Biology 1 Final Exam Review
Eliminated as Heat
Only 10% of the energy storted in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for the organism's life processes, and the rest is?
ATP Structure
2 nitrogen containing adenine rings, 5 carbon sugar ribose, and 3 chair triphosphates.
Oxygen
Cellular respriration is called an aerobic process because it requires this element.
Pesticides
Chemicals that are used to kill unwanted insects that do harm to the environment by killing beneficial insects that are important to the ecosystem. Example: (Honey Bees)
Sweat Glands
During exercise, the human body temperature increases. Glands in the skin secrete perspiration to cool the body and return the temperature to a normal rate.
Excretory system
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. An organ system that removes wastes and maintains water balance
Golgi apparatus
Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and send proteins to their final destination.
Producers
Photosynthetic organisms in an ecosystem are an example of this. They are the greatest mass of any ecosystem.
Thin & Moist
Gases diffuse most efficiently across a respiratory membrane if the membrane is this?
Respiration
Glucose and oxygen are used and carbon dioxide and water are produced. (C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O)
Logistic growth
Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth.
Exponential growth
Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. Ideal conditions no slow down.
Cell Specialization
In multicellular organisms, it allows cells to perform different functions.
Single-loop Circulatory system
In this system, the atrium receives blood from the body.
Nucleus
Instructions are stored here when cells build new proteins in certain organelles.
Human Activity
It has become the most important source of environmental change on Earth. Changes in an ecosytem which are a direct result of the presence of humans
Population Density
Number of individuals per unit of area. Example: ( 150 Saguaro cactus per square kilometer )
Sexual Reproduction
Offspring are produced from the fusion of male and female gametes. Reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite.
Digestive system & Circulatory system
One system extracts nutrients from food, and the other system delivers these nutrients to cells.
Sugars
Simple carbohydrates, both mono- and disaccharides. It provides cells with energy in order to make ATP.
Multicellular levels of organization
Simplest to most complex level. (Cell, tissue, organ, organ system.)
Arthropod respiratory organs
Spiracles, gills, and book lungs. Though each type of organ is developed with different structures, they carry out essentially the same function.
Carbon Dioxide & Water
Two reactants used during photosynthesis. Used by plants to form Glucose and oxygen.
Greenhouse effect
Warming of the Earth's atmosphere by trapping of re-radiated and reflected heat by carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Nitrogen fertilizer
What has been added to soil to increase crop production. A variable in concentration that could affect the growth of plants.
Population Drop
When the carrying capacity is exceeded, resources are too low to support the population.
Nerve Cell
a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses. A function most similar to an electrical wire.
Predators
animals that kill and eat other animals. Needed to control the rapid increase in primary consumers. Example: (To control a rabbit population.)
Control Group
standard to which the outcome of a test is compared. The group that isn't changed or manipulated.
Independant Variable
the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Nitrogen
the most abundant gas in the atmosphere that living things need to make protens. Animals obtain it by the consumption of plants or plant-eating animals.
Cell specialization
Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.
Trophic Model
A model of community organization in which predation influences community organization by controlling herbivore numbers, which in turn control plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control nutrient levels; also called the top-down model. Usually the bottom levels outnumber the top level living organism numbers.
Coal burning power plants
A way to generate electricity that emits the greatest amount of greenhouse gases. It also release mercury into the atmosphere, contaminating foods such as fish.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes. Before energy can be used by a cell, the energy in the chemical bonds of sugar must be stored in this type of molecule.
Neurons
After pain is felt, these send messages to react. Example:(When a human hand is quickly pulled away from a hot stove.)
Hydrolysis
Breaking down large molecules by the chemical addition of water.
Plant Cell
Surround by a rigid coat of cellulose, has a well defined nuclear membrane, has DNA and contains organelles such as a mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Carrying Capacity
The area on a population graph where the population of a species levels off.
Water
The most abundant compund in most living things.
Sunlight
The original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems.
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respriation
The relationship in which one produces carbohydrates that are used to make ATP in the other.
Oxygen & Carbohydrates
These molecules are produced during photosynthesis and later as reactants.
Guard Cell
They allow the exchange of gases for the processes of photosynthesis and respiration in the leaf cells.
Mitochondria & Chloroplast
They are organelles that provide cells with energy.
Denitrifying bacteria
They convert nitrates in soil or water to gaseous nitrogen and release it back into the atmosphere.
Response to an Enviroment
This abiotic factor would best explain why birds fly south for the winter.
Carbohydrates
This organic compound is the main source of energy for living things.
Stomach acid
This secretion in the human digestive system helps to prevent illness that could be caused by bacteria.
Dependent Herbivores
This type of species will have to find a new food source if they rely on a single plant that is removed from a food web.
Food Pyramid
a hierarchy of food chains with the principle predator at the top. Energy is greater at the bottom since organisms at each level lose energy in the form of heat to the environment.
Conclusion
a summary of the results of the experiment and a statement of how the results relate to the hypothesis.
Ecological Succession
gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance. Example: (A fire that destroyed an area will experience a slow and gradual change of plant and animal species until it is similar to the area before the damage.)
DDT pesticide
kills mosquitos > malaria in soil > not natural and doesn't break down > earthworms eat it > birds eat worms > birds of prey eat smaller birds > reduced bird population by having a negative effect on eggshell thickness.
Semi-Permeable
membranes that allow some substances through but not others. Example:( Red blood cells will allow water oxygen and carbon dioxide and glucose to pass through.)
Enzymes
protein substances that speed up chemical reactions in living cells.
Algae Bloom
rapid growth of algae due to overabundance of food (nutrients) from fertilizer and sewage. It will cause competition for oxygen in the lake, decreasing oxygen vital to other aquatic species.
Abiotic Characteristics
rocks, water, sunlight, nutrients, climates, and other nonliving characteristics. Can cause a habitat to change. Example: (Mountain pond to changes into a meadow over a period of 200 years.)
Diffusion
the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Example: ( Celery becomes soggy in salt water when water is moved from the celery cell to the salt water solution.)
Bacteria & Viruses
types of microorganisms that both have nucleic acids.
