Biology 12 - Biochemistry Chapter 2

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What is special about the R-group?

Amino acids differ depending on the structure of the R-group. There are 20 different R-groups

Primary (1°) Structure in proteins

Amino acids in a line. Formed first before other structures.

Secondary (2°) Structure in proteins

The primary structure in a long coil called an Alpha Helix. The primary structure folded called Beta-pleated Sheets. H-bonds hold Alpha Helix together

What is starch?

-a type of carb. (polysaccharide) -found in plant products -storage form of glucose in plants -branched polysaccharide

What is cellulose?

-type of carb. (polysacc.) -found in plant cell wall -very strong in nature -very fibrous -aka. fibre -undigestable by human (we lack enzymes (cellulase) to break down)

What is Glycogen?

-type of carb. (polysaccharide) -more compact than starch, easily stored -stored in liver+muscles -storage form of glucose in animals -highly branched polysacc.

What is the result of dehydration synthesis between 2 amino acids?

A dipeptide

What is the result of dehydration synthesis between 3 or more amino acids?

A polypeptide or a protein

What are essential proteins? How many are there?

Essential proteins are proteins our body cannot make and has to consume to get them. There are 9.

Phospholipids

Found in cell membranes

Neutral fats

Function: - heat insulation - long term energy storage - protective cushioning (organs)

Examples of monosaccharides

Glucose - hexose Galactose (milk) - hexose Fructose (fruit) - hexose Ribose - pentose

How are monosaccharides linked together?

Glycosidic bonds

Factors that contribute to denaturation

Heat Acids Bases

Synthesis (aka DehydrationS./ CondensationS.)

Joining monomers to create polymers and release water

5 key biological molecules

Lipids, water, carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acids

Proteins

Main function: build new tissues If eaten in excess: used to produce energy Made from monomers called amino acids

Carbohydrates

Main function: our source of energy Maintains blood sugar level at 0.1% Made of monomers called monosaccharides

Name the 3 types of lipids

Neutral fats, Steroids, Phospholipids

What are non-essential proteins? How many are there?

Non-essential proteins are proteins that our body naturally makes. There are 11.

How are amino acids linked together?

Peptide bonds

Denaturation

Process where the structure of a protein is altered

Quaternary (4°) Structure in proteins

Several secondary structures interlinking to form a large complex molecule. Ex. hemoglobin

Steroids

ex. testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cholesterol

Prosthetic group

the group added to a protein

Hydrolysis

Adding water to a polymer to break it into monomers

3 groups of an amino acid

Amine/amino group Carboxyl/carboxylic group R-group

Empirical formula for monosaccharides

Cn H2n On

Tertiary (3°) Structure in proteins

The secondary structure folded on itself creating a globularly shaped structure. Globe shape held together by attraction/repulsion of R-groups or Ionic and H-bonds. Many are functional proteins (hormones, enzymes) Many are structural proteins (hair, nails, skin)


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