Biology 102 Review Guide 3

What roles does the circulatory system play in managing heat loss and gain?

Provide a route for heat flow and between the interior and exterior of the body.

Stomata

allow the exchange of CO2 and O2 between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf. Stomata are major avenues for the evaporative loss of water. Leaves have large surface areas ,increases photosynthesis, but also water loss 95% of water loss is through stomata Guard cells control the diameter of the stoma by changing shape when turgid, guard cells bow and the stoma opens when flaccid, guard cells flatten and the stoma closes,

inhibition

a.) transmitter binding causes hyperpolarization (increases membrane potential b.) membrane less sensitive to further stimulation c.) decreases chance of AP.

Trypsin

an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine

Four components of blood

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

atroventricular valves

prevent blood from flowing back into atria.

semilunar valves

prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles

Aldosterone

promotes reabsorption of Na+

prostate gland

single, doughnut-shaped gland. It surrounds the superior portion of the urethra just below the bladder. It secretes an alkaline fluid that makes up about 13% to 33% of seminal fluid. Its secretion plays a role in activating the sperm cells to swim.

What are mycorrhizal fungi and why are they important to plants?

. increase the surface area for absorbing water and minerals, especially phosphate.

composition of plasma

92% water, proteins, amino acids, hormones, electrolytes

Describe how proton pumps create a membrane potential. Explain how the resulting H+ concentration gradient is used to cotransport solutes by active transport.

A membrane potential is established through pumping H+ by proton pumps energy of H+ gradients is used to cotransport solutes by active transport.

Give a thorough explanation of vascular cambium. What is it? Where is it? What does it do? How does it do it?

Adds tissues called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem. Most of the thickening is from secondary xylem. forms a ring, one cell layer thick adds 2o xylem to the inside and 2o phloem to the outside.

Peristalsis

An alternating wave of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation.

Pepsin

An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins

pancreatic amylase

An enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine that digests any remaining starch into maltose.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

salivary amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch

Four functions of urinary System

Excretion of metabolic wastes (urea, creatinine, ammonium, uric acid), Maintenance of water-salt balance of the blood, Maintenance of acid-base balance of the blood (ph. 7.4), and Secretion of hormones such as renin and erythropoietin.

Axon

Extension that transmits signals to other cells, often longer than dendrites, transmit impulses away from cell body, impulses begin at the axon hillock, near the cell body, and may have 10,000 terminal branches at its end.

What is an action potential and how is it produced? What effect does the size of the stimulus have on the chances that an action potential will be produced?

If a depolarization shifts the membrane potential sufficiently, the result is massive change in membrane voltage. They have a constant magnitude and can regenerate in adjacent regions of the membrane. AP is a wave of depolarization that travels down the axon membrane 2. Activated by stimulation of dendrites and cell body a.) not every stimulus produces an AP b.) if a threshold of depolarization is achieved, an AP is produced.

Explain how differences in osmotic pressure and blood pressure control movement of O2, CO2, nutrients, and wastes into and out of the capillaries

If the osmotic pressure of the blood decreases, fluid moves from the blood into the interstitial spaces, which results in edema. This also decreases blood volume and, in severe cases, may reduce blood pressure. When blood osmotic pressure increases, fluid moves from the interstitial spaces into the blood and increases the blood volume. This increases blood pressure and decreases the amount of water available to the cells.

female reproductive system

It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the fertilized egg is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.

Describe the function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Lutenizing Hormone in both males and females.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are called gonadotropins because stimulate the gonads - in males, the testes, and in females, the ovaries. They are not necessary for life but are essential for reproduction. These two hormones are secreted from cells in the anterior pituitary called gonadotrophs.

Describe the life of a red blood cell from formation to removal.

Main function is O2 transport, and their structure is closely related to this function. Humans red blood cells are small disks (7-8 um in diameter) that are biconcave- thinner in the center than at the edges. Contains about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin- the iron containing protein that transport O2. As red blood cells pass through the capillary bed of lungs, gills, or other respiratory organs, O2 diffuse in the red blood cells and binds to hemoglobin. Created in bone narrow: survive for about 120 days: destroyed in liver and spleen.

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls, supply all body tissues with blood. O2 and nutrients to tissue and wastes and CO2 to blood.

nerve cell body

Most of a neuron's organelles, including the nucleus, in located in the cell body. No centrioles: no mitosis, many mitochondria: high ATP requirement and high O2 demand.

Heartbeat regulated

Nervous Control, Hormone Control

Describe the roles of progesterone in the female reproductive cycle and explain how progesterone production affects the production of other hormones.

The affects a variety of different organs, including the breasts; ovaries; vagina; uterus; brain; bones; cardiovascular and immune systems; kidneys; and liver. Promoting overall wellness of the reproductive tract, producing calming effects in the brain, helping retain bone density supporting cardiovascular health modulating immune system activity, assisting in liver and kidney functions and more critical functions.

Ventricles

The chambers responsible for pumping blood out of the heart

Artia

The chambers that receive blood entering the heart.

What is the membrane potential and how is it maintained.

The charge difference or voltage across the plasma membrane. Reflecting the fact that the attraction of opposite charge across the plasma membrane is a source of potential energy. Inside the cell is more negatively charged than outside

male reproductive system

The male reproductive system is responsible for sexual function, as well as urination, produces and deliver sperm

standard metabolic rate

The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstresses ectotherm.

Excitation

a.) transmitter binding causes depolarization b.) post-synaptic neuron stimulated c.) increases chance of AP.

Describe the path of a sperm from where it is created to where it fertilizes the egg. In other words, list every organ or structure through which it passes in the male and female reproductive systems.

The testes are where sperm are manufactured in the scrotum. The epididymis is a tortuously coiled structure topping the testis, and it receives immature sperm from the testis and stores it for several days. When ejaculation occurs, sperm is forcefully expelled from the tail of the epididymis into the deferent duct. Sperm then travels through the deferent duct through up the spermatic cord into the pelvic cavity, over the ureter to the prostate behind the bladder. Here, the vas deferens joins with the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct, which passes through the prostate and empties into the urethra. When ejaculation occurs, rhythmic muscle movements propel the sperm forward. Female reproductive tract: from the vagina, where the semen is deposited, to the Fallopian tubes, where the sperm will meet the egg.

What are the two main types of vascular tissue and what do they transport? What term is used to refer to vascular tissue collectively? What specific cells make up these two types of tissues?

The two main types of vascular tissues are Xylem and Phloem. The Xylem conducts water and minerals up from roots into the shoots and the Phloem transports sugars from where they are made (usually the leaves) to where they are needed or stored( usually roots and sites of growth). The term used to refer to vascular tissues collectively is called the stele. Xylem and Phloem are composed of a variety of cell types, including cells that are highly specialized for transport or support.

Describe the reflex action that leads to micturition

When the bladder fills to ~ 250ml: stretch receptors send impulse to spinal cord motor nerve is stimulated bladder contracts and sphincters relax micturition can occur.

What is transpiration? How does transpiration, combined with cohesion and adhesion of water, result in movement of water and substances through the xylem?

Xylem sap (water & minerals) is transported from roots to leaves by bulk flow via transpiration, involves the evaporation of water from a plant's surface. Cohesion-tension Hypothesis - adhesion and cohesion aid in the ascent of xylem sap Water adheres to cellulose in xylem cell walls offsets the force of gravity Water molecules are attracted to each other through cohesion Water moves up the xylem and pulls molecules up behind it.

pancreatic lipase

breaks down fats

parasympathetic nervous system

controls homeostasis and the body at rest and is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" function.

sympathetic nervous systems

controls the body's responses to a perceived threat and is responsible for the "fight or flight" response.

seminal vesicles

convoluted pouch-like structures about 2 inches in length. They produce the alkaline, viscous component of seminal fluid that is rich in the sugar fructose and other nutrients for the sperm cells and pass it into the ejaculatory duct. These glands produce about 60% of the volume of seminal fluid.

Sclrenchyma Cells

functions as supporting elements in the plant but are much more rigid than collenchyma cells. The secondary wall, produced after cell elongation has ceased, is thick and contains large amounts of lignin. They are specialized for support that many are dead at functional maturity

parenchyma cells

have primary walls that are relatively thin and flexible, and most lack secondary walls. Have large central vacuole. They perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant, synthesizing and storing various organic products. Most retain the ability to divide and differentiate into other types of plant cells under particular conditions, during wound repair.

Schwann cells

help form the myelin sheath around the nerve fibers, insulates nerve fibers (axons) from each other, and speeds up impulses; >150x.

collenchyma cells

help support young parts of the plant shoot. Generally elongated cells have thicker primary walls than Parenchyma cells, though the walls are unevenly thickened. Provide flexible support without restraining growth

Dendrites

high branched extensions, together with the cell body, they receive signals form other neutrons.

Casparian strip

in the endodermis blocks apoplastic movement into the vascular cylinder. Water and minerals must cross the plasma membrane of an endodermal cell to enter the vascular cylinder

The heartbeat originates

in the heart itself. Some cardiac muscle cells are autorhythmic, meaning they can contract and relax repeatedly with any signal from the nervous system.

zone of cell division

includes the stem cells of the root apical meristem and their immediate products. New root cells are produced in this region, including cells of the root cap.

atrial natriuretic hormone

inhibits the secretion of aldosterone (promotes excretion of Na+

bulbourethral glands

known as Cowper's glands. They are located beneath the prostate gland on either side of the urethra. They secrete thick, viscous, alkaline mucus. This mucus functions as both a lubricant and as an agent to clean the urethra of any traces of acidic urine.

basal metabolic rate

measured under a comfortable temperature range, a range that requires only the minimum generation or shedding of heat.

zone of elongation

most of the growth occurs as root cell elongate-sometimes to more than ten times their original length. The root apical meristem keeps adding cells to the younger end.

zone of differentiation

or zone of maturation, cells complete their differentiation and become distinct cell types.

List four functions of blood

transport O2, CO2, hormones, nutrients & wastes, control body pH, white blood cell help fight off disease, and regulation of body temperature.

hepatic portal vein

vein a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen to the liver.

apoplastic route

water and solutes move along the continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces

symplastic route

water and solutes move along the continuum of cytosol

transmembrane route

water and solutes move out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into the neighboring cell