Biological Science - Cancer

What type of genetic testing can show susceptibility to cancer?

All of the Above

The replication of the genetic material occurs following a successful passage of which checkpoint?

G1

radioactive tracer of active cells, can trace cancer to lymph nodes

PET scan

Which step in creating vaccines is the first step?

White blood cells are removed from the body and stimulated to divide.

The use of a drug to treat a disease but this term typically refers to the process of using drugs to treat cancer, control the spread of cancer, and reduce symptoms caused by cancer.

chemotherapy

Lowest energy and longest wavelengths

radiowaves

What is the first step to determine if a patient is susceptible to a certain type of cancer?

A blood test to detect the presence of a specific mutation related to known cancer genes

Fourth step in creating vaccines

Acting as a messenger, the white blood cells stimulate the immune system to produce T cells.

What does a complete blood count look for?

All of the above

What type of blood tests test for presence of cancer?

All of the above

What type of body scans test for presence of cancer?

All of the above

Which of the following is incorrect regarding cancer?

All of these are correct about cancer.

The sister chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes that begin to move toward the poles of the cell.

Anaphase

Prevent DNA replication; mimic nucleotides

Antimetabolites

What type of surgical procedure tests for presence of cancer?

Biopsy

Looks for normal blood cells in correct amounts, provide information about which type of body scan to use

CBC complete blood count

The most widely used method, ______________, is used to modify DNA by either removing nucleotides and inactivating genes or inserting new nucleotides and changing the function of the gene.

CRISPR

X-rays Organs from multiple angles

CT scan

Starts with changes at the genetic level of individual cells, which may cause some cells to lose control and divide rapidly and uncontrollably

Cancer

The immune system acts to defend and protect the body. Which of the following reasons would explain why cancer cells are not affected by the immune system?

Cancer cells are not recognized as nonself cells and can continue to divide without attracting the attention of the immune system.

What distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells?

Cancer cells continue to divide even when they come into contact with other cells and are not regulated because they have lost the ability to control cell division.

Billions of new ____________ are produced every day to repair damaged tissues or replace worn out cells.

Cells

Cancer is a disease that occurs at what level of biological organization of things?

Cellular

Works by targeting the characteristics of cancer cells, particularly their rapid cell division; targets all cells in the body and can interfere with other rapidly dividing cells, including the digestive and blood cells;

Chemotherapy

At high doses, radiation can be used as a form of treatment to kill cancer cells or slow their growth by damaging?

DNA

Looks for specific mutations or differences in gene expression; assesses effect of treatment on gene expression

DNA microarray

Compares nucleotide sequence of isolated gene to a normal gene

DNA sequencing

Uses a machine to aim beams of energy to specific parts of the body

External Radiation treatment

At which of the following checkpoints is a cell's DNA checked for damage, and if found, the cell is sent to the G0 phase?

G2

detects mutations in known cancer genes

Genetic Testing

How would you describe how genetic information is stored in a DNA molecule?

Genetic information is stored in the order of the nitrogen bases that form in the interior of the DNA double-helix.

In order for cancer to develop, which of the following events must occur?

Genetic mutation causes a cell to lose its normal genetic programming and control mechanisms and unregulated cell division occurs.

Also known as brachytherapy; this technique deposits small amounts of radioactive materials inside the body; emits radiation that damages the DNA of the surrounding cells and damages nearby healthy cells too.

Internal radiation

Type of cancer typically found in bones

Leukemia

Type of cancer found in the lung area

Lymphoma

radio waves and magnets generate detailed pictures of the body

MRI

Type of cancer found on the skin

Melanoma

The mitotic spindle aligns the replicated chromosomes at the center of the cell.

Metaphase

The information for producing a protein is contained within which part of the DNA molecule?

Nitrogen-containing bases

Select the functions of chromosomes in a cell.

Organization of contents of DNA and assistance in process of cell division

Makes multiple copies of gene of interest for further study

PCR

Replicated chromosomes condense and attach to the mitotic spindle.

Prophase

A form of cancer management in which high-powered energy beams kill cancer cells, shrink tumors and ease cancer symptoms.

Radiation Therapy

A treatment that involves the use of the movement of energy to shrink the size of a tumor before surgery; destroys tumor cells after surgery

Radiation therapy

Type of cancer found in men reproductive areas

Testicular

Final step in creating vaccines

The cytotoxic T cells seek out cells with the antigen and destroy those cancer cells.

Which of the following is most likely to occur when a tumor-suppressor gene is mutated?

The tumor-suppressor gene and resulting protein may lose their function and the ability to slow down the rate of the cell cycle.

Second step in creating vaccines

The white blood cells are exposed to an antigen found only on the surface of cancer cells.

Third step in creating vaccines

The white blood cells uptake some of the antigen and are then inserted back into the body.

Type of cancer found in the neck generally

Thyroid

Prevent DNA replication; disables enzyme needed to unwind double-helix

Topoisomerase inhibitors

Which process achieves the conversion of the information found in DNA to create a specific chain of amino acids?

Translation

Which term describes an overgrowth of abnormal cells that serves no useful purpose?

Tumor

_______ cell division is a hallmark of cancer.

Unregulated

Which statement about external radiation is true?

Uses a machine to deliver beams of radiation and allows for precise delivery of radiation.

??? and the immune systemin mounting attacks against cancer cells by targeting antigens only found on the surface of cancer cells.

Vaccines

Often used to treat cancer; can be more easily directed to specific cells because they have high energy levels and short wavelengths

X-ray and gamma rays

In external radiation therapy for cancer, gamma rays and ??? are used because these contain the highest levels of energy.

Xrays

What is a gene?

a sequence of genetic information that contains instructions used to make a protein

The cell cyle is......

a series of events during which a cell prepares to and then divides into two new identical cells

mitotic inhibitor; interferes with spindle fiber formation; inhibit the formation of microtobules

alkaloids

Damages DNA; integrates into and breaks DNA

alkylating agents

Variations in genes, such as those you might see on homologous chromosomes, are called.....

alleles

Looks for proteins produced by cancer cells or tumors

blood marker test

Isolates white blood cells to sample DNA

blood test

a treatment in which a source of radiation is put inside the body

brachytherapy

At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must _____________

contain a set of genetic instructions that are identical to each other and that of the parent cell

The entire cell physically divides into two daughter cells.

cytokinesis

Cancer cells

disregard their genetic programming; lose their specialization; divide uncontrollably

radiation is identified based on its wavelength; energy increases and wavelength decreases

electromagnetic spectrum

Although there are many different forms of cancer, it is presumed that cancer is a disease caused by the combined effects of both genetic and ________________.

environmental factors

Specifically, for cancer treatments, the CRISPR system targets DNA sequence for _______________________, proteins in which the genes have been mutated and are causing unregulated growth of a cell.

fusion proteins

Highest energy and shortest wavelengths

gamma rays

A sequence of information in the genome, which provides the instructions for forming a protein or enzyme, is called a ...

gene

____________ technology is a method to make specific changes to the sequence of a DNA molecule. Allows scientists to alter an organism's DNA and restoring the function of a cell.

genome editing

The production of cells is closely regulated by a variety of ______________ and genetic mechanisms within the cell to ensure that only the correct type and number of cells are produced.

hormones

A DNA molecule stores genetic information.....

in the structure of the molecule, particularly the order of the nitrogen bases.

Immunotherapies include the use of chemical signals to activate the immune system, such as _______________, which are proteins that signal white blood cells to be active in an immune response.

interleukins

Seeds placed in direct contact with tumor

interstitial brachytherapy

Seeds placed in nearby body cavity, the most common form used in breast cancer

intracavitary brachytherapy

The generalized ______ of control over cell reproduction exhibited by cancer cells is the result of accumulated abnormalities and is reflected in several aspects of cell behavior that distinguish cancer cells from their normal cells.

loss

What molecule helps to move the genetic information from the nucleus of the cell to the ribosome?

mRNA

x-ray of breast tissue

mammogram

As a cell divides, combinations of genetic instructions are turned on and off based on signals from nearby cells and the environment. As a result, cells become

more specialized

The class of organic molecules responsible for storing and processing genetic information are the ....

nucleic acids

genes that have lost their ability to function

oncogenes

Inheriting a defective copy of which tumor-suppressor gene is associated with increased susceptibility to developing breast cancer?

p53; BRCA 1

refers to the movement of energy in the form of either waves or particles

radiation

Sometimes radiation can be expelled by ______________ in the form of alpha and beta particles to treat specific cells and tissues within the body.

radioactive compounds

A nucleic acid is best defined as a molecule that.....

stores genetic information

mitotic inhibitor; interfere with spindle fiber release of sister chromatids; prevent breakdown of microtobules

taxanes

As new chromosomes reach the poles, the nuclear envelopes re-form, and the chromatin decondenses.

telophase

Which of these could be describing the function of chromosomes?

the filing cabinet of the cell, because they organize the genes of the DNA

Cancers are named based on which of the following?

the types of tissues or organs they originate in

The checkpoints that regulate the cell cycle are....

under the control of proteins

Alleles are ...

variations in genes

The electromagnetic spectrum, which indicates the range of all types of radiation is based on?

wavelengths

What does a blood test for susceptibility to cancer extract for DNA tests?

white blood cells