Biology 1063 Test 1

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six months

A challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine is that it takes ___ ___ to develop the vaccine

common causes of genetic mutation

Agents such as viruses, radiation, and chemicals are examples of what?

Cellular

Atoms, molecules, organelles, and cells are at the ___ level

modification

Darwin proposed descent with ____.

Rapidly

Does influenza evolve rapidly or slowly?

organism

Each living individual is an ____

population

Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a ___ over a period of time.

genetic changes

Evolution is the result of ___ ___ within a species or population over time.

against

Fitness is measured ___ the ability of other organisms to reproduce in the same environment

fertile offspring

Fitness is measured by the number of ___ ___ produced during an organism's lifetime

RNA

HIV and Influenza A are examples of RNA viruses

six months

How long does it take develop the influenza vaccine?

viruses

In ___, the genetic material may be either DNA or RNA

attaching to ACE2 receptors

The SARS-CoV 2 virus enters host cells by?

Wallace

The idea that changes in a population over time could lead to the formation of a new species was proposed by ___ after his study of biogeography in the South Pacific Islands

Capsid, DNA, RNA

What are the components of a virus?

individuals vary in their traits

What is the first step of natural selection?

domain

___ is the most inclusive on the taxonomic hierarchy

scientific theory

a body of interconnected concepts; is supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning

Capsid

a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material; may have proteins attached to it, such as tail fibers or spikes, that assist the virus in attaching to the target host cell

test experiment

a variable is altered in known way to test a hypothesis

ancestors

all organism share common ____

natural science

biology unifies much of ___ ___

evolution

by its scientific definition, this refers to changes in a species or population over time

evolution

diversity of life arises by ____

sample size

number of subjects in a group

fluid in the lungs

one of the first symptoms of an influenza virus infecting the respiratory system is an accumulation of ___ ___ __ __

populational

population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere are all part of the ___- level

experiment

tests the hypothesis; must be carefully designed to test only one variable at a time

genetic material

the ___ ___, which may be in the form of DNA or RNA, contains a relatively small number of genes in comparison to a cell

biology

the scientific study of life

new variant

A ___ __ of the influenza virus can be attributed to the outbreak of the Spanish flu in 1918.

zoonotic

A ___ disease is one that is transmitted from an animal host into humans

Directional selection

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection?

strains

A challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine is that there are ___ strains of influenza.

rapidly

A challenge in developing an annual influenza virus is that influenza evolves ___

Individuals

A component of the process of natural selection is that ___ vary in their traits.

Influenza A

A virus has been identified as H7N9. Based on this information, which class of virus would it belong to?

intracellular

A virus is a type of ___ parasite that finds a host cell and hijacks its metabolic machinery so that cell may produce more copies of the virus.

are not; ctyokines

All other flu symptoms ___ ___ the direct result of the influenza virus. The symptoms start after the release of chemical signal from the immune system's white blood cells, called ___, which alarm the organ systems of the body that a pathogen is present.

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

All viruses are made up of two components. These components are ?

envelope

An ___ surrounds the capsid

emerging

An ___ virus means that they have only recently been shown to infect large numbers of humans; may arise due to changes in the virus that enable it to infect humans or changes in environmental conditions that allow the virus to come in contact with a larger human population

drift

An antigenic ___ can be attributed to RNA polymerase inefficiency

shift

An antigenic ___ delays immune response and may cause an outbreak

drift

An antigenic ___ is the result of the introduction of mutation

shift

An antigenic ___ is when a host cell manufactures particles from two forms of the virus

drift

An antigenic ___ may make the annual vaccine less effective and cause local outbreaks

shift

An antigenic ___ poses a relatively greater threat

drift

An antigenic ___ results in a change to the surface spikes of the influenza virus

shift

An antigenic ___ typically involves animal hosts

Many

Are there many or a few strains of influenza?

H Spikes

As influenza A progresses through the respiratory tract, the ___ of the virus identify host epithelial cells and attach to the cell surface.

epithelial; immune system

As the ___ cells lose their function, they undergo apoptosis, which in turn causes inflammation of the tissue. The inflamed tissue activates the ___ ___.

natural selection

Based on his observations and the idea tat species have the potential to change over time, Darwin proposed a process called ___ ___ in support of change over time, or descent with modification

natural world

Biology is the study of the ___ ___ and the process of evolution is a part of that world.

genetic material

Component 1 of a virus, the ___ ___ contains a relatively small number of genes

capsid

Component 2 of a virus, ___ is a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material.

RNA

Coronaviruses are an example of a single stranded animal ___ virus

larger

Coronaviruses are typically ___ than most RNA viruses, and like many other single stranded RNA viruses, such as Ebola virus and influenza, they have high mutation rates

exterior envelope

Coronaviruses have an ___ ___ which, as we will see, is made from the plasma membrane of the host cells

Process energy and materials

Historically, viruses have not been classified as living organisms. Which of the following characteristics of life excludes viruses from being classified as living organisms?

500 million

How many people were infected by the Spanish flu in 1918?

animals

Human influenza viruses originate in ___ and evolve into new forms that can infect humans.

predictions

Hypotheses should make ___, which provide a way to test the validity of hypotheses

favor

If a favorable mutation increases the ability of an individual to reproduce then natural selection would ___ this variation

DNA, RNA, then protein

In most organisms, the flow of information is from ___, ___, then ____

DNA

In order for a species to evolve, changes must be passed from one generation to the next, so they must occur at the ___ level.

young

In the 1800s, prior to Darwin and Wallace, the common beliefs of the time were that the earth was ___

quadrivalent

In the ___ vaccine, virus particles are inactivated and not capable of reproducing

young

In the early 1800s, prior to Darwin and Wallace, the common beliefs of the time were that all species were created when the earth was ___?

did not

In the early 1800s, prior to Darwin and Wallace, the common beliefs of the time were that species did or did not change over time?

prokaryotic organisms

In the history of life on earth, which organisms evolved first?

H, N

Influenza A virus uses __ and __ spikes to target its host cell.

A, B

Influenza ___ and ___ are the two most prevalent forms of the virus that infect humans.

mouth, nose

Influenza viruses enter the respiratory system through either the ___ or ___

nucleocapsid

Inside the coronavirus, the single stranded RNA genetic material is surrounded by a helical protein structure, called a ____

fitness

Reproduction success among individuals with favorable traits, which they pass on to the next generation is often described using the term ___

interdisciplinary

Science is becoming more ____ which means combining multiple fields

loss

Several effects on the body system due to the release of chemical signals from the immune system are a __ of appetite, joint and muscle aches, headache, fever, and chills.

envelope; host

Some viruses may also possess an ___ hat surrounds the capsid. The structure is actually a remnant of the ___ cell and not made by the virus.

homologous

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ___ structures.

analogous

Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called ___ structures.

trivalent

The __ vaccine contains different strains of three viruses.

trivalent

The ___ vaccine contain one B virus

quadrivalent

The ___ vaccine contains different strains of four viruses

quadrivalent

The ___ vaccine contains tow types of influenza B virus

quadrivalent

The ___ vaccine contains two A viruses

pass traits

The ability to ___ ___ from one generation to the next is necessary for evolution to occur.

inheritable genetic changes

The evolution of a species is driven by ___ ___ ___.

viral spikes

The influenza virus evolves by a mutation that changes the ___ ___ is introduced into the genetic material

same host cell

The influenza virus evolves when two different forms of the same virus infect the ___ ___ __ and a new virus is created with parts of each form

genetic change

The mechanism behind evolution is ___ ___.

epithelial cells

The primary target of the influenza virus is the ___ ___ lining the respiratory system

quickly

The process of evolution is more challenging because the virus evolves ____.

Darwin

The process of natural selection and the idea of descent with modification were proposed by ___ after the he notably studied beak size in finches on the Galapagos Islands.

fluid backup in the lungs

The proteins produced by the flu virus interfere with the ability of epithelial cells to move materials in and out of lung tissue, resulting in ___ ___ ___ __ ___

nucleotides; genes; RNA

The sequence of ___ that holds a messages inside DNA, known as ___, is decoded by the cell to make ___ and proteins; Molecules that are needed for all cells to perform their cellular functions

DNA

The set of instructions or genetic material used by living organisms is ___.

comparative

The study of homologous and analogous structures, also called ___ anatomy, studies the similarity of both living and fossilized species' structures to infer evolutionary relationships.

genome

The sum of all of the genes in a organism is commonly called its ____

immune system

The symptoms associated with the flu are largely the result of a reaction by which body system?

seven

There are currently ___ types of coronaviruses that infect humans

evolution

Variation, and the ability to pass that variation from one generation to the next in the genetic material, is the basis needed for the process of ___ to occur.

viruses

Varying considerably in shape and the different types of cell they infect, all ____ have two components

inside

Viruses are only capable of reproducing once ___ a living host cell.

protein capsule

Viruses are typically a piece of genetic material encased in a ___ ___.

genetic material

Viruses contain ___ ___ like living organisms

do not

Viruses do or do not contain cell machinery to replicate their genetic material: DNA or RNA

do not

Viruses do or do not maintain an internal environment

do not

Viruses do or do not process energy or materials

do not

Viruses do or do not respond to stimuli from the environment?

combine

Viruses that originate in animal hosts like pigs or birds ___ to exchange genetic material and then continue to mutate in their animal hosts.

South Pacific Islands

Wallace shared his ideas with Darwin, which led to the book, On the Origin of Species. Wallace contributed his biogeographical studies of the ___ ___ ___.

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

What are the 3 domains?

cellular organization, energy utilization, homeostasis, evolution, and growth, development, and reproduction

What are the characteristics of all living organisms?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release

What are the five stages of the lytic cell?

A, B, C, D

What are the four influenzas?

S, M, E

What are the proteins involved in coronaviruses?

radiation, chemicals, viruses

What are the three common causes of genetic mutations?

reverse transcriptase

What is the enzyme that converts viral RNA to DNA in the host cell?

populations become adapted to their environment

What is the final step of natural selection results?

lytic cycle

What is the name of the life cycle of a virus?

individuals struggle to exist

What is the second step of natural selection?

Individuals differ in their fitness

What is the third step of natural selection?

oldest; youngest

When fossils are arranged and compared according to their age, from ___ to ___, successive evolutionary change becomes apparent

antigenic drift

Which method of influenza evolution can be attributed in large part to the efficiency of RNA polymerase?

antigenic shift

Which method of influenza evolution usually involves animal hosts?

An RNA virus enclosed in a spherical capsid surrounded by an envelope with spikes

Which of the following describes the physical characteristics of the influenza virus?

Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

S protein

Which protein in a coronavirus allow it to identify specific host cells for infection?

E protein

Which protein in a coronavirus are also involved in the assembly of the virus, as well as the exit of the virus from its host cell?

M protein

Which protein in a coronavirus are involved in the assembly of the virus?

proteins; capsid

With only a few genes, the genetic material of a virus contains the instructions needed to manufacture the ___ that compose the __ surrounding he virus and the proteins used to identify the type of host cell for the virus

reproduction

With regards to evolution, fitness is most closely related to successful ___

reproduction

With regards to evolution, fitness is most closely related to successful ___.

epithelium

Within the body, epithelial cells are arranged into a thin layer of tissue, called ___, that is often only one cell-layer thick

species

__ is the least inclusive of the taxonomic hierarchy

emergent properties

___ ___ arise at each level of biological organization; the components interact, and the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

nasal spray

___ ___ contains weakened versions of influenza

H spikes

___ ___ is one important form of the influenza A virus, that is associated with hemagglutinin, a type of glycoprotein that assists the virus in identifying the receptors on the host cell

bacteria, archaea

___ and ___ are single celled prokaryote

vaiation

___ for a trait within a population is necessary for evolution to occur.

Viruses

___ have the ability to change over time or evolve like living things

eukarya

___ is single celled or multicellular eukaryote

Cell

___ is the basic unit of life

RNA

___ is the genetic material of the influenza A virus

evolution

___ is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.

Darwin

___ studied biogeography and finches and proposed the theory of natural selection

Wallace

___ studied biogeography and proposed the idea of speciation

nasal spray

____ ____ may produce flu-like symptoms

coronaviruses

____ are named for their distinctive, crown-like spikes emerging from the surface of the virus; they are relatively common virus that may infect a wide variety of animal species, such as bats, camels, birds, livestock, and humans

Cell-based

____ vaccine creation is similar to using a chicken egg but requires the used of a mammalian cell to replicate the virus

virus

a nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

hypothesis

a possible explanation for an observation; it is not a guess about how nature works; must be tested; allows for predictions to be made

SARS-CoV2

causes COVID-19 in humans

core proteins

research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on ___ ___, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.

N spikes

the ___ __ are an enzyme called neuraminidase that is a form of the influenza virus that helps break down the mucous material surrounding host cells in the respiratory tract and initiate penetration of the virus into the host cell.

fitness

the ability of an organism to reproduce and pass its genes to the next fertile generation

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

the primary target of the influenza virus is the ?

increase

the process of natural selection favors some mutations, when they increase ___.

biosynthesis

the third stage of the virus cycle, the virus hijacks the host cell's machinery to manufacture new capsid proteins and copies of its genetic material. Energy and material for these processes are all provided by the host cell

control

the untreated group used for comparison

control experiment

the variable that is left unaltered

Organismal

tissues, organs, organ systems. organism are part of the ____ level

standardized variable

what is held constant for all subjects

independent variable

what is manipulated

dependent variable

what is measured

antigenic shift

when a virus may evolve new characteristics as they are passed between animal species

muscular

which body system has a breakdown of muscle fibers and accumulation of fluid and has symptoms of joint and muscles aches?

nervous

which body system has the presence of cytokines and tells the hypothalamus in the brain to increase the body temperature and symptoms include headache and fever?

digestive

which body system reduces actions of appetite centers in the brain and symptoms include loss of apetite?

integumentary

which body system restricts blood vessels in the skin to conserve heat and symptoms include chills?


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