Biology 12 - Biochemistry Chapter 2
What is special about the R-group?
Amino acids differ depending on the structure of the R-group. There are 20 different R-groups
Primary (1°) Structure in proteins
Amino acids in a line. Formed first before other structures.
Secondary (2°) Structure in proteins
The primary structure in a long coil called an Alpha Helix. The primary structure folded called Beta-pleated Sheets. H-bonds hold Alpha Helix together
What is starch?
-a type of carb. (polysaccharide) -found in plant products -storage form of glucose in plants -branched polysaccharide
What is cellulose?
-type of carb. (polysacc.) -found in plant cell wall -very strong in nature -very fibrous -aka. fibre -undigestable by human (we lack enzymes (cellulase) to break down)
What is Glycogen?
-type of carb. (polysaccharide) -more compact than starch, easily stored -stored in liver+muscles -storage form of glucose in animals -highly branched polysacc.
What is the result of dehydration synthesis between 2 amino acids?
A dipeptide
What is the result of dehydration synthesis between 3 or more amino acids?
A polypeptide or a protein
What are essential proteins? How many are there?
Essential proteins are proteins our body cannot make and has to consume to get them. There are 9.
Phospholipids
Found in cell membranes
Neutral fats
Function: - heat insulation - long term energy storage - protective cushioning (organs)
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose - hexose Galactose (milk) - hexose Fructose (fruit) - hexose Ribose - pentose
How are monosaccharides linked together?
Glycosidic bonds
Factors that contribute to denaturation
Heat Acids Bases
Synthesis (aka DehydrationS./ CondensationS.)
Joining monomers to create polymers and release water
5 key biological molecules
Lipids, water, carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acids
Proteins
Main function: build new tissues If eaten in excess: used to produce energy Made from monomers called amino acids
Carbohydrates
Main function: our source of energy Maintains blood sugar level at 0.1% Made of monomers called monosaccharides
Name the 3 types of lipids
Neutral fats, Steroids, Phospholipids
What are non-essential proteins? How many are there?
Non-essential proteins are proteins that our body naturally makes. There are 11.
How are amino acids linked together?
Peptide bonds
Denaturation
Process where the structure of a protein is altered
Quaternary (4°) Structure in proteins
Several secondary structures interlinking to form a large complex molecule. Ex. hemoglobin
Steroids
ex. testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cholesterol
Prosthetic group
the group added to a protein
Hydrolysis
Adding water to a polymer to break it into monomers
3 groups of an amino acid
Amine/amino group Carboxyl/carboxylic group R-group
Empirical formula for monosaccharides
Cn H2n On
Tertiary (3°) Structure in proteins
The secondary structure folded on itself creating a globularly shaped structure. Globe shape held together by attraction/repulsion of R-groups or Ionic and H-bonds. Many are functional proteins (hormones, enzymes) Many are structural proteins (hair, nails, skin)
