Biology 101 Ch 1-3 Test

What are some differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil

Which of these best describes the production of sucrose, maltose, and lactose?

Glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose. Glucose and galactose combine to form lactose. Two glucose monomers combine to form maltose.

Which of the following are classified as lipids?

oils and waxes

How do phospholipids contribute to cell membrane structure?

phospholipids orient their heads towards the polar molecules and tails in the interior of the membrane, thus forming a bilayer.

Dehydration synthesis leads to the formation of what?

polymers

Cellulose and starch are examples of_______________.

polysaccharides

What makes up the outer layer of some insects?

proteins

What is the relationship between amino acids and proteins?

proteins are a combination of 20 different amino acids

What is found in RNA that is not in DNA?

ribose and uracil

Which structure level of proteins is most often associated with their biological function?

secondary structure

Ionic bonds are generally________than covalent bonds.

stronger

Which of the following is a function of proteins in cells?

structure

What is the smallest type of RNA

tRNA

Which type of body cell would have a higher amount of cholesterol in its membrane?

the liver

Of what are phospholipids important components?

the plasma membrane of animal cells

What is the difference between dehydration and hydrolysis reactions?

dehydration reaction is the process where water is being removed and hydrolysis reaction is adding water in order to break it down

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

What may a nucleotide of DNA contain?

deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group

Which of the following bodily process would most likely be hindered by a lack of water in the body?

digestion

What is the relationship between protein shape and function?

its shape determines its function and if an extreme amount of pH or heat is applied they lose their shape and they aren't able to function properly

What part of cell membranes gives flexibility to the structure?

lipids

What are the four classes of lipids and what is an example of each?

lipids like margarine wax like the coating on feathers phospholipids like cell membrane constituents steroid like cholesterol

What are three functions that lipids serve in plants and/or other animals?

lipids serve in the storage of energy, as carriers for the transport of proteins across the membrane, and as signaling molecules

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1)State a question or problem 2)Form a hypothesis 3)Design and conduct an experiment the test the hypothesis 4)Measure the results of the test 5)Analyze the results to determine if the hypothesis is correct

Order these correctly: 1. If the car doesn't start the problem might be in the battery. 2. Car doesn't start. 3. After changing the battery, Car starts working. 4. The car should start after charging the battery or changing the battery. 5. The car doesn't start because the battery is dead. 6. The car doesn't start even after charging the battery, the battery must have stopped working.

2,1,5,4,6,3

If xenon has an atomic number of 54 and a mass number of 108, how many neutrons does it have?

54

The word hydrolysis is defined as the lysis of water. How does this apply to polymers?

Polymers are separated into monomers producing energy and water molecules.

Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration?

Shells 1, 2, and 3 are full, and shell 4 has one electron

Which of these describe some of the similarities and differences between glycogen and starch?

Starch is less branched than glycogen and is found in plants.

What are functions of fats in living organisms?

They store energy and provide insulation from the environment

How are monosaccharide building blocks assembled into disaccharides and complex polysaccharides?

Through dehydration reaction, covalent bonds are formed between the monosaccharides to make disaccharides and again to form polysaccharides. The bonds holding these together are known as glycosidic bond.

How are complex macromolecules polymers synthesized from monomers?

Through dehydration synthesis reactions, monomers are bonded together creating one long chain or, polymer.

What is DNA's structure described as?

a double helix

What type of bond joins the molecules in the disaccharide lactose? What molecule is joined with glucose to form lactose?

a glycosidic bond between glucose and galactose

What is a suggested and testable explanation for an event called?

a hypothesis

What is cholesterol specifically classified as?

a steroid

What are the monomers that make up proteins called?

amino acids

What type of protein facilitates or accelerates chemical reactions?

an enzyme

What are the four type of functions of RNA?

mRNA: is a single stranded transcript of DNA rRNA: is found in ribosomes tRNA: transfers specific amino acids to a developing protein strand miRNA: regulates the expression of mRNA strands

List common monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

mono- glucose, fructose di- lactose, maltose, sucrose poly- glycogen, starch

Where is the linkage made that combines two amino acids?

between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other

Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance?

cellulose

Which of the following may cause a protein to denature?

changes in pH, high temperature, the addition of some chemicals

What type of compound functions in hormone production, contributes to membrane flexibility, and is the starting molecule for bile salts?

cholesterol, which is a lipid and also a steroid, functions here

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

Discuss the role of carbohydrates in cells and in the extracellular materials of animals and plants.

Carbohydrates provide energy for the cells

Explain the classification of carbohydrates.

Carbs can be broken up into grains, fruits, and vegetables 3 types: mono, di, and polysaccharides

Identify and describe the properties of life.

Cell- every living thing is made of cells, every cell comes from a cell, cell is the smallest thing Metabolism- all chemical reactions that occur Growth- increase in the mass of an organism Excretion- process of removing waste Respond- ability to sense and react to stimuli (homeostasis) Movement- individual cell or organism Reproduction- asexual or sexual Death

Which hormones are made from cholesterol?

estradiol and testosterone

Where is cholesterol found in the cell membrane?

floating in the phospholipid tail layer

What is the basic structure of a steroid?

four fused hydrocarbon rings

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

fructose

Which molecule carries information in a form that is inherited from one generation to another?

hereditary information is stored in DNA

Which type of bond exemplifies a weak chemical bond?

hydrogen bonds

During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?

hydrolysis

Energy is released as a result of which of the following chemical reactions?

hydrolysis

What is removed during the formation of nucleic polymers?

hydroxyl groups

Where is the largest amount of DNA found in a eukaryotic cell?

in the nucleus

What are the differences among ionic bonds, covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds?

ionic bonds- they are bonded through ions covalent bonds- equally shared electrons polar covalent bonds- unequally shared electrons hydrogen bonds- weak, and they are between two opposite charges

What forms ionic bonds?

ions with opposite charges

What are atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei called?

isotopes

How does cholesterol help maintain the fluid nature of the plasma membrane of cells?

it helps their cell to cell transportation through the cell membrane

What are functions of proteins in cells and tissues?

they act as enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions, provide structural support, regulate the passage of substances across the cell membrane, protect against disease, and coordinate cell signaling pathways

What is the molecular structure of phospholipids, and what is the role of phospholipids in cells?

they have a hydrophillic head and hydrophobic fatty tail hey have a glycerol or sphingosine backbone to which two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group are attached

What is the basic structure of a steroid, and what are examples of their functions?

they have a ring structure and hydrophobic, they have four linked carbons and control metabolism

Explain why trans fats have been banned from some restaurants. How are trans fats made, and what effect does a simple chemical change have on the properties of the lipid?

they have been shown to contribute to heart disease, leads to bad cholesterol and plaque in the arteries they are made by blowing hydrogen gas through the oils to solidify them it can change the type of fat being consumed and can be heart healthy lipids

Which of the following characteristics is not true for saturated fats?

they tend to dissolve in water easily

What are four types of lipids?

triglycerides, waxes, steroids, phospholipids

Which fat serves as an animal's major form of energy storage?

trigylcerides

Which fat has the least number of hydrogen atoms?

unsaturated fat

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature saturated fats are solid at room temperature saturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbons unsaturated fatty acids has a double bond is hydrocarbon chain