biology 106 final exam questions

Which of the following graphs shows a directional selection? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3

a) 1

Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts are non-vascular plants that have in common that a) The gametophyte is the dominant generation b) The sporophyte develops an embryo in sporangia c) The fusion of haploid spores leads to a zygote d) They are the first land plants with seeds

a) The gametophyte is the dominant generation

The loss of water from a leaf by evaporation is called_____ a) Transpiration b) Translocation c) Cohesion d) Active transport e) Photoperiodism

a) Transpiration

All fungi are heterotrophs a) True b) False

a) True

Infection of legume roots by mycorrhizae leads to nodule formation and nitrogen fixation a) True b) False

a) True

When guard cells take up water, the stomata opens a) True b) False

a) True

Deficiency of a mobile nutrient would..... a) Usually affect older organs more than young ones b) Affect younger organs more than young ones c) Affect young and old organs equally d) Never be a problem since it can easily be mobilized

a) Usually affect older organs more than young ones

What is a mutation? Pick the best 1. Any change that is harmful to an organism 2. Any change in a gene of chromosome 3. Any change in the phenotype of an organism a) 1 is correct b) 2 is correct c) 3 is correct d) 1 and 2 are correct e) 2 and 3 are correct

b) 2 is correct

Coleoptile phototropism 1. Involves a phytochrome receptor 2. Is induced by blue light 3. Is an auxin mediated phenomenon 4. Requires local cell elongation a) All is correct b) 1, 2, and 3 are correct c) 2, 3, and 4 are correct d) None is correct

c) 2, 3, and 4 are correct

_____ speciation occurs when geographic isolation creates a reproductive barrier a) Polypatric b) Parapatric c) Allopatric d) Sympatric e) Schizopatric

c) Allopatric

What is the difference between apical and lateral meristems? a) Apical meristems are involved with the grown of the plant while later meristems are involved with the transport of food and water b) Lateral meristems are involved with the growth of the plant while apical meristems are involved with the transport of food and water c) Apical meristems allow the plant to grow up and lateral meristems allow the plant to grow out d) Lateral meristems allow the plant to grow up and apical meristems allow the plant to grow out

c) Apical meristems allow the plant to grow up and lateral meristems allow the plant to grow out

How do mineral ions normally enter a plant? Pick the best a) Through the cuticle b) Through the stomata c) By active transport in root hair cells d) By osmosis in root hair cells e) Through active transport from the symplast to the apoplast

c) By active transport in root hair cells

Which of the following nutrients can be obtained from the atmosphere by plants? a) Ca, Fe b) N, P c) C, O d) B, Cl

c) C, O

In which group did the vascular tissue first appear? a) Liverwort b) Moss c) Fern d) Gymnosperm e) Angiosperm

c) Fern

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about plant reproduction a) Egg and sperm cells of bryophytes swim towards one another by using their flagella b) Angiosperm and gymnosperm gametophytes are small because they are in an early developmental stage c) Gametophytes represent the generation that produce egg and sperm cells d) Angiosperms produce seeds, while gymnosperms produce fruits e) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction

c) Gametophytes represent the generation that produce egg and sperm cells

Of the following, which is NOT part of Darwin's theory of natural selection? a) Suitable variations in a population tend to be passed on while unsuitable variations in a population are not b) Species can produce more offspring than their environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce c) Individuals with variations suitable to their environment have shorter life spans and produce fewer offspring

c) Individuals with variations suitable to their environment have shorter life

If you add 0.2g of salt to water, what do you think is happening to the water potential? a) Nothing b) It will stay at zero c) It will become more negative d) It will become more positive e) Two of the above

c) It will become more negative

Choose which scientist corresponds best with the statement: organisms change due to inborn urge a) Darwin b) Cuvier c) Lamarck d) Lyell e) Hutton

c) Lamarck

What is normally not a function of the root? a) Anchoring in soil b) Storage of nutrients c) Photosynthesis d) Water transport e) Mineral transport

c) Photosynthesis

Which of the following statements is wrong in the context of natural selection: a) Natural selection can lead to the production of new speices b) Limited resources can be selective force for positive trains within a population c) Positive traits are less likely to be passed on to offspring than negative traits d) Mutations can cause the rise of new speices

c) Positive traits are less likely to be passed on to offspring than negative traits

A widely accepted explanation for transport of sugar in phloem is called a) Root pressure theory b) Transpiration c) Pressure flow hypothesis d) Cytoplasmic streaming

c) Pressure flow hypothesis

According to evolutionary theory, which plant division evolved first? a) Angiosperm b) Gymnosperm c) Pterophytes d) Bryophytes

c) Pterophytes

Which generation, sporophyte or gametophyte, is dominant in ferns? a) Both are equally dominant b) Neither gametophyte or sporophyte c) Sporophyte d) Gametophyte

c) Sporophyte

What is the science of identifying, classifying, and naming things called? a) Classification b) Identification c) Taxonomy d) Cladistics e) Phylogistics

c) Taxonomy

In which tree is a PARAPHYLETIC grouping shown? a) b) c) d)

d)

Which of the following trees contains a 'polytomy'? a) b) c) d)

d)

You find a green, plant-like looking organism is a lake. You have a microscope and can carefully analyze it. What criteria would point out that you exclude it is a green algae you investigate? 1. After cell division, a phragmoplast forms 2. You find a multicellular dependent embryos 3. The plasma membrane contains rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes 4). The organism has multicellular gametangia a) 1 +2 b) 2 + 3 c) 3 + 4 d) 2 + 4

d) 2 + 4

When was this tree cut down? a) 1997 b) 2002 c) 2004 d) 2006 e) 2008

d) 2006

What comprises a loamy soil? a) Top soil enriched humus b) Soil enriched in P, K, and N c) Soil that has a high amount of roots growing in it d) A mixture of silt, sand, and clay e) Soil that has a good mixture of air, water, and sand

d) A mixture of silt, sand, and clay

Which of the following statements is TRUE about artificial selection? a) Artificial selection requires natural selection b) New species are the product of artificial selection c) Adaptive evolution is not possible with artificial selection d) Artificial selection potentially favors traits that maybe detrimental under natural selection e) Artificial selection is a term coined by Lamarck to develop a certain phenotype

d) Artificial selection potentially favors traits that maybe detrimental under natural selection

Cation exchange in soil. Why can it be difficult for plant to get access to cations in the soil? a) If soil is loamy, cations may get stuck in clay pockets b) Negatively charged soil can repel the cations which causes their excessive drainage and loss in the soil c) Positively charged soil attracts cations which prevents their uptake d) Clay is often negatively charged and tightly binds to cations which can make it difficult for the plant to take these ions up e) It is a mystery since soil is normally neutral in charge and composition and should not interfere with any ion uptake

d) Clay is often negatively charged and tightly binds to cations which can make it difficult for the plant to take these ions up

Cation exchange in soil. Why can it be difficult for plant to get access to cations in the soil? a) If the soil is loamy, cations may get stuck in clay pockets b) Negatively charged soil can repel the cations which causes their excessively drainage and loss in the soil c) Positively charged soil attracts cations which prevents their uptake d) Clay is often negatively charged and tightly binds to cations which can make it difficult for the plant to take these ions up e) It is a mystery since soil is normally neutral in charge and composition and should not interfere with any ion uptake

d) Clay is often negatively charged and tightly binds to cations which can make it difficult for the plant to take these ions up

The ability of water molecules to cling together is called _____ a) Evaporation b) Transpiration c) Respiration d) Cohesion e) Osmotic pressure

d) Cohesion

What are the three types of ground tissue? a) Vascular, parenchyma, and collenchyma b) Parenchyma, collenchyma, and dermal c) Sclerenchyma, parenchyma, and meristem d) Collenchyma, parenchyma, and sclernchyma

d) Collenchyma, parenchyma, and sclernchyma

What two tissues results from the double fertilization in angiosperms? a) Gametophyte and sporophyte b) Zygote and endosperm c) Seed and flower d) Embryo and endosperm e) Root and shoot

d) Embryo and endosperm

You find a dwarf plant mutant that is affected in either gibberellic acid (GA) signaling or GA biosynthesis. Which approach will most likely tell you in what way the mutant is affected? Pick the best a) Light treatment, and loot at germination b) Cutting the shoot tip and watch growth c) Treatment with a GA biosynthesis inhibitor, and look at growth changes d) GA application, and observe growth changes

d) GA application, and observe growth changes

An organism's scientific name consists of its... a) Domain and kingdom b) Phylum and class c) Family and order d) Genus and species e) Species and domain

d) Genus and species

Mosses grow close to the ground because they a) Lack the nutrients needed to grow tall b) Do not perform photosynthesis c) Need direct sunlight d) Lack vascular tissue

d) Lack vascular tissue

Which of the following ions can be difficult to take up for plants based on its positive charge and interaction with soil? a) Nitrate b) Sulfate c) Chloride d) Magnesium e) None of the above

d) Magnesium

The idea of _____ was that organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring a) Acquired selection b) Catastrophism c) Uniformitarianism d) Natural selection e) Inherited speciation

d) Natural selection

A plant is withering away due to the lack of a macronutrient that is an essential part of proteins. What macronutrient could be added to the soil to help with plant growth? a) Manganese b) Copper c) Carbon d) Nitrogen

d) Nitrogen

Pneumatophores are mainly needed for what? a) Stability b) Mineral release c) Phosphate uptake d) Oxygen uptake e) Water repellent

d) Oxygen uptake

Deficiency of which mineral causes purplish coloration of the leaves? a) Calcium b) Potassium c) Nitrogen d) Phosphorus

d) Phosphorus

In gymnosperms the microspores develop into a) Fruits b) Seed cones c) Eggs d) Pollen grains e) Sporophytes

d) Pollen grains

In a plant mineral nutrition, elements are called macro or micro-elements depending upon their a) Relative molecular size b) Relative amount of transport to the leaf c) Relative importance in plant growth d) Relative amount required in plants e) Relative availability in soil

d) Relative amount required in plants

Which portion of a flowering plant absorbs water and minerals? a) Flower b) Blade c) Stem d) Root e) Petiole

d) Root

In the alternation of generations life cycle a zygote is formed after fertilization takes place. This zygote grows into an adult plant called a a) Spore b) Gamete c) Gametophyte d) Sporophyte e) Zygophyte

d) Sporophyte

What would you normally *not* find in the root? a) Endodermis b) Epidermis c) Pericycle d) Trichomes e) Apical Meristems

d) Trichomes

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a) Two different fungi b) Protists and algae c) Mold and mildew d) Protists and fungus e) Algae and fungus

e) Algae and fungus

What type of pigeon is hunted almost to extinction, the resulting survivors form a population. This population is less genetically diverse than the original population. This is an example best described by a) Catastrophism b) Stabilizing selection c) Artificial selection d) Founder effect e) Bottleneck effect

e) Bottleneck effect

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the pressure-flow theory? a) At the leaf, sugar is actively transported into the phloem, and water follows by osmosis b) Higher pressure is found in the sieve-tube cells at the leaf than at the root c) Sugar concentration is higher in the sieve-tube cells of the leaf than in the root d) At the root, sugar is actively transported out of the sieve-tube cells, and water follows by osmosis e) Phloem sap flows from the leaves (sink) to the roots (source)

e) Phloem sap flows from the leaves (sink) to the roots (source)

What type of root is shown here? a) Storage roots b) Prop roots c) Rhizomes d) Buttress roots e) Pneumatophores

e) Pneumatophores

What ion moves into guard cells to cause the stomata to open? a) Calcium b) Magnesium c) Phosphate d) Sodium e) Potassium

e) Potassium

In pollination, what part of the flower receives the pollen? a) Anther b) Filament c) Petal d) Sepal e) Stigma

e) Stigma

Which of the following statements is correct about rhizobia? a) They are fungal organisms that fix nitrogen b) They are parasites that infect plants to thrive on sugar produced through photosynthesis c) They form lateral shoots called nodules to increase nitrate uptake from the soil d) They are nitrate producing bacteria e) They can generate ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen

e) They can generate ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen

What is the difference between a dependent variable and independent variable? a) An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment b) An independent variable is the variable that is unchanged and uncontrolled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. The dependent variable is being tested and measured in a scientific experiment

a) An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment

_____ are similar anatomical features in different species that do not have a known common ancestor a) Anologies b) Homologies

a) Anologies

Movement of H2O through the cell wall happens in the .....? a) Apoplast b) Symplast c) Symplast and apoplast d) Tonoplast e) None of the above

a) Apoplast

The Casparian Strip in the endodermis blocks with pathway? a) Apoplast b) Symplast c) Tonoplast d) Cytoplast e) All of the above

a) Apoplast

This species concept says something is the same species based on their ability to mate with one another and to produce viable, fertile offspring a) Biological b) Ecological c) Morphological d) Phylogenetic e) Palenotological

a) Biological

In the levels of classification, what comes after PHYLUM? a) Class b) Family c) Genus d) Order e) Domain

a) Class

Which of the following phytohormones is best connected with fruit ripening? a) Ethylene b) Auxin c) Abscisic acid d) Gibberellic acid e) Secretin

a) Ethylene

Mycorrhizae consists of a mutually beneficial association of ______ and _____ a) Fungi, plant roots b) Cyanobacteria, fungi c) Lichens, algae d) Roots, arachea e) Hummus, clay

a) Fungi, plant roots

In geology, the concept of _____ suggested that the earth is constantly subject to shaping and re-shaping by slow but continuous processes a) Gradualism b) Uniformitarianism c) Geochemistry d) Rock cyclone e) Natural selection

a) Gradualism

Which statement is correct? a) Guttation allows small herbaceous plants to transport water and minerals in the xylem through root pressure b) Guttation is the major long distance transport form in tall trees like a seqoia c) Guttation is not limited by the height of the tree because root pressure will always be strong enough to push water up into the leaves d) Guttation can mainly be seen in the morning at the edges of small roots that exudate water

a) Guttation allows small herbaceous plants to transport water and minerals in the xylem through root pressure

With few exceptions, the fungal vegetative body is composed of a) Hyphae b) Spores c) Mycorrhizae d) Vascular tissue e) Cellulose

a) Hyphae

Antheridia are _____ a) Male b) Female

a) Male

Plants need one of the following for ATP formation a) N, P b) N, Ca c) K, Na d) N, Cu

a) N, P

In the lab computer simulation with the snails and European green crabs, what happened when there was no variation in the population, even though the crabs still chose the easiest ones they could find, and even though shell thickness was inherited? a) No shift in shell thickness was observed in the population b) The population shifted to thicker shells c) The population shifted to thinner shells d) The snails developed larger shells e) The snails developed smaller shells

a) No shift in shell thickness was observed in the population

Which of the following names does NOT describe a phyla of fungi? a) Oomycete b) Chytrid c) Basidiomycete d) Ascomycete e) Glomeromycete

a) Oomycete

Which supports the cohesion-tension theory best? 1. Evaporation of water from a porous pot can exert a force that draws water up a glass tube 2. Droplets of water form at edges of leaves of plants growing in conditions of soil with high water content and air with high humidity 3. When a plant shoot is cut and removed close the base of the stem, sap leaks out of the cut a) Option 1 b) Option 2 c) Option 3 d) All of the above e) None of the above

a) Option 1

Which species are most closely and most distantly related to the badger? a) Otter & leopard b) Leopard & wolf c) Otter & coyote d) Wolf & otter e) Coyote & leopard

a) Otter & leopard

What is happening in the plant cell below? a) Plasmolysis b) Hydrolysis c) Phragmolysis d) Plasmodsis e) Apoplastidisis

a) Plasmolysis

A reproductive barrier that occurs before the sperm fertilizes the egg is a..... a) Prezygotic barrier b) Postzygotic barrier

a) Prezygotic barrier

Which statement is not true? a) Roots gain length primarily through cell division b) Roots gain length primarily through elongation growth

a) Roots gain length primarily through cell division

Which type of phloem cell is used in moving the products of photosynthesis in a plant over long distances? a) Sieve-tube cell b) Companion cell c) Vessel element cell d) Tracheid e) Guard cell

a) Sieve-tube cell

Human babies don't do well if they are born too small. If they are too big complications can occur during birth. Baby size should then be selected for by which method? a) Stabilizing b) Directional c) Disruptive

a) Stabilizing

What is the correct labeling of the flower? a) Stamen (1), petal (2), carpel (3), sepal (4) b) Sepal (1), carpel (2), petal (3), stamen (4) c) Petal (1), Stamen (2), sepal (3), carpel (4) d) Carpel (1), sepal (2), stamen (3), petal (4)

a) Stamen (1), petal (2), carpel (3), sepal (4)

Individuals in a population that have a variation which gives them an advantage in their environment are more likely to... a) Survive and reproduce b) Die and not reproduce c) Move to a different environment d) Change their characteristics to fit the environment

a) Survive and reproduce

In the lab experiment for the coleptiles growth in relation to auxin, why were the tips removed from all but one of the treatments? What is the best explanation for this? a) The coleoptiles that were not cut had receieved extra high amounts of auxin which was meant as a demonstration to show that additional auxin has no further impact on the coleoptile's elongation growth b) A control was needed that showed coleoptiles can grow without additional auxin, and that the coleptile tip serves as the natural source for auxin production c) This part of the experiment was a control to show that removing the coleoptile's tip is necessary to allow the remaining coleoptile body to grow in length. This can be seen as a proof that the tip is not the source of auxin production

b) A control was needed that showed coleoptiles can grow without additional auxin, and that the coleptile tip serves as the natural source for auxin production

Darwin's finches. The process where 14 species evolved from a common ancestor is called... a) Magic b) Adaptive radiation c) Intersexual selection d) Hybridization e) Convergent evolution

b) Adaptive radiation

Two rock squirrel species exist at either side of the Grand Canyon. Their speciation process is most likely based on: a) Mechanical isolation b) Allopatric speciation c) Habitat differentiation d) Sympatric speciation e) Reinforcement

b) Allopatric speciation

A sporangium is normally? a) Haploid b) Diploid c) Zygoid

b) Diploid

If finches with large beaks and finches with small beaks increase in a population while finches with average size beaks decrease, which pattern of natural selection has most likely occurred? Pick the best a) Directional selection b) Disruptive selection c) Stabilizing selection d) Frequency-dependent selection e) Sexual selection

b) Disruptive selection

Following fertilization the bryophyte embryo is totally dependent on the sporophyte a) True b) False

b) False

Infection of legume roots by mycorrhizae leads to nodule formation and nitrogen fixation a) True b) False

b) False

The cohesion-tension theory helps to explain how the phloem moves nutrients. This is..... a) True b) False

b) False

How does a moss differ from a fern? a) Moss roots grow vertically as well as horizontally. Fern roots only grow horizontally b) Ferns have roots whereas moss does not c) Moss have vascular tissue whereas ferns do not d) Ferns develop seeds whereas moss does not e) There is no difference between the two -they are actually synomyms

b) Ferns have roots whereas moss does not

An examples for a homoplasy in the lecture was a) Beak shapes of Darwin finches b) Fins of whales and Ichtyosaurs c) Wings of penguins and sparrows d) The pentadactyl limb in amphibia and mammals e) Long necks in giraffes

b) Fins of whales and Ichtyosaurs

Fungal hyphae in which two genetically distinct kinds of nuclei occur together are said to be _____ a) Zygotic b) Heterokaryotic c) Diploid d) Haploid e) Sporophytic

b) Heterokaryotic

Why is salt dangerous for a cell? What is the most likely reason? a) Salt stress causes excessive water uptake into the cell b) High salt content outside the cell may lead to water loss and plasmolysis of the cell c) Salt stress is dangerous for cells as they crystallize over time d) Salts cause a distraction of the cellular sensory system which makes it impossible for them to distinguish between 'good' and 'bad' ions e) Salt stress is only dangerous in winter when most of the water is

b) High salt content outside the cell may lead to water loss and

Nodules contain a protein, leghemoglobin, that causes a reddish color in the tissue and which binds tightly to oxygen, just like blood hemoglobin. What is leghemglobin needed for in the nodules? a) It's spreading oxygen to root cells that are deep inside the plant b) It's scavenging oxygen that would otherwise block nitrogen fixation in nodules c) It's providing oxygen to symbiotic mycorrhizae that live in tight association with the plant d) While it's true that leghemoblobin binds to oxygen, its biologically important ligand is actually carbon monoxide

b) It's scavenging oxygen that would otherwise block nitrogen fixation in nodules

The part labeled J is the site where female gametes of egg cells develop. It is the _____? a) Ovary b) Ovule c) Anther d) Stigma e) Carpel

b) Ovule

The plant tissue that is primarily specialized in transporting sugar and water over long distances is called? a) Root hairs b) Phloem c) Xylem d) Mesophyll e) Sieve-tubes

b) Phloem

The dodder is a non-photosynthetically active parasite. As a consequence it needs for survival from the host primarily... a) Xylem sap b) Phloem sap c) Xylem and phloem sap d) No sap at all, it just needs to sit on another plant and takes away the light

b) Phloem sap

Which of the following shoots are defined as horizontal shoots that grow below the surface? a) Bulbs b) Rhizomes c) Tendrils d) Pneumatophores e) Stolons

b) Rhizomes

What is the different parts of the roots shown to the right labeled as C, I, F? a) Cortex, dermal tissue, root cap b) Root cap, vascular tissue, division zone c) Elongation zone, root cap, vascular tissue d) Root hair, ground tissue, cell division zone e) Epidermis, meristem, root hair

b) Root cap, vascular tissue, division zone

Roots are normally not photosynthetically active. As a consequence they a) Show a net uptake of carbon dioxide b) Show a net uptake of oxygen c) Equal uptake of CO2 and O2

b) Show a net uptake of oxygen

What is correct about stomata movement control? Pick the best 1. Stomata opening requires import of potassium ions into the guard cells 2. Water is released from guard cells in exchange for potassium ion uptake 3. Stomata closure depends on water release from guard cells after export of potassium a) Only one of the above is correct b) Two of the above are correct c) Three of the above are correct

b) Two of the above are correct

Charles Lyell proposed a) Gradualism b) Uniformitarianism c) Catastrophism d) Evolution e) Scala naturae

b) Uniformitarianism