BIOL 443 Exam 1

Evolution requires individuals to have heritable variation and operates through the processes of ______________ and ________________.

natural selection, genetic drift

Haeckels Biogenetic Law is now considered invalid, but some of his ideas ring true. Which of the following of Haeckel's ideas are now considered valid? a) During development our embryos develop through the adult forms of our ancestors. b) Developmental change is additive, with new forms added only to the end of development. c) Animals are most similar morphologically during a conserved stage during embryogenesis called the phylotypic stage. d) Development is unique in each organism and thus developmental variation cannot inform evolution.

c) Animals are most similar morphologically during a conserved stage during embryogenesis called the phylotypic stage.

The single-cellular sister lineage to the Metazoa, which is considered to represent the ancestral form from which Metazoa evolved, is: a) Monera b) Archaea c) Choanoflagellates d) Cellular slime molds

c) Choanoflagellates

What mechanism generates the 7-striped expression pattern of a pair-rule gene in Drosophila? a) A wave-like segmentation clock b) Segment polarity genes set up polar expression of segments thus generating stripes. c) Each stripe is generated from its own cis-regulatory domain with specific binding to region-specific gap and maternal effect genes. d) Hox genes drive the expression of these stripes in a segment-specific manner.

c) Each stripe is generated from its own cis-regulatory domain with specific binding to region-specific gap and maternal effect genes.

Which of the following is an example of a macroevolutionary study: a) Determining how populations of a finch that colonize different islands shift in genotypes and phenotypes across islands. b) Determining the role of population size and human dispersal in the evolution of the ebola virus. c) Examining the molecular evolution of the gene opsin across primates and determining how trichromatic vision evolved. d) Performing laboratory selection experiments to determine how rapidly multicellularity would evolve under predation pressure within a single-celled eukaryote species.

c) Examining the molecular evolution of the gene opsin across primates and determining how trichromatic vision evolved.

If a cis-regulatory mutation were to occur where would this be located within a gene? a) The protein coding sequence of that gene b) The protein coding sequence of a different gene c) In the region near a gene that regulates its transcription

c) In the region near a gene that regulates its transcription

During the Cambrian which lineages underwent a radiation: a) Independent origins of multicellularity primarily occurred during this time. b) Stromatolites c) The major animal lineages (phyla) d) Reptiles and mammals

c) The major animal lineages (phyla)

Transcription factors play an important role in development because: a) They are the building blocks of cells b) They are involved in protein-protein interactions c) They directly bind DNA and enable genes to be transcribed d) They are part of the spliceosome.

c) They directly bind DNA and enable genes to be transcribed

A transcriptome is comprised of: a) DNA b) Proteins c) mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, miRNA d) all of the above

c) mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, miRNA

Which of the following is NOT true: a) Cells have variable levels of adhesion to each other through their cadherins b) yolk impacts early cleavage patterns c) mechanisms of gastrulation across life are highly conserved d) mammals have three primary germ layers

c) mechanisms of gastrulation across life are highly conserved

If you found a mutant embryo that only contained a head and tail and no middle piece, which developmental gene do you think would most likely would be involved? a) A limb selector gene b) A Gap gene c) A Pair-rule gene d) A segment-polarity gene

b) A Gap gene

Which of the following are homologous: a) Bird wings and bat wings. b) A chimpanzee tooth and a fish tooth. c) Leglessness in a snake and an amphibian d) A human heart and a human pancreas

b) A chimpanzee tooth and a fish tooth.

Which of the following modifications could alter the transcription of a gene? a) A protein coding mutation in that genes exon b) A mutation in an enhancer for that gene c) Phosphorylation of the protein product for the gene d) A mutation in the UTR that prevents localization to the ribosome

b) A mutation in an enhancer for that gene

In the following phylogeny, which of the following is true? a) Taxa with eyes comprise a monophyletic lineage b) C is more closely related to D than to B c) The closest relative to G is A d) Eyelessness in A and G is homologous

b) C is more closely related to D than to B

Which of the following correctly represents the order of major innovations in animals, from the most ancestral to the most derived? a) Multicellularity, bilaterians, diploblasts, vertebrates b) Nervous system, triploblasts, chordates, vertebrates c) Multicellularity, chordates, bilaterians, triploblasts d) Diploblasts, triploblasts, multicellularity, vertebrates

b) Nervous system, triploblasts, chordates, vertebrates

Which of the following is the most accurate depiction of how DNA is inherited: a) Your genome is static and you pass it on to your offspring unchanged b) Your genome is mostly unchanged throughout your body and development but mutations occur during your life which can represent new sources of variation that can be passed onto your offspring and upon which evolution can act c) Your genome sequence is ever changing across your life and is different across each tissue and across time, thus what is inherited can be dramatically different from the genome you started with. d) DNA is inherited in the form of RNA transcripts that are inserted into gametes.

b) Your genome is mostly unchanged throughout your body and development but mutations occur during your life which can represent new sources of variation that can be passed onto your offspring and upon which evolution can act

Which of the following represents the underlying principle of parallel evolution: a) the same structures independently evolve in two organisms using different genetic or developmental mechanisms b) the same trait independently evolves in two organisms using the same ancestral genetic or developmental program c) when a phenotype goes from variable to fixed in a population d) an organism retains a reduced form of a trait that is no longer functional.

b) the same trait independently evolves in two organisms using the same ancestral genetic or developmental program

A way the environment impacts how a gene is expressed is through: a) Altering DNA methylation patterns b) Altering histone methylation and acetylation patterns c) Change in protein conformation d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Development did not play a role in the Modern Synthesis because: a) Researchers had yet to attempt to use development to understand evolution b) It had become unpopular partly because of faulty ideas of Haeckel c) It was thought that development was unique to each species and no generalities could be found d) B and C

d) B and C

Why is it harder to generate a homeotic mutation in vertebrates than Drosophila? a) Vertebrates use a segmentation clock b) Vertebrates lack segments c) Vertebrates have few Hox genes d) Hox genes occur in multiple copies in vertebrates and thus exhibit redundancy

d) Hox genes occur in multiple copies in vertebrates and thus exhibit redundancy

Which lineage has the most species? a) Poriferans (sponges) b) Molluscs c) Vertebrates d) Insects

d) Insects

Homeotic mutants in vertebrates are most often seen in the: a) Head structures b) Heart c) Skin d) Vertebrae e) Notochord

d) Vertebrae

Name three lineages which represent independent origins of multicellularity: _______________, ___________________, ___________________

plants, animals, and fungi

Which of the following is the correct order of events in gene expression? a) DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) protein b) DNA (translation) RNA (transcription) protein c) RNA (transcription) DNA (translation) protein d) Protein (translation) DNA (transcription) RNA

a) DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) protein

Hox gene colinearity: a) Is both spatial and temporal in vertebrates b) Is both spatial and temporal in Drosophila c) Refers to the conservation of the homeodomain across life Refers to the pattern by which more posterior genes repress more anterior ones

a) Is both spatial and temporal in vertebrates

Consider the Hox genes in the diagram below. Following the idea of posterior prevalence, if Ubx was mutated to be non-functional what would the identity of the third thoracic segment instead be? (antp // Ubx Abd-A Abd-B) a) Like that of the second thoracic segment (Antp identity) b) Like that of the anterior abdomen (abd-A identity) c) Like that of the anterior thorax (Scr identity) d) The same, as the fate of Ubx segments is the default state

a) Like that of the second thoracic segment (Antp identity)