Biol 3840: Chp 25 - Amphibians

Sequence the events of frog breathing in the correct order. options: - Floor of the mouth is lowered - Air is drawn in through nostrils - Air is forced into lungs - Nostrils close, glottis opens

1. Floor of the mouth is lowered 2. Air is drawn in through nostrils 3. Nostrils close, glottis opens 4. Air is forced into lungs

Select all of the following that can occur in paedomorphic salamanders of the genus Ambystoma when ponds evaporate. Multiple select question. A. Development of lungs B. Revert to aquatic larvae C. Loss of lungs D. Metamorphosis into terrestrial adults.

A. Development of lungs D. Metamorphosis into terrestrial adults.

Select all of the features present in anuran tadpoles. Multiple select question. A. External gills B. Internal gills C. Finless tails D. Specialized mouthparts

A. External gills B. Internal gills D. Specialized mouthparts

Select all of the following that are true of the anuran epidermis. Multiple select question. A. Keratin deposits can be heavy. B. It is never sheds. C. It contains poison.

A. Keratin deposits can be heavy. C. It contains poison.

What do adult salamanders use for respiration? Multiple select question. A. Lungs B. Skin C. Internal gills D. External gills

A. Lungs B. Skin D. External gills

Caecilians can be characterized by which of the following features? Multiple select question. A. No limbs B. Few vertebrae C. Ventral anus D. Long ribs E. Small eyes

A. No limbs D. Long ribs E. Small eyes

Select the features that are characteristic of amphibians. Multiple select question. A. Primitively pedal B. Endothermic regulation of body C. temperature D. Glandular skin E. Double circulation F. Tetrapod G. Lack ears

A. Primitively pedal D. Glandular skin E. Double circulation F. Tetrapod

What are tetrapod adaptations to air-breathing? Multiple select question. A. Routing of blood to lungs B. Increased vascularization of the air-filled cavity C. countercurrent flow of water and air in gills D. Quadruple circulation

A. Routing of blood to lungs B. Increased vascularization of the air-filled cavity

Select all the characteristics of anurans. Multiple select question. A. They are ectothermic. B. Adults can have external gills. C. Adults lack limbs. D. They are specialized for jumping. E. Adults lack a tail.

A. They are ectothermic. D. They are specialized for jumping. E. Adults lack a tail.

Select all of the following which best characterize salamander gills. Multiple select question. A. They are present when larvae hatch from eggs. B. They can be lost through metamorphosis. C. They may be retained in adults. D. They are present in all aquatic stages.

A. They are present when larvae hatch from eggs. B. They can be lost through metamorphosis. C. They may be retained in adults.

elect all of the following which best characterize salamander gills. Multiple select question. A. They may be retained in adults. B. They are present in all aquatic stages. C. They are present when larvae hatch from eggs. D. They can be lost through metamorphosis.

A. They may be retained in adults. C. They are present when larvae hatch from eggs. D. They can be lost through metamorphosis.

Select all of the following that apply to paedomorphic mud puppies and axolotls. Multiple select question. A. They never metamorphose. B. Adults are terrestrial. C. They live in mud of ponds and lakes. D. They metamorphose if ponds evaporate. E. Adults have gills.

A. They never metamorphose. C. They live in mud of ponds and lakes. E. Adults have gills.

Select the organisms that colonized land before amphibians. Multiple select question. A. Vascular plants B. Cephalopod molluscs C. Tracheate arthropods D. Amniotes E. Pulmonate snails

A. Vascular plants C. Tracheate arthropods E. Pulmonate snails

Frog skulls, when compared to vertebrate skulls, have less Multiple select question. A. bones. B. orbitals. C. ossification.

A. bones. C. ossification.

Match each taxonomic reference to its equivalent. Anura <--> Caudata <--> Apoda <--> Options: - Salienta - Urodela - Gymnophiona

Anura <--> Salienta Caudata <--> Urodela Apoda <--> Gmnophiona

Select each of the structures of an aquatic tetrapod ancestor that became modified during evolution for terrestrial breathing and support. Multiple Select Question. A. Gills B. Air-filled cavity connected to the pharynx C. Lateral line system D. Internal nares

B. Air-filled cavity connected to the pharynx D. Internal nares

What are some of the major threats to freshwater environments? Multiple select question. A. Depletion of nitrogen B. Depletion of oxygen C. Flooding D. Evaporation

B. Depletion of oxygen D. Evaporation

Select all of the following that are true about lobe finned fish fins and amphibian limbs. Multiple select question. A. Analogous B. Homologous C. Different architecture D. Similar bony elements

B. Homologous D. Similar bony elements

The amniotes include which of the following? A. Cephalochordates B. Nonavian reptiles C. Fish D. Amphibians E. Birds F. Mammals

B. Nonavian reptiles E. Birds F. Mammals

What amphibians are included in the order Anura? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. A. salamanders B. frogs C. newts D. toads E. caecilians

B. frogs D. toads

Select all of the characteristics of tadpoles. Multiple select question. A. dorsal mouth B. hindlimbs appear first C. compressed tail D. external gills, but no internal gills E. keratinized jaws for scraping F. spiracle

B. hindlimbs appear first C. compressed tail E. keratinized jaws for scraping F. spiracle

Select all of the changes that tadpoles undergo during metamorphosis. Multiple select question. A. forelimbs appear first B. lungs develop C. intestine lengthens D. gills are absorbed

B. lungs develop D. gills are absorbed

The exploration of land by aquatic species was aided by the presence of these structures connected to the pharynx. Multiple select question. A. External nares B. Spiracles C. An air-filled cavity D. Internal nares

C. An air-filled cavity D. Internal nares

Select all of the following that can occur in paedomorphic salamanders of the genus Ambystoma when ponds evaporate. Multiple select question. A. Loss of lungs B. Revert to aquatic larvae C. Metamorphosis into terrestrial adults. D. Development of lungs

C. Metamorphosis into terrestrial adults. D. Development of lungs

Why do amphibians require certain humidity levels in their environment? Multiple select question. A. Their prey require these conditions. B. Amphibians are endotherms. C. Their eggs are vulnerable to dessication. D. Their thin skin allows rapid dehydration.

C. Their eggs are vulnerable to dessication. D. Their thin skin allows rapid dehydration.

Why do amphibians require certain humidity levels in their environment? Multiple select question. A. Their prey require these conditions. B. Amphibians are endotherms. C. Their thin skin allows rapid dehydration. D. Their eggs are vulnerable to dessication.

C. Their thin skin allows rapid dehydration. D. Their eggs are vulnerable to dessication.

Propulsion for the jumping and swimming motions of a frog is provided by these hindlimb muscles.

Extensors

True or false: Freshwater environments are inherently stable.

False

Which groups depends more heavily on respiration through the lungs?

Frogs

Match each amphibian to the correct taxonomic group. Frogs <--> Salamanders <--> Caecilians <--> Options: - Apoda - Anura - Caudata

Frogs <--> Anura Salamanders <--> Caudata Caecilians <--> Apoda

_______________ frogs have more well-developed vocal cords than _____________ frogs.

Male; Female

In moving from water to land, breathing air must be accommodated. What is true about the availability of oxygen in air as opposed to water?

Oxygen is much more abundant in air than water.

What is the major component of the diet of a frog tadpole?

Pond algae

What describes reproduction in most amphibians?

Separate sexes; oviparous

What is the most critical factor in the potential prey of a frog?

Size

How do frogs lose most of their carbon dioxide?

Through the skin

Where do caecilians feed?

Underground

What would be the least likely environment that would be conducive to long-term salamander survival?

Warm temperatures and dry air

Amphibian blood is circulated by ______________.

a single pressure pump

The two major extant branches of tetrapods are called the _____________and the _______________.

amphibians; amniotes

The clasping behavior of amphibians during breeding is called .

amplexus

A heart with two separate atria and a single undivided ventricle is characteristic of _______.

an amphibian

Amphibian limb muscles that protract and adduct are

anterior and ventral.

Salamanders called amphiumas are completely ______, while salamanders called plethodontids are completely ______.

aquatic and have lungs; terrestrial and lack lungs

Salamanders are carnivorous

as larvae and adults.

Salamander lungs are present _________.

at birth

Amphibian lungs are generally present and activated

at metamorphosis.

The skeleton of a frog is made of ______________ and _______________.

bone; cartilage

Unlike the fish and caecilians, ventral trunk musculature in frogs is used for

breathing.

Amplexus is a process that occurs during amphibian

breeding.

As adults, frogs are ______.

carnivores

Special pigment cells in anuran skin are called ________________.

chromatophores

The change from gill-breathing in fish to lung-breathing in amphibians also required a major switch in

circuitry.

In terrestrial plethodontids, paedomorphosis in foot form has aided

climbing ability.

The amphibian circulatory system is ______.

closed

It is unlikely that a vertebrate species would begin a new transition to life on land because

competitors are well-established.

Salamanders in the family Plethodontidae are ______ and breathe mainly ______.

entirely terrestrial; through the skin

In salamanders that lack gills and lungs, respiration occurs through the ______________________.

epidermis

The layers of frog skin are the _________________ and the _______________.

epidermis; dermis

Small terminal chambers in frog lungs are called __________________.

faveoli

The foot of a frog is

five rayed.

Species that lived on land before vertebrates played a major role in providing the earliest terrestrial vertebrates with

food

The tongue of a frog is attached to the mouth in the _______.

front

While amphibian larvae generally use ___________________ for respiration, adults respire through their skin or by using their _______________.

gills; lungs

Compared to frogs, the potential number of vertebrae in caecilians is

greater.

Compared to aquatic creatures, air-breathing tetrapods have air-filled cavities that

have more capillaries.

Most frog and toad tadpoles are ________.

herbivorous

A paedomorphic organism is one

in which the adult form resembles the juvenile form of an ancestral species.

In comparison with other vertebrate skulls, a frog skull is

lighter

Lobe finned fish fins are homologous to amphibian

limbs.

The bone structure of frog limbs is very similar to

lobe fins.

The evolutionary transition to life on land took place over

millions of years.

The integumentary glands produced by the epidermis are the small ______________ glands and the large __________________ glands that secrete poison.

mucous; granular

The common name of the perennibranchiate salamander in this diagram is _____________ _____________.

mud puppy

The skin of a frog is attached

only at certain points.

Frogs are _____________ pressure breathers.

positive

Terrestrial animals have limbs and skeletal structure that

provide structural support against gravity.

The sixth aortic arch of fish was converted into the ______________ arteries in amphibians.

pulmonary

Amphibians can be described as ______ because they are adapted for terrestrial existence, but their life cycle is still tied to water.

quasiterrestrial

The larval and adult portions of the life cycle of amphibians exemplify an existence that is

quasiterrestrial.

The digestive tract of a frog is relatively _______.

short

Compared to humans, the surface area available for respiration in frogs lungs is

smaller.

Frog vocalizations are unique to each

species.

In the amphibian ear, the ________________ transmits vibrations to the inner ear.

stapes

The main sensory structure for most caecilians is/are the ______.

tentacles

In paedomorphosis, __________, resulting in the retention of ancestral juvenile characters by descendant adults.

the latest stages of development are deleted

Salamander forelimbs and hindlimbs are generally

the same size.

The heart of an amphibian has ________________ chambers.

three

The eardrum, or _________________ membrane, closes the amphibian ear externally.

tympanic

Fused caudal vertebrae in a frog are known as the _______________ .

urostyle

What makes up the majority of the diet of a caecilian?

worms