) animal predation

C) desiccation

*Gymnosperms and angiosperms have all but what in common? A) seeds B) pollens C) flowers

C) flowers

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution? A) the trend toward smaller size B) the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle C) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle D) the trend toward larger gametophytes

C) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Which of the four major types of fungi exhibit a Hernation of generations?

Chytids/ the chytridiomycete life cycle

Vascular plants; includes the spruces; important in building materials

Conifers

What trait gives seeds an advantage over spores?

Contain nutrients

Arrange the events in the life cycle of mosses. A) haploid eggs form in archegonia, and haploid sperm from in antheridia B) The diploid zygote develops into a sporophyte C) Separate spores develop into female and male Gametophytes D) Mature sporophytes produce haploid spores, dispensed by wind E) Haploid gametes undergo fertilization, forming a diploid zygote

D -> C -> A -> E -> B

*What of the following was a challenge to the first land plants?

Desiccation

In terms of ecological roles, which of the following groups include primary producers in ecosystems: A) Land plants B) Fungi C) Protists D) A and C are correct E) All of the above are correct

E) All of the above are correct

Which of the following is not one of the 5 key traits that appears in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes? A) Alternation of generations B) Multicellular, independent embryos C) Walled spores produced in sporangia D) Multicellular gametangia E) Apical meristems

E) Apical meristems

Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?

Endophytes

True or False? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together

False

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____.

Ferns

Which of the following characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi? A) nucleoide sequences of several genes B) autotrophic mode of nutrition C) zoospores D) flagellated spores E) cell walls of cellulose

Flagellated spores

Why are fungi so important to the carbon cycle?

Fungi accelerate the carbon cycle by breaking down wood and thus freeing up carbon atoms

*Vascular tissue enabled plants to _____

Grow taller

Angiosperms are most closely related to _____.

Gymnosperms

Pollen is a reproductive structure of _____

Gymnosperms

Which was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?

Gymnosperms

Some plants are parasitic. Which of the following represents plants that are wholly dependent on their hosts?

Holoparasitic

Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? A) the mycelium forms B) Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus C) Hypae are produced by mitosis D) A Heterokaryotic mycelium forms

Hypae are produced by mitosis

Long, branching fungal filaments are called _____.

Hyphae

How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?

In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____.

Is surrounded by a cuticle

Where does the root appear on the phylogenic tree?

Lycophlya and down

What group was likely ancestral to land plants?

Multicellular green algae found in fresh water habitats

Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

Mutualistic

Which of the following is NOT a reproductive structure in fungi? A) Basidia B) Zygosporangia C) Asci D) Mycelia

Mycelia

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself?

Mycelium

Which structure is NOT directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi?

Mycelium

Are seedless plants a monophyletic group?

No

Plants synthesize toxic compounds to repel insects, deer, or other herbivores. Isolating these compounds is important in terms of their value to the development of new _____.

Pharmaceuticals

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

Pollen

Nectar would be a _____ attractant.

Primary

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms would benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed?

Prokaryotes

Color would be an example of _____ attractant.

Secondary

Fruit is most important in facilitating _____.

Seed dispersal

I would expect more desert plants to be _____.

Seed plants

*Bryophytes and seedless vascular plants both have what?

Sperm swim from antheridia to archnidia

Spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because_____

Spores are unicellular; seeds are not

In the process of alternation of generations, the _____ is diploid and produces _____.

Sporophyte, Spores

Why have biologist hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?

The ancestors of land plants lack the structural support ot stand erect in air

True or False? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei

True

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ______

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are _____.

compsed of hyphae, referred to as a mycelium, usually underground

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and _____

cyanobacteria or algae

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a _____.

fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have _____.

had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____.

in conjunction with jungi that helped provide them with nutriets from the soil

Spores are a reproductive structure of _____

mosses (Bryophytes) and Basidiomycetes

Where does the stomata appear on the phylogenic tree?

mosses and down

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently _____.

results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells

A pine tree gametophyte is ______.

smaller than a fern gametophyte

The fundamental reproductive cell produced by fungi is the _____.

spore

In the process of alternation of generations, the ____.

sporophyte is diploid and produces spores

Organisms that absorb nutrients from dead and decaying plant matter are called _____

sprophytes