Biology 1063 Test 1
six months
A challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine is that it takes ___ ___ to develop the vaccine
common causes of genetic mutation
Agents such as viruses, radiation, and chemicals are examples of what?
Cellular
Atoms, molecules, organelles, and cells are at the ___ level
modification
Darwin proposed descent with ____.
Rapidly
Does influenza evolve rapidly or slowly?
organism
Each living individual is an ____
population
Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a ___ over a period of time.
genetic changes
Evolution is the result of ___ ___ within a species or population over time.
against
Fitness is measured ___ the ability of other organisms to reproduce in the same environment
fertile offspring
Fitness is measured by the number of ___ ___ produced during an organism's lifetime
RNA
HIV and Influenza A are examples of RNA viruses
six months
How long does it take develop the influenza vaccine?
viruses
In ___, the genetic material may be either DNA or RNA
attaching to ACE2 receptors
The SARS-CoV 2 virus enters host cells by?
Wallace
The idea that changes in a population over time could lead to the formation of a new species was proposed by ___ after his study of biogeography in the South Pacific Islands
Capsid, DNA, RNA
What are the components of a virus?
individuals vary in their traits
What is the first step of natural selection?
domain
___ is the most inclusive on the taxonomic hierarchy
scientific theory
a body of interconnected concepts; is supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning
Capsid
a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material; may have proteins attached to it, such as tail fibers or spikes, that assist the virus in attaching to the target host cell
test experiment
a variable is altered in known way to test a hypothesis
ancestors
all organism share common ____
natural science
biology unifies much of ___ ___
evolution
by its scientific definition, this refers to changes in a species or population over time
evolution
diversity of life arises by ____
sample size
number of subjects in a group
fluid in the lungs
one of the first symptoms of an influenza virus infecting the respiratory system is an accumulation of ___ ___ __ __
populational
population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere are all part of the ___- level
experiment
tests the hypothesis; must be carefully designed to test only one variable at a time
genetic material
the ___ ___, which may be in the form of DNA or RNA, contains a relatively small number of genes in comparison to a cell
biology
the scientific study of life
new variant
A ___ __ of the influenza virus can be attributed to the outbreak of the Spanish flu in 1918.
zoonotic
A ___ disease is one that is transmitted from an animal host into humans
Directional selection
A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection?
strains
A challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine is that there are ___ strains of influenza.
rapidly
A challenge in developing an annual influenza virus is that influenza evolves ___
Individuals
A component of the process of natural selection is that ___ vary in their traits.
Influenza A
A virus has been identified as H7N9. Based on this information, which class of virus would it belong to?
intracellular
A virus is a type of ___ parasite that finds a host cell and hijacks its metabolic machinery so that cell may produce more copies of the virus.
are not; ctyokines
All other flu symptoms ___ ___ the direct result of the influenza virus. The symptoms start after the release of chemical signal from the immune system's white blood cells, called ___, which alarm the organ systems of the body that a pathogen is present.
a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA
All viruses are made up of two components. These components are ?
envelope
An ___ surrounds the capsid
emerging
An ___ virus means that they have only recently been shown to infect large numbers of humans; may arise due to changes in the virus that enable it to infect humans or changes in environmental conditions that allow the virus to come in contact with a larger human population
drift
An antigenic ___ can be attributed to RNA polymerase inefficiency
shift
An antigenic ___ delays immune response and may cause an outbreak
drift
An antigenic ___ is the result of the introduction of mutation
shift
An antigenic ___ is when a host cell manufactures particles from two forms of the virus
drift
An antigenic ___ may make the annual vaccine less effective and cause local outbreaks
shift
An antigenic ___ poses a relatively greater threat
drift
An antigenic ___ results in a change to the surface spikes of the influenza virus
shift
An antigenic ___ typically involves animal hosts
Many
Are there many or a few strains of influenza?
H Spikes
As influenza A progresses through the respiratory tract, the ___ of the virus identify host epithelial cells and attach to the cell surface.
epithelial; immune system
As the ___ cells lose their function, they undergo apoptosis, which in turn causes inflammation of the tissue. The inflamed tissue activates the ___ ___.
natural selection
Based on his observations and the idea tat species have the potential to change over time, Darwin proposed a process called ___ ___ in support of change over time, or descent with modification
natural world
Biology is the study of the ___ ___ and the process of evolution is a part of that world.
genetic material
Component 1 of a virus, the ___ ___ contains a relatively small number of genes
capsid
Component 2 of a virus, ___ is a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material.
RNA
Coronaviruses are an example of a single stranded animal ___ virus
larger
Coronaviruses are typically ___ than most RNA viruses, and like many other single stranded RNA viruses, such as Ebola virus and influenza, they have high mutation rates
exterior envelope
Coronaviruses have an ___ ___ which, as we will see, is made from the plasma membrane of the host cells
Process energy and materials
Historically, viruses have not been classified as living organisms. Which of the following characteristics of life excludes viruses from being classified as living organisms?
500 million
How many people were infected by the Spanish flu in 1918?
animals
Human influenza viruses originate in ___ and evolve into new forms that can infect humans.
predictions
Hypotheses should make ___, which provide a way to test the validity of hypotheses
favor
If a favorable mutation increases the ability of an individual to reproduce then natural selection would ___ this variation
DNA, RNA, then protein
In most organisms, the flow of information is from ___, ___, then ____
DNA
In order for a species to evolve, changes must be passed from one generation to the next, so they must occur at the ___ level.
young
In the 1800s, prior to Darwin and Wallace, the common beliefs of the time were that the earth was ___
quadrivalent
In the ___ vaccine, virus particles are inactivated and not capable of reproducing
young
In the early 1800s, prior to Darwin and Wallace, the common beliefs of the time were that all species were created when the earth was ___?
did not
In the early 1800s, prior to Darwin and Wallace, the common beliefs of the time were that species did or did not change over time?
prokaryotic organisms
In the history of life on earth, which organisms evolved first?
H, N
Influenza A virus uses __ and __ spikes to target its host cell.
A, B
Influenza ___ and ___ are the two most prevalent forms of the virus that infect humans.
mouth, nose
Influenza viruses enter the respiratory system through either the ___ or ___
nucleocapsid
Inside the coronavirus, the single stranded RNA genetic material is surrounded by a helical protein structure, called a ____
fitness
Reproduction success among individuals with favorable traits, which they pass on to the next generation is often described using the term ___
interdisciplinary
Science is becoming more ____ which means combining multiple fields
loss
Several effects on the body system due to the release of chemical signals from the immune system are a __ of appetite, joint and muscle aches, headache, fever, and chills.
envelope; host
Some viruses may also possess an ___ hat surrounds the capsid. The structure is actually a remnant of the ___ cell and not made by the virus.
homologous
Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ___ structures.
analogous
Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called ___ structures.
trivalent
The __ vaccine contains different strains of three viruses.
trivalent
The ___ vaccine contain one B virus
quadrivalent
The ___ vaccine contains different strains of four viruses
quadrivalent
The ___ vaccine contains tow types of influenza B virus
quadrivalent
The ___ vaccine contains two A viruses
pass traits
The ability to ___ ___ from one generation to the next is necessary for evolution to occur.
inheritable genetic changes
The evolution of a species is driven by ___ ___ ___.
viral spikes
The influenza virus evolves by a mutation that changes the ___ ___ is introduced into the genetic material
same host cell
The influenza virus evolves when two different forms of the same virus infect the ___ ___ __ and a new virus is created with parts of each form
genetic change
The mechanism behind evolution is ___ ___.
epithelial cells
The primary target of the influenza virus is the ___ ___ lining the respiratory system
quickly
The process of evolution is more challenging because the virus evolves ____.
Darwin
The process of natural selection and the idea of descent with modification were proposed by ___ after the he notably studied beak size in finches on the Galapagos Islands.
fluid backup in the lungs
The proteins produced by the flu virus interfere with the ability of epithelial cells to move materials in and out of lung tissue, resulting in ___ ___ ___ __ ___
nucleotides; genes; RNA
The sequence of ___ that holds a messages inside DNA, known as ___, is decoded by the cell to make ___ and proteins; Molecules that are needed for all cells to perform their cellular functions
DNA
The set of instructions or genetic material used by living organisms is ___.
comparative
The study of homologous and analogous structures, also called ___ anatomy, studies the similarity of both living and fossilized species' structures to infer evolutionary relationships.
genome
The sum of all of the genes in a organism is commonly called its ____
immune system
The symptoms associated with the flu are largely the result of a reaction by which body system?
seven
There are currently ___ types of coronaviruses that infect humans
evolution
Variation, and the ability to pass that variation from one generation to the next in the genetic material, is the basis needed for the process of ___ to occur.
viruses
Varying considerably in shape and the different types of cell they infect, all ____ have two components
inside
Viruses are only capable of reproducing once ___ a living host cell.
protein capsule
Viruses are typically a piece of genetic material encased in a ___ ___.
genetic material
Viruses contain ___ ___ like living organisms
do not
Viruses do or do not contain cell machinery to replicate their genetic material: DNA or RNA
do not
Viruses do or do not maintain an internal environment
do not
Viruses do or do not process energy or materials
do not
Viruses do or do not respond to stimuli from the environment?
combine
Viruses that originate in animal hosts like pigs or birds ___ to exchange genetic material and then continue to mutate in their animal hosts.
South Pacific Islands
Wallace shared his ideas with Darwin, which led to the book, On the Origin of Species. Wallace contributed his biogeographical studies of the ___ ___ ___.
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
What are the 3 domains?
cellular organization, energy utilization, homeostasis, evolution, and growth, development, and reproduction
What are the characteristics of all living organisms?
attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release
What are the five stages of the lytic cell?
A, B, C, D
What are the four influenzas?
S, M, E
What are the proteins involved in coronaviruses?
radiation, chemicals, viruses
What are the three common causes of genetic mutations?
reverse transcriptase
What is the enzyme that converts viral RNA to DNA in the host cell?
populations become adapted to their environment
What is the final step of natural selection results?
lytic cycle
What is the name of the life cycle of a virus?
individuals struggle to exist
What is the second step of natural selection?
Individuals differ in their fitness
What is the third step of natural selection?
oldest; youngest
When fossils are arranged and compared according to their age, from ___ to ___, successive evolutionary change becomes apparent
antigenic drift
Which method of influenza evolution can be attributed in large part to the efficiency of RNA polymerase?
antigenic shift
Which method of influenza evolution usually involves animal hosts?
An RNA virus enclosed in a spherical capsid surrounded by an envelope with spikes
Which of the following describes the physical characteristics of the influenza virus?
Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system
Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?
S protein
Which protein in a coronavirus allow it to identify specific host cells for infection?
E protein
Which protein in a coronavirus are also involved in the assembly of the virus, as well as the exit of the virus from its host cell?
M protein
Which protein in a coronavirus are involved in the assembly of the virus?
proteins; capsid
With only a few genes, the genetic material of a virus contains the instructions needed to manufacture the ___ that compose the __ surrounding he virus and the proteins used to identify the type of host cell for the virus
reproduction
With regards to evolution, fitness is most closely related to successful ___
reproduction
With regards to evolution, fitness is most closely related to successful ___.
epithelium
Within the body, epithelial cells are arranged into a thin layer of tissue, called ___, that is often only one cell-layer thick
species
__ is the least inclusive of the taxonomic hierarchy
emergent properties
___ ___ arise at each level of biological organization; the components interact, and the whole is greater than the sum of the parts
nasal spray
___ ___ contains weakened versions of influenza
H spikes
___ ___ is one important form of the influenza A virus, that is associated with hemagglutinin, a type of glycoprotein that assists the virus in identifying the receptors on the host cell
bacteria, archaea
___ and ___ are single celled prokaryote
vaiation
___ for a trait within a population is necessary for evolution to occur.
Viruses
___ have the ability to change over time or evolve like living things
eukarya
___ is single celled or multicellular eukaryote
Cell
___ is the basic unit of life
RNA
___ is the genetic material of the influenza A virus
evolution
___ is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.
Darwin
___ studied biogeography and finches and proposed the theory of natural selection
Wallace
___ studied biogeography and proposed the idea of speciation
nasal spray
____ ____ may produce flu-like symptoms
coronaviruses
____ are named for their distinctive, crown-like spikes emerging from the surface of the virus; they are relatively common virus that may infect a wide variety of animal species, such as bats, camels, birds, livestock, and humans
Cell-based
____ vaccine creation is similar to using a chicken egg but requires the used of a mammalian cell to replicate the virus
virus
a nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat
hypothesis
a possible explanation for an observation; it is not a guess about how nature works; must be tested; allows for predictions to be made
SARS-CoV2
causes COVID-19 in humans
core proteins
research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on ___ ___, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.
N spikes
the ___ __ are an enzyme called neuraminidase that is a form of the influenza virus that helps break down the mucous material surrounding host cells in the respiratory tract and initiate penetration of the virus into the host cell.
fitness
the ability of an organism to reproduce and pass its genes to the next fertile generation
epithelial cells lining the respiratory system
the primary target of the influenza virus is the ?
increase
the process of natural selection favors some mutations, when they increase ___.
biosynthesis
the third stage of the virus cycle, the virus hijacks the host cell's machinery to manufacture new capsid proteins and copies of its genetic material. Energy and material for these processes are all provided by the host cell
control
the untreated group used for comparison
control experiment
the variable that is left unaltered
Organismal
tissues, organs, organ systems. organism are part of the ____ level
standardized variable
what is held constant for all subjects
independent variable
what is manipulated
dependent variable
what is measured
antigenic shift
when a virus may evolve new characteristics as they are passed between animal species
muscular
which body system has a breakdown of muscle fibers and accumulation of fluid and has symptoms of joint and muscles aches?
nervous
which body system has the presence of cytokines and tells the hypothalamus in the brain to increase the body temperature and symptoms include headache and fever?
digestive
which body system reduces actions of appetite centers in the brain and symptoms include loss of apetite?
integumentary
which body system restricts blood vessels in the skin to conserve heat and symptoms include chills?
