BIOL 1611 - Muscles
32) In a recording of a muscle twitch, the delay between the stimulus and the muscle response is called the A) refractory period. B) latent period. C) contraction period. D) relaxation period. E) both B and D
B) latent period.
28) Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors. The resulting muscle weakness is likely due to A) increasing the amount of acetylcholinesterase in the synapse. B) making the cells less permeable to sodium ions. C) increasing the amount of potassium ion in the intercellular fluid. D) making the plasma membranes more permeable to calcium ion. E) antibodies competing with acetylcholinesterase for acetylcholine.
B) making the cells less permeable to sodium ions.
21) The specialized sarcolemma that contains acetylcholine receptors is the A) synaptic knob. B) motor end plate. C) motor unit. D) synaptic cleft. E) I band.
B) motor end plate.
17) Neurotransmitters that cause skeletal muscle contraction are normally stored in A) myofibrils. B) motor neuron endings. C) motor units. D) motor end plates. E) actin.
B) motor neuron endings.
63) Muscles whose names contain the root cervi- would be found in the A) head. B) neck. C) chest. D) abdomen. E) groin.
B) neck.
66) The "kissing muscle" that purses the lips is the A) zygomaticus. B) orbicularis oris. C) buccinator. D) orbicularis oculi. E) temporalis.
B) orbicularis oris.
93) The rotator cuff refers to muscles surrounding the A) pelvic girdle. B) pectoral girdle
B) pectoral girdle
38) Which of the following would have the lowest density of motor units? A) large muscles of the upper arms B) postural muscles of the back C) muscles that control the eye D) leg muscles E) the calf muscle
B) postural muscles of the back
40) Creatine phosphate serves to A) cause the decomposition of ATP. B) supply energy to synthesize ATP. C) decompose ADP. D) synthesize ADP. E) synthesize glucose.
B) supply energy to synthesize ATP.
75) Newborns are most likely to develop which muscles most quickly? A) the masseter and buccinator B) the buccinator and orbicularis oris C) the orbicularis oris and risorius D) the risorius and zygomaticus E) the levator labii and mentalis
B) the buccinator and orbicularis oris
57) Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle A) contracts faster. B) relaxes faster. C) contracts and relaxes faster. D) contracts faster and relaxes more slowly. E) contracts and relaxes more slowly.
E) contracts and relaxes more slowly.
3) Connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle is called A) endomysium. B) perimysium. C) sarcolemma. D) sarcomere. E) epimysium.
E) epimysium.
89) The muscle that inserts on the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of the femur is the A) gracilis. B) sartorius. C) rectus femoris. D) gluteus medius. E) gluteus maximus.
E) gluteus maximus.
67) The origin of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle is the A) mandible. B) frontal bone. C) occipital bone. D) galea aponeurotica. E) temporal bone.
D) galea aponeurotica.
16) The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from A) transverse tubule pattern. B) the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C) cisternae placement. D) sarcomere arrangement. E) all of the above
D) sarcomere arrangement.
36) Contraction during muscle lengthening is called A) eccentric contraction. B) concentric contraction. C) isometric contraction. D) isotonic contraction. E) all of the above
A) eccentric contraction.
72) Which of the following is considered a postural muscle? A) erector spinae B) biceps brachii C) triceps brachii D) rectus femoris E) hamstrings
A) erector spinae
37) Which type of scenario is most likely? A) Small motor units are recruited first. B) Large motor units are recruited first. C) Intermediate-sized motor units are recruited first. D) All motor units are recruited. E) The brain chooses motor units randomly.
A) Small motor units are recruited first.
5) Myofibrils are made primarily of A) actin and myosin. B) epimysium. C) ATP and ADP. D) troponin. E) tropomyosin.
A) actin and myosin.
88) Which of the following is a synergist for elbow flexion? A) brachioradialis B) triceps brachii C) pronator quadratus D) biceps brachii E) latissimus dorsi
A) brachioradialis
18) The enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to A) decompose. B) synthesize. C) bond to actin. D) be secreted. E) form cross-bridges.
A) decompose.
73) A muscle that inserts on the radial tuberosity is most likely involved in A) elbow flexion. B) elbow extension. C) protraction. D) pronation. E) elbow abduction.
A) elbow flexion.
23) At the neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane is folded to form a A) motor end plate. B) motor unit. C) neuroreceptor. D) neurotransmitter. E) motor neuron.
A) motor end plate.
41) Decreasing tension in a muscle due to lowering levels of ATP is called A) muscle fatigue. B) the conduction of neural information to the muscle fiber. C) muscle contraction. D) muscle relaxation. E) the striped appearance of skeletal muscle.
A) muscle fatigue.
42) The amount of oxygen needed to support the conversion of lactic acid to glycogen is called the A) oxygen debt. B) refractory amount. C) anaerobic threshold. D) aerobic threshold. E) aerobic conversion.
A) oxygen debt.
44) Myoglobin stores A) oxygen. B) glycogen. C) ATP. D) calcium ions. E) glucose.
A) oxygen.
83) Which of the following originates from the sternum? A) pectoralis major B) teres major C) teres minor D) subscapularis E) supraspinatus
A) pectoralis major
46) Glycolysis A) refers to the process of anaerobic respiration. B) can replace ATP in binding to myosin molecules during contraction. C) acts as the only source of ATP in muscle tissue. D) is only active during strenuous exercise. E) can usually make enough ATP for skeletal muscle function.
A) refers to the process of anaerobic respiration.
50) Activities that require anaerobic endurance A) require maximal contraction of muscles for short periods of time. B) do not use ATP very quickly. C) usually do not cause an individual to develop an oxygen debt. D) do not rely on the energy reserves of creatine phosphate. E) all of the above
A) require maximal contraction of muscles for short periods of time.
81) The muscle that adducts and rotates the scapula laterally is the A) rhomboideus. B) levator scapulae. C) serratus anterior. D) pectoralis minor. E) subclavius.
A) rhomboideus.
84) The minor abductor of the upper arm that works as a synergist is the A) supraspinatus. B) subscapularis. C) deltoid. D) biceps brachii. E) teres major.
A) supraspinatus.
20) The ________ contains vesicles filled with acetylcholine. A) synaptic knob B) motor end plate C) neuromuscular junction D) synaptic cleft E) transverse tubule
A) synaptic knob
68) The muscle that inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible is the A) temporalis. B) masseter. C) lateral pterygoid. D) medial pterygoid. E) platysma.
A) temporalis.
34) Increasing the frequency of stimulation so that a muscle contracts without relaxation is called A) tetany. B) a twitch. C) relaxation. D) recovery. E) recruitment.
A) tetany.
27) Which of the following is the smaller amount? A) the concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm of a resting muscle B) the concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a resting muscle
A) the concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm of a resting muscle
96) Tom is having difficulty dorsiflexing and everting his right foot. Which muscle(s) is/are most likely involved in this problem? A) tibialis anterior B) soleus C) gastrocnemius D) flexor digitorum E) both B and C
A) tibialis anterior
92) The muscle that dorsiflexes the foot is the A) tibialis anterior. B) tibialis posterior. C) soleus. D) peroneus. E) gastrocnemius.
A) tibialis anterior.
25) When a calcium ion binds to troponin, A) tropomyosin moves out of the groove between the actin molecules. B) active sites on the myosin are exposed. C) actin heads will bind to myosin. D) muscle relaxation occurs. E) all of the above
A) tropomyosin moves out of the groove between the actin molecules.
48) Increased oxygen consumption would accompany A) increased heat production. B) increased conversion of lactic acid to glucose. C) increased aerobic respiration by muscle cells. D) increased muscle activity. E) all of the above
E) all of the above
86) The muscle that extends the arm while doing push-ups is the A) deltoid. B) pectoralis major. C) brachialis. D) triceps brachii. E) biceps brachii.
D) triceps brachii.
1) Which of the following is (are) a function of skeletal muscle? A) produce movement B) maintain posture C) maintain body temperature D) A and B only E) all of the above
E) all of the above
43) A muscle cramp is most likely due to lack of A) ATP. B) ADP. C) actin. D) myosin. E) acetylcholine.
A) ATP.
58) Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle? A) Cardiac muscles are striated. B) Cardiac muscles achieve tetany with every contraction. C) Cardiac muscle fibers are multinucleated. D) Cardiac muscles are faster than skeletal muscles. E) Neurons that innervate cardiac muscles are under voluntary control.
A) Cardiac muscles are striated.
52) Which of the following is true about red muscles? A) Red muscles are slower than white muscles. B) Red muscles have fewer mitochondria than white muscles. C) Red muscles are dominant in a bodybuilder. D) Red muscles contain less myoglobin than white muscles. E) Red muscles fatigue quickly.
A) Red muscles are slower than white muscles.
69) Which of the following muscles has its insertion on the cartilage of the ribs? A) internal oblique B) external intercostals C) transversus abdominis D) internal intercostals E) both A and B
A) internal oblique
29) Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during the ________ phase of contraction. A) latent B) contraction C) twitch D) relaxation E) recovery
A) latent
78) The transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae are the origin of the A) levator scapulae. B) rhomboideus major. C) subclavius. D) supraspinatus. E) pectoralis major.
A) levator scapulae.
95) Muscles comprising the quadriceps group include the A) rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. B) rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, soleus, and adductor longus. C) peroneus, gastrocnemius, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. D) iliopsoas, gracilis, adductor magnus, biceps femoris, and gracilis. E) semitendinosus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, and vastus medialis.
A) rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.
The protein _________________________ works with myosin and is responsible for muscle contraction and relaxation.
Answer: actin
A sheath surrounding each skeletal muscle fiber is called _________________________.
Answer: endomysium
A muscle _________________________ contains a sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, filaments, and myofibrils.
Answer: fiber
A sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of striated muscle fibers is called _________________________.
Answer: perimysium
10) The center of the sarcomere is the A) Z line. B) M line. C) H band. D) A band. E) I band.
B) M line.
39) Which of the following muscles would contract most quickly against the same load? A) a muscle receiving 10 action potentials per second B) a muscle receiving 20 action potentials per second C) neither, muscles always contract at the same rate
B) a muscle receiving 20 action potentials per second
31) The all-or-none response means that A) all of the muscles in a region contract together. B) when a muscle fiber contracts, it contracts completely. C) all of the muscle fibers within a muscle contract together. D) when a muscle fiber contracts, all of its ATP is converted to ADP. E) none of the above
B) when a muscle fiber contracts, it contracts completely.
11) The area of the sarcomere that contains only thick filaments and no zone of overlap is the A) Z line. B) M line. C) H band. D) A band. E) I band.
C) H band.
76) Muscles that insert into the deltoid tuberosity are most likely to A) flex the shoulder. B) extend shoulder. C) abduct the shoulder. D) adduct the shoulder. E) none of the above
C) abduct the shoulder.
64) Which of the following muscles is named for its shape? A) pectoralis major B) biceps brachii C) deltoid D) erector spinae E) tibialis anterior
C) deltoid
4) Muscle fascicles are separated by A) endomysium. B) perimysium. C) epimysium. D) sarcolemma. E) periosteum.
C) epimysium.
65) Which of the following is a muscle of facial expression? A) masseter B) buccinator C) mentalis D) temporalis E) medial and lateral pterygoid
C) mentalis
51) During activities requiring aerobic endurance, A) glycogen and glycolysis are the primary sources of reserve energy. B) oxygen debts are common. C) most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria. D) fatigue occurs in a few minutes. E) all of the above
C) most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria.
30) An example of partial but sustained contraction is A) treppe. B) tetany. C) muscle tone. D) fatigue. E) a twitch.
C) muscle tone.
61) The less-movable end of a skeletal muscle is the A) insertion. B) belly. C) origin. D) proximal end. E) distal end.
C) origin.
13) The tropomyosin molecules are attached to A) actin molecules. B) myosin molecules. C) troponin molecules. D) ATP molecules. E) calcium ions.
C) troponin molecules.
24) Rigor mortis occurs at death due to a lack of A) cAMP. B) DNA. C) RNA. D) ATP. E) tRNA.
D) ATP.
98) Which of the following is an muscular adaptation as a result of exercise? A) Muscle fibers become smaller in diameter. B) Muscles become less elastic. C) Muscles fatigue more rapidly. D) Muscle fibers increase their reserves of glycogen. E) Muscle fibers become less efficient.
D) Muscle fibers increase their reserves of glycogen.
22) In response to action potentials arriving from the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases A) acetylcholine. B) sodium ions. C) potassium ions. D) calcium ions. E) all of the above
D) calcium ions.
49) Fast fibers A) have high resistance to fatigue. B) have a high concentration of myoglobin. C) have many mitochondria. D) contract quickly. E) all of the above
D) contract quickly.
54) The term used to describe muscular growth in response to usage is A) multiple sclerosis. B) muscular dystrophy. C) atrophy. D) hypertrophy. E) myopathy.
D) hypertrophy.
85) The muscle that adducts and extends the humerus is the A) coracobrachialis. B) deltoid. C) trapezius. D) latissimus dorsi. E) triceps brachii.
D) latissimus dorsi.
62) Which of the following terms is a descriptive word for a muscle's size? A) levator B) extensor C) tensor D) longissimus E) adductor
D) longissimus
87) Which of the following is the origin of the pronator teres? A) olecranon process of the ulna B) infraglenoid tuberosity of the scapula C) lateral epicondyle of the humerus D) medial epicondyle of the humerus E) base of the second metacarpal
D) medial epicondyle of the humerus
) Which of the following statements describes how muscles help maintain homeostasis? A) The contractions of skeletal muscles pull on tendons and move elements of the skeleton. B) Skeletal muscles are responsible for guarding the openings of the digestive and urinary tracts. C) Skeletal muscles are responsible for the pumping action of the heart. D) Skeletal muscles support the weight of some internal organs. E) Skeletal muscle contractions help maintain body temperature.
E) Skeletal muscle contractions help maintain body temperature.
60) Which of the following can be a stimulus for contraction in all three muscle tissue types? A) epinephrine B) thyroid hormone C) testosterone D) parathyroid hormone E) acetylcholine
E) acetylcholine
14) The skeletal muscle organelles that actually contracts is (are) the A) sarcolemma. B) sarcomere. C) transverse tubules. D) myotubules. E) myofibrils.
E) myofibrils.
56) Multi-unit smooth muscle A) is composed of sheets of muscle cells. B) is found in the wall of the stomach. C) tends to contract rhythmically. D) is connected by gap junctions. E) none of the above
E) none of the above
79) Which of the following is the origin of the pectoralis minor? A) vertebral border near the spine B) coracoid process of the scapula C) mastoid region of the skull D) occipital bone of the skull E) upper pairs of ribs
E) upper pairs of ribs
55) Because skeletal muscle contractions demand large quantities of ATP, skeletal muscles have A) a rich nerve supply. B) a rich vascular supply. C) very few mitochondria. D) little need for oxygen. E) all of the above
B) a rich vascular supply.
26) Rigor mortis that occurs in skeletal muscles a few hours after death is due to A) excessive ATP and decreased permeability to calcium. B) decreased ATP and increased permeability to calcium. C) excessive ATP. D) lack of oxygen. E) lactic acid buildup.
B) decreased ATP and increased permeability to calcium.
80) Which of the following moves the humerus? A) pectoralis minor B) deltoid C) serratus anterior D) rhomboideus E) trapezius
B) deltoid
94) Which of the following muscles contracts when grasping an object in the hand? A) palmaris longus B) flexor digitorum C) extensor carpi radialis D) pronator teres E) supinator
B) flexor digitorum
6) Skeletal muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that these muscle fibers A) lack a plasma membrane. B) have many nuclei. C) are very small. D) lack mitochondria. E) all of the above
B) have many nuclei.
9) The area between Z lines is the A) sarcolemma. B) sarcomere. C) sarcoplasmic reticulum. D) myofibril. E) myofilament.
B) sarcomere.
12) The terminal cisternae are parts of the A) myofilaments. B) sarcoplasmic reticula. C) myofibrils. D) I bands. E) sarcolemma.
B) sarcoplasmic reticula.
15) What is the function of the transverse tubule? A) the storage of calcium ions B) to transmit muscle impulses to the cell's interior C) to store sodium ions D) to allow cross-bridge attachment E) all of the above
B) to transmit muscle impulses to the cell's interior
90) The muscle that originates along the entire length of the linea aspera of the femur is the A) vastus lateralis. B) vastus medialis. C) iliacus. D) rectus femoris. E) biceps femoris.
B) vastus medialis.
45) A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by A) conversion of creatine phosphate. B) anaerobic respiration. C) aerobic respiration. D) the tricarboxylic acid cycle. E) both C and D
C) aerobic respiration.
19) At rest, myosin molecules are A) bound to other myosin molecules. B) bound to troponin molecules. C) blocked from binding tropomyosin molecules. D) bound to ATP molecules. E) blocked from binding to calcium ions.
C) blocked from binding tropomyosin molecules.
70) The muscle that inserts on the superior surface of the pubis around the symphysis is the A) internal oblique. B) external oblique. C) rectus abdominis. D) transversus abdominis. E) diaphragm.
C) rectus abdominis.
47) When myosin cycling generates less tension than the load, A) an oxygen debt is repaid. B) fatigue occurs. C) relaxation occurs. D) tetany occurs. E) atrophy occurs.
C) relaxation occurs.
71) Which of the following describes the action of the trapezius? A) adducts the arm B) adducts and flexes the humerus C) retracts the shoulder and adducts the scapula D) medial rotation of the humerus E) lateral rotation of the humerus
C) retracts the shoulder and adducts the scapula
53) A person whose genetic makeup makes him or her a better marathon runner than a sprinter probably has more ________ in his or her leg muscles. A) fast fibers B) intermediate fibers C) slow fibers D) dark fibers E) noncontractile fibers
C) slow fibers
59) Nonstriated, involuntary muscle is A) cardiac. B) red skeletal. C) smooth. D) white skeletal. E) intermediate skeletal.
C) smooth.
91) The muscle directly deep to the gastrocnemius is the A) peroneus. B) extensor digitorum. C) soleus. D) tibialis posterior. E) tibialis anterior.
C) soleus.
35) Which of the following activities would employ isometric contractions? A) flexing the forearm B) chewing food C) standing at attention D) running E) writing
C) standing at attention
77) Which of the following inserts into fascia, rather than a bone? A) extensor carpi ulnaris B) flexor carpi radialis C) extensor digitorum D) palmaris longus E) flexor digitorum
D) palmaris longus
74) Which of the following is a lateral spinal flexor when used unilaterally? A) iliocostalis group B) spinalis group C) longissimus group D) quadratus lumborum E) both A and B
D) quadratus lumborum
33) The brief moment following stimulation when a muscle is unresponsive to another stimulus is called the ________ period. A) latent B) contraction C) relaxation D) refractory E) both C and D
D) refractory
8) The skeletal muscles store calcium ions in the A) sarcolemma. B) sarcomere. C) sarcosome. D) sarcoplasmic reticulum. E) sarcoplasm.
D) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
7) The advantage of having many nuclei in a skeletal muscle fiber is A) the ability to contract. B) the ability to produce more ATP with little oxygen. C) the ability to repair the fiber after an injury. D) the ability to produce large amounts of the enzymes and structural proteins needed for contraction. E) none of the above
D) the ability to produce large amounts of the enzymes and structural proteins needed for contraction.
97) In addition to the number and type of muscle fibers in a muscle, peak athletic performance requires A) a good blood supply and system of blood delivery. B) a well-developed respiratory system. C) the coordination of the nervous system. D) good supplies of nutrients. E) all of the above
E) all of the above
82) The muscle that inserts on the superior angle of the scapula is the A) serratus anterior. B) trapezius. C) sternocleidomastoid. D) pectoralis minor. E) levator scapulae.
E) levator scapulae.