BIOL275 Exam 3

Foodborne intoxication is best defined as an illness that results from: A. Consumption of an exotoxin produced by a microorganism growing in a food product B. Consumption of food that has been spoiled as a result of the accumulation of metabolites from spoilage organisms C. Consumption of food that contains high levels of ethanol as a result of the fermentation activities of the microorganisms D. Consumption of a pathogen living in a food product

A. Consumption of an exotoxin produced by a microorganism growing in a food product

All phages must have the ability to 1. have their nucleic acid enter the host cell. 2. kill the host cell. 3. multiply in the absence of living bacteria. 4. lyse the host cell. 5. have their nucleic acid replicate in the host cell. 1,2 2,3 3,4 1,5

1,5

What mechanisms do newly assembled viruses use to leave their host cell? (more than one answer) A. Triggering apoptosis B. Triggering endocytosis C. Budding D. Fusion

A. Triggering apoptosis C. Budding

Antigen-antibody aggregates can be observed in _______ reactions. Allergic Inflammatory Agglutination Condensation

Agglutination

Viruses that infect bacteria are called: A. Bacteriophages B. Virions C. Plasmids D. Viroids E. Prions

A. Bacteriophages

Substances added to a vaccine to enhance the immune response are called: Haptens Adjuvants Cytokines Activators

Adjuvants

Before a B cell undergoing antigen-induced activation can proliferate, it must usually get help from ____. Cytotoxic T cells Neutrophils that have initially responded to the antigen in the infected area Other B cells in the area also undergoing activation Another type of lymphocyte - a helper T cell

Another type of lymphocyte - a helper T cell

All of the following are components of innate immunity EXCEPT: Effector antigens First-line defenses Sensor systems Antibodies

Antibodies

The binding of a bacteriophage surface protein to host cell receptor is called ____: Synthesis Attachment Assembly Fixation Release Entry

Attachment

The tail fibers on phages are associated with Attachment Penetration Transcription of phage DNA Assembly of virus

Attachment

Place the steps of an animal virus infection cycle in the correct order. I. Penetration and uncoating II. Attachment III. Synthesis of viral proteins and replication of the genome IV. Assembly V. Release A. V → IV → III → I → II B. II → I → III → IV → V C. II → I → IV → III → V D. I → II → III → IV → V E. IV → III → II → I → V

B. II → I → III → IV → V

Which of the following accurately describe Escherichia coli O157:H7? (more than one answer) A. It is commonly found as a member of the normal microbiota of humans and only causes disease in immunocompromised individuals B. It is a common serotype of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) C. It can colonize the intestinal tract of healthy cattle and other livestock and is then shed in their feces D. Because it resists high heat, thorough cooking is not a reliable method of killing the pathogen E. It causes bloody diarrhea F. Infection sometimes results in life-threatening hemolytic uremia syndrome (HUS)

B. It is a common serotype of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) C. It can colonize the intestinal tract of healthy cattle and other livestock and is then shed in their feces E. It causes bloody diarrhea F. Infection sometimes results in life-threatening hemolytic uremia syndrome (HUS)

Which of the following correctly describe foodborne infection? (more than one answer) A. Thorough cooking of food is not sufficient to prevent infection B. Symptoms of illness usually do no appear for at least 1 day after eating the contaminated food C. Symptoms usually include diarrhea D. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella and Campylobacter species are examples of causative organisms.

B. Symptoms of illness usually do no appear for at least 1 day after eating the contaminated food C. Symptoms usually include diarrhea D. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella and Campylobacter species are examples of causative organisms.

Which of the following statements about viruses are true? (more than one answer) A. The viral capsid is composed of carbohydrates B. The viral capsid is composed of protein C. Viruses contain RNA or DNA but not both D. Viruses may contain both DNA and RNA in one capsid

B. The viral capsid is composed of protein C. Viruses contain RNA or DNA but not both

Foodborne infection: A. Is caused by the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum B. Produces symptoms usually just a few hours after consuming contaminated food C. Can be prevented by thorough cooking of food immediately before eating it

C. Can be prevented by thorough cooking of food immediately before eating it

The conversion of CO2 into an organic form by primary producers is called: A. The carbon availability reaction B Organization of carbon C. Carbon fixation D. Carbon production

C. Carbon fixation

_______ water carried by the Mississippi River is the primary cause of the large dead zone that forms in the Gulf of Mexico. A. Nutrient-poor B. Salty C. Nutrient-rich D. Deoxygenated

C. Nutrient-rich

Nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide can all serve as _____ for certain species of anaerobic prokaryotes. A. Building blocks for biological macromolecules B. Sources of carbon compounds C. Terminal electron acceptors D. Catalysts

C. Terminal electron acceptors

Protective outcomes of activation of the complement system include __________: (more than one answer) Cell lysis Inflammatory response Opsonization Antibody production Phagocytosis

Cell lysis Inflammatory response Opsonization

Based on their type of __________, antibodies are categorized into _____ major classes. Variable region, 6 Fab region, 5 Constant region, 5 Heavy chain, 6

Constant region, 5

Which of the following is false? Culture techniques are an accurate way of determining which members in a microbial community are most common. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be used to distinguish subsets of prokaryotes that contain a specific nucleotide sequence. Taxonomic diversity can be can be studied by examining 16S rRNA sequences. Studying the genome of one organism can give insights into the characteristics of another

Culture techniques are an accurate way of determining which members in a microbial community are most common.

The type of molecule delivered by helper T cells as a signal that helps activate B cells is a: Monocyte Neurotransmitter Cytokine Neurohormone

Cytokine

Immune cells communicate with each other through _______: (more than one answer) Cytokines Surface receptors Antibodies Adhesion molecules

Cytokines Surface receptors Adhesion molecules

The cyclical paths that elements take as they flow from living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of ecosystems are: A. Krebs cycles B. Calvin cycles C. Elemental cycles D. Biogeochemical cycles

D. Biogeochemical cycles

_______ requires consumption of exotoxins whereas ______ requires the consumption of living organisms. A. Food poisoning, food sickness B. Foodborne infection, foodborne intoxication C. Food poisoning, foodborne intoxication D. Foodborne intoxication, foodborne infection

D. Foodborne intoxication, foodborne infection

The _____ or maturation stage of the T4 lytic cycle is marked by the formation of new phage particles inside of the host cell. A. Construction B. Development C. Precursor D. Preliminary E. Assembly

E. Assembly

Sort the following into the appropriate box: Upper layer Lower later May be anaerobic Generally rich in oxygen

EPILIMNION: Upper layer Generally rich in oxygen HYPOLIMNION: Lower layer May be anaerobic

Which of the following pairs that relate to aquatic environments does not match? Oligotrophic—nutrient poor Hypoxic— O2 poor Epilimnion—O2 poor Eutrophic—nutrient rich

Epilimnion—O2 poor

Which of the following techniques can be used to count and separate cells labeled with fluorescent antibodies? ELISA Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter Western Blot Gel electrophoresis

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter

The ______ test uses fluorescently labeled antibodies and a fluorescence microscope to detect specific antigens. Southern blot Fluorescent antibody (FA) Western blot ELISA FACS

Fluorescent antibody (FA)

Which of the following best describes humoral immunity of the adaptive immune system: Humoral immunity is cell-mediated and consists of T cells originating from the thymus Humoral immunity describes first-line defense mechanisms and physical barriers in the body to prevent infection Humoral immunity includes immune defenses in extracellular fluids such as blood and tissue fluids, and includes B lymphocytes produced in the bone marrow Humoral immunity is an antiquated term that stems from the four humors first described by Hippocrates.

Humoral immunity is an antiquated term that stems from the four humors first described by Hippocrates.

Diagnostic tests that rely on the specificity of antibody-antigen interactions are called: Epitope analysis Immunoassays Hybridization assays Antigenic determination

Immunoassays

An effective vaccine should do all of the following EXCEPT: Cause very few side effects Induce antibody production Induce protective immune cells Induce an inflammatory response Provide lasting protection

Induce an inflammatory response

Because the attenuated strain replicates in the vaccine recipient, causing an infection with undetectable or mild symptoms, an attenuated vaccine typically: (more than one answer) Induces the appropriate type of immune response to the pathogen Elicits a poor cell-mediated immune response Yields only short-term protection Leads to a widespread rash that resolves in several days Results in long-lasting immunity

Induces the appropriate type of immune response to the pathogen Results in long-lasting immunity

The main "weapon" that a TC cell uses is ______. Phagocytosis and respiratory burst Complement cascade activation Induction of apoptosis Release of enzymes in the area of an infected cell with the ability to degrade the pathogen or antigen directly

Induction of apoptosis

Biogeochemical cycles are important because: a. Elements are modified in important ways as they cycle between biotic and abiotic components, enhancing their usefulness. b. Elements are unstable when found only in one form; their stability is enhanced when they go from biotic to abiotic forms and back c. A fixed and limited amount of the elements that make up living cells exists on the earth and in the atmosphere

c. A fixed and limited amount of the elements that make up living cells exists on the earth and in the atmosphere

How does bacteriophage nucleic acid enter the host cell? Engulfment Injection Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Transduction

Injection

A molecule that can bind to a given surface receptor is called a _______ for that receptor. Substrate Fit Chemoattractant Ligand

Ligand

Filamentous phages infect animal and bacterial cells. cause their host cells to grow more quickly. are extruded from the host cell. undergo assembly in the cytoplasm.

are extruded from the host cell.

______ are responsible for adaptive immune responses and include two major groups: B cells and T cells. Eosinophils Monocytes Phagocytes Lymphocytes Basophils

Lymphocytes

______ recognize only a single epitope. Polyclonal antibodies Adjuvant antibodies Monoclonal antibodies Cell-specific antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies

A ______ is a vesicle that surrounds and encloses a particle brought into a phagocytic cell by phagocytosis. Lysosome Engulfosome Phagolysosome Phagosome

Phagosome

A ________ antibody preparation contains antibodies from multiple lines of B cells. Monoclonal Hyperclonal Polyclonal Hypoclonal

Polyclonal

Which of the following are possible results of artificially acquired passive immunity? (more than one answer) Prevention of disease immediately before or after exposure Long-term immunologic memory of exposure Limiting the duration of some diseases Blocking the action of microbial toxins

Prevention of disease immediately before or after exposure Limiting the duration of some diseases Blocking the action of microbial toxins

Place the steps of dead zone formation in the correct order: I. Photosynthetic organisms multiply II. Marine animals flee or die III. Nutrient-rich runoff enters inshore areas IV. Heterotrophic organisms consume dissolved oxygen a. II → III → I → IV b. III → I → IV → II c. IV → I → II → III d. III → II → I → IV

b. III → I → IV → II

The known function of IgD is in _____. Proper development and maturation of T cells Assisting activation of the classical pathway of the complement cascade Protecting mucous membrane against commonly encountered pathogens Proper development and maturation of antibody response

Proper development and maturation of antibody response

Capsids are composed of DNA RNA Protein Lipids

Protein

The four signs of inflammation that are always present include: (four answers) Redness Swelling Pain Rash Heat Chills Loss of function

Redness Swelling Pain Heat

HIV is described as a ________ because it uses __________ to make a DNA copy from its RNA genome. Reverse virus, retrotranscriptase Backwards virus, backwards transcriptase Retrovirus, transducing transcriptase Pathogenic virus, virulence transcriptase Retrovirus, reverse transcriptase

Retrovirus, reverse transcriptase

The transition from seronegative to seropositive status is referred to as: Agglutination Immunogenicity Seroconversion Complement cascade

Seroconversion

Which of the following is not a matching pair? Soil—minimal biodiversity Bacillus—endospores Streptomyces—geosmin production Rhizosphere—soil that adheres to plant root

Soil—minimal biodiversity

Which of the following best describes an epitope: The region of an antibody that recognizes specific cell types The specific set of cytotoxic compounds produced by cytotoxic T cells The distinct region of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system A chemical messenger that activates B cells.

The distinct region of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system

Which of the following organisms cause foodborne intoxication? Shiga toxin-producing E. coli Campylobacter species Lactobacillus species Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus

First-line defenses of innate immunity are _____. Complement proteins The body's physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes Antibodies Phagocytic cells

The body's physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes

Which of the following areas have a mucous membrane lining? (more than one answer) The skeletal system The respiratory tract The genitourinary tract The central nervous system The digestive tract

The respiratory tract The genitourinary tract The digestive tract

The concentration of specific antibodies is referred to as the: Load Molarity Titer Capacity

Titer

For each statement regarding antigen-antibody interaction tests, determine whether it corresponds with direct testing, indirect testing, or both: Typically used to identify an unknown agent: ______________ Antigen is attached to a solid surface: ___________________ Requires a labeled secondary antibody: __________________

Typically used to identify an unknown agent: ___DIRECT_________ Antigen is attached to a solid surface: ____BOTH_______________ Requires a labeled secondary antibody: ____INDIRECT__________

A ________ vaccine is composed of empty capsids. Whole agent Toxoid Polysaccharide VLP (virus-like particles)

VLP (virus-like particles)

The amino acid sequence of the end of the "arms" of different antibody molecules is ______. Variable, thus providing the basis for antibody specificity to antigens Conserved, thus providing the basis for antibody specificity to antigens Conserved, thus providing the "red flag" for other immune system components to eliminate the antigen Variable, thus providing the "red flag" for other immune system components to eliminate the antigen.

Variable, thus providing the basis for antibody specificity to antigens

Match each type of immunity with the correct source: ____ Exposure to antigen by vaccination ____ Mother's IgG antibodies crossing the placenta and protecting the fetus ____ Exposure to antigen during infection ____ Injection of another person's antibodies I. Artificially acquired active immunity II. Naturally acquired active immunity III. Artificially acquired passive immunity IV. Naturally acquired passive immunity

_I___ Exposure to antigen by vaccination _IV_ Mother's IgG antibodies crossing the placenta and protecting the fetus _II__ Exposure to antigen during infection _III_Injection of another person's antibodies

The purpose of the hematopoietic stem cells is to give rise to: (more than one answer) Epithelial cells White blood cells Skeletal muscle cells Nerve cells Red blood cells

White blood cells Red blood cells

Soils are a good example of why studying microbial diversity is challenging, because: a. DNA cannot be extracted from soil samples, preventing metagenomics studies of these environments b. Soils contain nearly no microbial life c. Microorganisms in soil cannot survive without the presence of other organisms found in soil such as earthworms d. A single gram of soil may contain between 104 and 107 different microbial species

d. A single gram of soil may contain between 104 and 107 different microbial species

Adding high levels of nutrients to a lake or inshore area would have all of the following effects in that environment except... death of clams and crabs. increased growth of heterotrophic microbes. increased growth of photosynthetic organisms. increased levels of dissolved O2.

increased levels of dissolved O2.