Biology 1406 - Final Exam

The shape of the beaks of Darwin's finches and industrial melanism are often cited as examples of the process of _______________ leading to evolutionary change.

natural selection

DNA and RNA contain functional units known as: enzymes. nucleotides. amino acids. fatty acids. peptides.

nucleotides.

The number of chromosomes in diploid eukaryotic cells: can be predicted by the size of the organism. varies considerably from 2 to over 1000 in different species. is 46. changes as each organism grows and ages.

varies considerably from 2 to over 1000 in different species.

Indicate which factors support the industrial melanism hypothesis. Check all that apply. Pollution inhibits the growth of dark colored lichen.Pollution inhibits the growth of dark colored lichen. Dark moths have greater camouflage on trees in polluted woodlands.Dark moths have greater camouflage on trees in polluted woodlands. Pollutants darken bark surfaces.Pollutants darken bark surfaces. Light moths have greater camouflage on trees in highly polluted woodlands.

1. Dark moths have greater camouflage on trees in polluted woodlands 2. Pollutants darken bark surfaces

At one gene locus in humans there are 2 alleles: one for curly hair and another for straight hair. Neither allele is dominant, and heterozygous individuals have wavy hair. At a second gene locus, 3 alleles control ABO blood type. The alleles at these 2 gene loci assort independently. A man with straight hair and A blood has children with a woman with wavy hair and B blood. Their first child has straight hair and O blood. What is the probability that their next child will have wavy hair and blood type AB?

1/8 or 12.5%

You are studying meiosis in an organism where 2n = 24. How many chromosomes will each nucleus have after meiosis II is complete?

12

You are studying meiosis in an organism where 2n = 28. How many chromosomes will be present in each cell after meiosis I is complete but before meiosis II begins?

14

The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. A fossil that has one-eighth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 is probably: 22,400 years old. 2,800 years old. 5,600 years old. 11,200 years old. 16,800 years old.

16,800 years old.

A cuboidal shaped cell with six sides is 1mm x 1mm x 1mm. What is the volume and the surface area of the cell?

1mm^3 : 6mm^2

What are the products of one turn of the Citric acid cycle?

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

In humans, individuals with trisomy of the ______ chromosome are most likely to survive until adulthood.

21st.

The complementary messenger RNA strand that would be synthesized from the DNA template sequence of 5' CTGAC 3' would be...

3' GACUG 5'

Under standard conditions, ATP can release for every molecule converted to ADP

7.3 Kcal of energy.

In rats, the allele for long whiskers is dominant to the allele for short whiskers. At another gene locus, a dominant allele produces whiskers and the recessive allele produces a rat with no whiskers. The alleles at these 2 gene loci assort independently. Two rats that are heterozygous at both gene loci are crossed. What percentage of the offspring do you expect will have whiskers? ( Enter the number only without the percent sign. For example, enter 100% as 100 and enter 12.5% as 12.5 )

75 or 25... (Not sure which)

When substrate-level phosphorylation occurs, it means that:

ADP is converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group.

Proteins are polymers formed of structural units called:

Amino Acids

Metabolic reactions fall under two general categories: anabolic and catabolic. What type of chemical reactions are these two classes of metabolic reactions?

Anabolic reactions are endergonic reactions, whereas catabolic reactions are exergonic.

Of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, 22 pairs are homologous and are found in both males and females. These are called ________. bivalents recombinant chromosomes somatic chromosomes autosomes

Autosomes

Below are a series of monomer-polymer pairings. Choose the pairings that correctly match the monomer constituents with the polymers they form. Select all that apply. amino acids : secondary structure of the polypeptide monosaccharides : carbohydrates nucleotides : DNA fatty acids, glycerol : triglycerides phosphate, sugar : nucleotide 4 carbon rings : steroids glycerol, three fatty acids : phospholipids

B) monosaccharides : carbohydrates C)nucleotides : DNA D)fatty acids, glycerol : triglycerides F) 4 carbon rings : steroids

Seth ordered lobster at a restaurant and realized that the outer shell was made of a tough carbohydrate similar to that used to make the carapace of a cockroach. What do you think the outer shell of the lobster is made of?

Chitin

The two strands of a DNA molecule contain nitrogen bases which are __________.

Complimentary

During DNA replication, which enzyme removes the RNA primers and then fills in the gap?

DNA pol I

Why is the lagging strand synthesized in a discontinuous fashion?

DNA synthesis must occur in a 5' to 3' direction, which imposes spatial constraints on the synthesis of the lagging strand.

You are studying an enzyme-catalyzed reaction that induces a particular cellular activity in the lab. If you wanted to slow down that particular cellular activity by controlling the enzyme, what could you do?

Decrease the temperature of the incubator where the cells are growing

A cross where we follow the inheritance of 2 pairs of alleles is called a:

Dihybrid Cross

Individuals that have 2 alleles for most gene loci are best described as

Diploid

Individuals that have 2 alleles for most gene loci are best described as _____.

Diploid

One cell sends second messengers to another cell through gap junctions. What type of signaling would this be considered? Paracrine Autocrine Endocrine Direct contact Synaptic

Direct contact

In early ancestors of the modern giraffe, longer necks allowed animals to reach higher tree branches as food. This would lead to ____ ____ in the ancestral giraffe population.

Directional Selection

Has a nucleus and organelles

Eukaryote

TRUE or FALSE: Release of the last phosphate from ATP is endergonic.

False

TRUE or FALSE: When ATP is hydrolyzed to form ADP, the energy is released into the cytoplasm where enzymes use it to run endergonic reactions.

False

true or false: prokaryotes contain internal membrane bound organelles

False

Suppose you are carrying out a series of crosses with an insect where the mechanism of sex determination is unknown. You discover a mutant male with black wings and decide to cross it with a wild type female that has gray wings. Half of the F1 progeny have black wings but all of these F1 progeny with black wings are females. Based on these results, a valid hypothesis would be: Females are ZW, males are ZZ and wing scales are caused by a dominant allele on the Z chromosome. Females are XX, males are XY and wing scales are caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome. Females are XX, males are XY and wing scales are caused by a dominant allele on the X chromosome. Females are ZW, males are ZZ and wing scales are caused by a recessive allele on the Z chromosome.

Females are XX, males are XY and wing scales are caused by a dominant allele on the X chromosome.

This stage of the cell cycle is characterized by growth and it contains a checkpoint to verify that all of the DNA has been replicated prior to mitosis.

G2

The sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule is called the ________ code.

Genetic

Mutations can occur in any cell of the human body that contains DNA. However, only mutations in _____-____ cells can be passed on to the next generation.

Germ-Line-Cells

In some human populations, the proportion of individuals who are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele is much higher than would be expected by chance alone. Why?

Heterozygous individuals have an advantage over individuals with two normal alleles.

During DNA replication, 32% of the nucleotides in one DNA strand have the base A. What percent of the nucleotides in the complementary strand have the base A? 18% 16% 32% Impossible to determine from the information given.

Impossible to determine from the information given.

What is a difference between DNA replication and RNA transcription?

In DNA replication the helix is never closed after it is opened by helicase, but once RNA polymerase has finished transcribing a region the double helix closes.

You are in the jungle and feeling a bit hungry. You decide to snack on some of the local plants, as they look delicious. Unbeknownst to you, the plant you decide to eat contains a compound that acts as an inhibitor of phospholipase C activity. Soon after consuming your snack, you begin to hear a rustling in the leaves. You fear that it could be a large, carnivorous animal and thus choose to run. The epinephrine release, stimulated by your fight or flight response, leads to the activation of specific G protein-coupled receptors that stimulate the breakdown of macromolecules to generate the energy you need to run. What effect will the presence of the phospholipase C inhibitor have on your ability to escape the predator? Select all that apply. It will prevent the formation of cAMPIt will prevent the formation of cAMP It will prevent the formation of IP3It will prevent the formation of IP3 It will prevent the formation of DAGIt will prevent the formation of DAG It will prevent the activation of PKAIt will prevent the activation of PKA It will likely inhibit some of the signaling pathway downstream of the GPCR activated by epinephrine It will likely inhibit some of the signaling pathway downstream of the GPCR activated by epinephrine It will prevent the activation of the heterotrimeric G protein involved in the signaling pathway It will prevent the activation of the heterotrimeric G protein involved in the signaling pathway

It will prevent the formation of IP3. It will prevent the formation of DAG. It will likely inhibit some of the signaling pathway downstream of the GPCR activated by epinephrine.

The evidence for industrial melanism being caused by an increase in the dark allele was provided from field tests carried out by __________.

Kettlewell

The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions is called ________.

Metabolism

Humans who have lost one copy of an autosome are called

Monosomic

Based on the function of mitochondria, what substance is able to pass through the outer membrane of the mitochondria easily? Sugars Oxygen Amino acids Potassium ions

Oxygen

When a polypeptide is being assembled, the bond that forms between a newly added amino acid and the previous amino acid in the chain is a _________ bond.

Peptide

Place the item in the appropriate photosystem: - 700 - P680 - Oxidizes water - Produces oxygen - Passes electrons to an ETC - Harvest light energy - Found in the thylakoid membrane - Contains chlorophyll

Photosystem I only - P700 Photosystem II only - Oxidizes water - Produces oxygen - P680 Photosystems I & Photosystem I & II - Harvest light energy - Contains chlorophyll - Passes electrons to an ETC - Found in the thylakoid membrane

Has a nucleiod

Prokaryote

Has a cell membrane, a cytoplasm, and contains ribosomes

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

During this stage of mitosis, the nuclear envelope begins to break down and the spindle begins to form.

Prophase

You arrive late to a biological seminar. However, just as you enter the room, you hear the speaker referring to the "amino end" and the "carboxyl end" of a macromolecule. Immediately, you know that they are talking about a: nucleic acid. carbohydrate. lipid. protein.

Protein

Kinases are enzymes that can phosphorylate (transfer phosphate groups onto) macromolecules such as proteins. A particular kinase, Kinase 1 is known to promote cell division. It promotes cell division by phosphorylating Protein X. Phosphorylation of Protein X activates Protein X. Once activated, Protein X stimulates the production of other proteins such as Protein Y and Z that directly promote cell division. In order to function, Kinase 1 requires the presence of Metal A. However, in the presence of Protein A, Kinase 1 is nonfunctional. From the description, what is considered the substrate of Kinase 1?

Protein X

What is the first step during transcription initiation in prokaryotes? the DNA double helix is unwound the transcription bubble is formed RNA polymerase binds to the promoter transcription factors bind to the TATA box sequence RNA polymerase synthesizes a short primer

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter

What is the difference between Ras and the G proteins bound to G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)? Ras is an enzyme and the G proteins bound to GPCRs are not enzymes. Ras is a second messenger and the G proteins bound to GPCRs are not second messengers. Ras is a small G protein and the G proteins bound to GPCRs are not small G proteins. Ras can activate different effector molecules and the G proteins bound to GPCRs cannot activate different effector molecules.

Ras can activate different effector molecules and the G proteins bound to GPCRs cannot activate different effector molecules.

What signaling pathway commonly makes use of a G protein to transduce the signal?

Receptor tyrosine kinase pathways

This stage of mitosis is characterized by the disassembly of spindle apparatus, the reestablishment of the nuclear membrane, and the decondensation of the chromosomes: Telophase Anaphase Prometaphase Metaphase

Telophase

The glycolipids on the surface of red blood cells are also responsible for the A, B, and O blood types. Type O lacks a unique sugar while A and B each contain a unique sugar. If a person with O- blood type receives a blood transfusion from any individual that is not O-, this can lead to lysis of their blood cells by antibodies made by their own immune system. What is a plausible explanation for this outcome? The body recognizes that the donated blood is not O- because it contains different proteins from the type A or B blood. The body will make antibodies against any glycolipids it encounters as they are all foreign molecules. The body will make antibodies against the unique sugars on the type O blood, protecting it from the immune system. The body recognizes the unique sugars on the type A or B blood and makes antibodies against them.

The body recognizes the unique sugars on the type A or B blood and makes antibodies against them.

As electrons move along the electron transport chain, they lose potential energy. How is the energy that is released used by the cell?

The energy is used to transport protons against their concentration gradient

Arsenic poisoning can lead to organ failure and death. Though arsenic can inhibit or interfere with a number of cellular enzymes, arsenic poisoning is thought to be mainly due to indirect inhibition of enzymes involved in both pyruvate oxidation and the Citric acid cycle. As a result, this compound must be able to enter which cellular compartment? The endoplasmic reticulum The nucleus The intermembrane space of the mitochondria The cytoplasm The mitochondrial matrix

The mitochondrial matrix

During protein synthesis in eukaryotes, what happens during RNA splicing?

The product of transcription, called the primary transcript, is cut and some pieces are joined back together to form the mature mRNA.

A protein that is destined to reach the plasma membrane is making its way through the Golgi. At that moment, a drug was added to cells, blocking trafficking at the trans face of the Golgi. As a result, what would happen to the protein? The protein would exit the Golgi, but instead be targeted to the cytoplasm. The protein would return to the endoplasmic reticulum via the trans face of the Golgi. The protein would continue on to the cell surface. The protein would be stuck in the Golgi.

The protein would be stuck in the Golgi.

Phospholipids are important molecules in cells. Considering the structure and function of phospholipids, check all statements that apply. They contain a glycerol backbone.They contain a glycerol backbone. The phosphate head group is polar.The phosphate head group is polar. The molecule is an important part of cell membranes.The molecule is an important part of cell membranes. The non-polar section attracts water molecules.The non-polar section attracts water molecules. They are a major form of energy storage.They are a major form of energy storage.

They contain a glycerol backbone. The phosphate head group is polar. The molecule is an important part of cell membranes.

In a heterozygous individual, the allele being expressed is _______.

dominant

What is the function of a protein kinase? To add phosphate groups onto proteins To phosphorylate GDP to generate GTP To cleave membrane phospholipids To remove phosphate groups from proteins

To add phosphate groups onto proteins

TRUE or FALSE: Once phosphates are released from ATP they can be added back in an endergonic reaction.

True

TRUE or FALSE: The creatine-Phosphate to creatine reaction has a ΔG of -11kcal/mole and thus can be used to generate ATP from ADP.

True

TRUE or FALSE: When ATP is used in a reaction, the last phosphate is transferred to the substrate

True

true or false: prokaryotes contain a plasma membrane

True

true or false: prokaryotes have a cell wall

True

true or false: prokaryotes have ribosomes

True

Matthew noticed that his house plants were wilting badly. Which cell structure had most likely contracted?

Vacuole

2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a drug that can shuttle protons across biological membranes. In the 1930's it was used as a diet pill. Do you think this drug was effective in helping people to lose weight? No, the ability to move protons directly across membranes has nothing to do with weight loss. As a result, patients taking this drug saw no effect on their weight. Yes, by moving protons directly across membranes, this drug likely helped with the synthesis of ATP. The more ATP that is synthesized, the more energy is available for exercise, thus allowing the person to lose weight. Yes, by moving protons directly across membranes, this drug disrupted the proton gradient needed to make ATP. Because ATP production is disrupted, the body will attempt to compensate by breaking down more fuels, such as fat. No, by moving protons directly across membranes, this drug would inhibit glycolysis and thus promote the storage of glucose. Stored glucose would lead to an increase in weight gain.

Yes, by moving protons directly across membranes, this drug disrupted the proton gradient needed to make ATP. Because ATP production is disrupted, the body will attempt to compensate by breaking down more fuels, such as fat.

In the absence of oxygen, can cells utilize the electron transport chain?

Yes, in the case that a cell can use a terminal electron acceptor other than oxygen, it can make use of the electron transport chain.

The covalent bonds connecting monomer units in sugars can be formed by the removal of a water molecule. This reaction is referred to as: a hydration reaction. a dehydration reaction. a hydrolysis reaction. an oxidation-reduction reaction.

a dehydration reaction.

Chlorophyll is the main pigment found in plants. Other pigments are also present. If these other pigments were lost from a plant, but chlorophyll remained, the plant would no longer be able to do what?

absorb wavelengths of light outside those absorbed by chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is the main pigment found in plants. Other pigments are also present. If these other pigments were lost from a plant, but chlorophyll remained, the plant would no longer be able to...

absorb wavelengths of light outside those absorbed by chlorophyll

What polysaccharide forms the long, tough fibers found in plant cell walls?

cellulose

This type of receptor, once bound by ligand, can change conformation to allow specific substances to flow down their concentration gradient. This type of receptor is referred to as ____________ .

channel-linked receptor

The inorganic nonprotein components that participate in enzyme catalysis are known as: reactants. cofactors. coenzymes. substrates. products.

cofactors

This type of receptor is not an enzyme itself, but is bound to a protein that can exchange GDP for GTP and then stimulate effector proteins, which are usually enzymes. This type of receptor is referred to as ____________ .

coupled receptor

The most common fatal genetic disorder of Caucasians is: cholera. muscular dystrophy. cystic fibrosis. hemophilia. sickle cell anemia.

cystic fibrosis.

Irene knows her blood type is A, but William does not know his blood type. However, William knows that his mother and father both had blood type B. Irene and William's first child is a boy with type O blood. Based on this information, William's blood type could be

either B or O

In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in:

energy release/capture.

This type of receptor is a transmembrane receptor. It has an extracellular domain that binds to ligand, and an intracellular domain that can directly phosphorylate other proteins. This is an example of ____________ .

enzymatic receptor

Nondisjunction of a single pair of autosomes can lead to all of the following except: trisomy. euploidy. monosomy. aneuploidy.

euploidy.

Consider meiosis starting with a diploid cell where 2n=6. If DNA replication were not suppressed between meiotic divisions, the final result would be

four cells with 6 DNA molecules each.

A test cross can be used to do all of the following except

identify the chromosome on which a gene is located.

A cell biologist examines a diploid cell from a kangaroo during prometaphase of mitosis and determines that 32 chromatids are present. The role of fertilization in this animal is to (Check all that apply) increase the number of chromosomes per cell from 8 to 16. increase the number of chromosomes per cell from 16 to 32. produce 4 daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original parental cell. combine the chromosomes of 2 haploid cells into a single diploid cell.

increase the number of chromosomes per cell from 8 to 16 combine the chromosomes of 2 haploid cells into a single diploid cell

This type of receptor binds to hydrophobic ligands. This type of receptor is referred to as ____________ .

intracellular receptor

In life cycles that alternate between haploid and diploid stages, fertilization doubles the number of chromosomes per cell while ______ reduces it in half.

meiosis

The observable outward manifestation of the genes of an individual is referred to as its

phenotype.

The chemical bond connecting one nucleotide with the next along one strand of a DNA molecule is called a ________ bond.

phosphodiester bond.

Photosynthetic pigments in bacteria are located in the: chloroplasts. plasma membrane. nuclei. plasmids. cell wall.

plasma membrane.

A Punnett square is generally used to: predict the genotypic ratio among the offspring. predict the number of offspring that will exhibit each genotype. determine the phenotype of each parent from its genotype. determine the genotype of each parent from its phenotype.

predict the genotypic ratio among the offspring.

Ribosomes are made up of:

protein and RNA.

In eukaryotes, pre-mRNA processing may involve all of the following except: addition of a 3' poly-A tail addition of a 5' cap. pre-mRNA splicing by the spliceosome. removal of exons from the pre-mRNA.

removal of exons from the pre-mRNA.

The ends of linear chromosomes that maintain chromosome integrity are called ______. kinetin telomeres thymine dimers the replisome kinetochores

telomeres

A deletion of a particular stretch of chromosome 15 can cause either Prader-Willi syndrome or Angelman syndrome, depending on: whether or not the region is methylated properly. the parental origin of the normal and deleted chromosome. whether a translocation event has occurred. whether a nondisjunction event has occurred.

the parental origin of the normal and deleted chromosome.

Gene expression involves two phases, ___________ and translation.

transcription