Biology 1406 UNIT 1

What does an atomic number tell?

# of protons in the nucleus

What are the 4 properties of carbons?

-Electron neutrality -Valence energy of 4 -carbon chains -hydrocarbons

Compare Acid and Base

Acid- -Low pH level -proton donors -high hydrogen ion count -ex. lemons Base- -High pH level -proton acceptors -low hydrogen ion count

The term for a solution with a low pH number, such as lemon juice or vinegar, is _______.

Acidic

Different molecules stick together

Adhesion

Which of the following statements about the functional groups of organic compounds is false? a.) All functional groups include a carbon atom. b.) Functional groups participate in chemical reactions. c.) Functional groups may help make organic compounds hydrophilic. d.) Many biological molecules have two or more functional groups.

All functional groups include a carbon atom.

Kingdom _____________ consists of multicellular eukaryotes that obtain their food by ingesting (eating) other organisms.

Animalia

_______are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes.

Bacteria

Name the domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

_____________ provides directions for its own replication. It also directs cell activities by providing instructions for building proteins.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

_______uses ''if . . . then'' logic to proceed from a general hypothesis to specific predictions of results that can be expected if the general premise is true.

Deductive reasoning

Anabolism of macros, enzymes bond 2 monomers & release a molecule of water

Dehydration Synthesis

The 4 most abundant elements in living organisms are?

C,H,O,N

________ is one of the seven elements that make up a small fraction, approximately 3.7%, of living cells.

Calcium

What are the fundament units of life called?

Cells

-Glucose monomers -gives plants cell rigidity (cell walls)

Cellulose

Glucose monomers, fungi cell walls & insect exoskeletons

Chitin

Same molecules stick together

Cohesion

All organisms in an area

Community

Substance that contains 2 or more different atoms

Compound

All organisms and physical components (living and not)

Ecosystem

All organisms with eukaryotic cells are grouped in domain _______

Eukarya

Complex organs with membrane bound organelles

Eukarya

If all organisms are made of cells, and all humans are organisms, then what Domain do humans fall under?

Eukarya

Kingdom ________ includes eukaryotic organisms that mostly decompose organic wastes and absorb nutrients into their cells.

Fungi

Glucose monomers, storage in animals

Glycogen

An acid is a compound that donates ____ to a solution.

H+

What holds together DNA?

Hydrogen bonds

Catabolism of micros, enzyme applies 1 H and 1 OH to separate molecules

Hydrolysis

The phospholipid bilayer has ___________ heads and __________ tails.

Hydrophilic; hydrophobic

Specific molecules binds with proteins bonding site Ex. lock & key

Ligand

Breaks down lipids

Lipase

Substance that has 2 or more atoms bonded together

Molecule

________ is one of the four elements that make up 96.3% of living cells.

Nitrogen

Breaks down nucleic acids

Nuclease

The higher the pH number, the higher the concentration of _____ in a solution.

OH-

______________ are a major component of cell membranes. They form a bilayer with their hydrophobic tails mingling together and their hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment on both sides of the membrane.

Phospholipids

Kingdom ________ consists of multicellular eukaryotes that produce their food by photosynthesis.

Plantae

no membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic

Name the kingdoms in the domain Eukarya

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

_______are a diverse collection of mostly single-celled eukaryotes, which are sorted into several kingdoms to reflect their evolutionary relationships.

Protists

A gene provides the directions to build a molecule of ____________; the genetic instructions it carries are then translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Describe the difference between Saturated fats and Unsaturated fats

Saturated fats- -single bonds -saturated with H+ -solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats- -double bonds -liquid at room temperature

Compare Solute and Solvent

Solute- -it's dissolved -small amounts -ex. salt (ions), glucose Solvent- -water (universal solvent) does the dissolving -ex. polar dissolves polar -hydrophilic and lipophobic, non-polar dissolves non-polar hydrophobic and lipophilic.

Glucose monomers, storage in plants

Starch

_________ are lipids with a structure consisting of four fused rings. Many sex hormones are made from this type of lipid.

Steroids

Which statement about the properties of life is false? a.) Organisms have an unchanging, constant internal environment. b.) Organisms have the ability to reproduce. c.) Organisms have the ability to respond to stimuli from the environment. d.) Organisms have the ability to take in energy and use it.

a.) Organisms have an unchanging, constant internal environment.

The tertiary structure of a polypeptide refers to a.) the presence of pleated sheets. b.) the overall three-dimensional structure. c.) the amino acids of which it is made. d.) its size.

b.) the overall three-dimensional structure.

Proteins differ from one another because a.) the peptide bonds linking amino acids differ from protein to protein. b.) the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein. c.) each protein contains its own unique sequence of sugar molecules. d.) the number of nucleotides found in each protein varies from molecule to molecule.

b.) the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein.

The term for a solution with a high pH number, such as ammonia or bleach, is ______.

basic

A substance that accepts H+ when they are in excess and donates H+ when their concentration drops is called a(n) ________.

buffer

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand? a.) 3'-UAAACG-5' b.) 3'-ATTTGC-5' c.) 3'-TAAACG-5' d.) 3'-TUUUCG-5' e.) 3'-GCAAAT-5'

c.) 3'-TAAACG-5'

The four most common elements in living organisms are a.) C, H, O, Fe. b.) C, N, O, Na. c.) C, H, O, N. d.) C, H, O, Na.

c.) C, H, O, N.

A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. a.) Eukarya ... Fungi b.) Eukarya ... Protista c.) Eukarya ... Plantae d.) Eukarya ... Animalia e.) Bacteria ... Archaea

c.) Eukarya ... Plantae

Which statement about evolution is true? a.) Individuals evolve within the span of their own lifetimes. b.) Evolution is deliberate and purposeful. c.) Evolution can result in adaptations. d.) Organisms evolve structures in response to needs.

c.) Evolution can result in adaptations.

Which of the following temperature properties is most like homeostasis? a.) density of ice b.) High heat of vaporization c.) High specific heat capacity d.) It has polar covalent bonds and liquid water has H-bonds

c.) High specific heat capacity

When water freezes, ice floats. Why? a.) Ice is colder than liquid water. b.) The ice molecules are moving faster than liquid water molecules. c.) Ice is denser than liquid water. d.) In ice, the water molecules are farther apart than in liquid water.

c.) Ice is denser than liquid water.

What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding? a.) In covalent bonding, both partners end up with filled outer electron shells; in ionic bonding, one partner does and the other does not. b.) Covalent bonds form between atoms of the same element; ionic bonds form between atoms of different elements. c.) In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other. d.) Covalent bonding involves only the outermost electron shell; ionic bonding also involves the next electron shell inside the outermost shell.

c.) In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other.

Which of the following groups within the domain Eukarya does NOT represent a single kingdom? a.) Plantae b.) Animalia c.) Protista d.) Fungi

c.) Protista

Which of the following contains a carboxyl and an amino group? a.) fat b.) sugar c.) amino acid d.) glucose

c.) amino acid

Glucose molecules are to starch as ________ are to proteins. a.) oils b.) fatty acids c.) amino acids d.) monosaccharides

c.) amino acids

Which of the following is an example of secondary structure in a protein? a.) a globular shape b.) the joining of two polypeptide chains c.) an alpha helix d.) a particular amino acid sequence

c.) an alpha helix

Which of the following would be correctly classified as a protein? a.) cellulose b.) starch c.) an enzyme d.) cholesterol

c.) an enzyme

Energy______: a.) Is derived from the sun, stored in bonds of chemicals, then lost as heat b.) Has matter that stores it and the matter (chemicals) is never lost. c.) both a and b

c.) both a and b

Which series of terms is in the sequence of biological organization from the simplest to the most complex? a.) organism, ecosystem, community, population b.) molecule, tissue, cell, membrane c.) cell, tissue, organ, population d.) community, population, ecosystem, habitat

c.) cell, tissue, organ, population

A(n) ________ forms when two atoms share electrons. a.) ionic bond b.) ion c.) covalent bond d.) hydrogen bond

c.) covalent bond

Nonpolar covalent bonds a.) include water b.) have a charge c.) equal sharing of electrons d.) Dotted lines showing interactions of molecule

c.) equal sharing of electrons

Water molecules stick to other water molecules because a.) the oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules are attracted to one another. b.) covalent bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules. c.) hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules. d.) water molecules are neutral, and neutral molecules are attracted to each other.

c.) hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules

What specific reaction takes place to break a polysaccharide? a.) dehydration reaction b.) dehydration synthesis c.) hydrolysis d.) synthesis reaction e.) catabolic reaction f.) anabolic reaction g.) neutralization reaction h.) exchange reaction

c.) hydrolysis

In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine? a.) hydrophobic b.) polar covalent c.) ionic d.) hydrogen e.) nonpolar covalent

c.) ionic

Which level in the hierarchy shown is a community? The figure shows a diagram of a hierarchy. A box (A) is for all environments on earth supporting life. Box (A) leads to box (B) which is for savannah. Box (B) leads to box (C) which is for all organisms in the savannah. Box (C) leads to box (D) which is for a group of cheetahs. a.) level A b.) level B c.) level C d.) level D

c.) level C

Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which sequence correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive? a.) molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem b.) cell, molecule, organ system, organ, organelle, population, tissue, organism, ecosystem, community c.) molecule, cell, organism, organ system, tissue, population, organ, organelle, community, ecosystem d.) ecosystem, population, organ system, cell, community, molecule, organ, organism, organelle, tissue

c.) molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

Which fatty acids could make a fat that is liquid at room temperature? a.) stearic acid b.) palmitic acids c.) oleic acid

c.) oleic acid

Myosin is a contractile protein found in muscles that is composed of three pairs of subunits, two heavy chains, and two pairs of two different types of light chains, for a total of six subunits. Myosin contains what level(s) of protein structure? a.) primary only b.) primary, secondary, and tertiary only c.) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary d.) primary and secondary only

c.) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

The kingdom Fungi includes species _________. a.) that obtain food by ingesting other organisms. b.) such as mushrooms and plants. c.) that obtain food by decomposing dead organisms and absorbing the nutrients. d.) that use photosynthesis to obtain food.

c.) that obtain food by decomposing dead organisms and absorbing the nutrients.

A protein's alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure. a.) first b.) second c.) third d.) fourth

c.) third

A fatty acid consists of a ____________ and a long hydrocarbon chain.

carboxyl group

The breaking and forming of chemical bonds that leads to a change in the composition of matter.

chemical reaction

A(n) _______ involves both an experimental group and a control group, which are alike except for the one variable that the experiment is designed to test.

controlled experiment

A(n) _________bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, also known as a molecular bond.

covalent

Which of these functional groups is found in all amino acids? a.) -OH b.) -PO42- c.) =O d.) -NH2

d.) -NH2

Which of the following statements best describes a compound? a.) A compound is a solution. b.) A compound is exemplified by sodium. c.) A compound is a pure element. d.) A compound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio.

d.) A compound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio.

Which of the following processes occurs in BOTH eukaryotic and bacterial cells? a.) uptake of energy from their surroundings b.) reproduction c.) regulation of cell function by changes in the activity of genes d.) All of the listed responses are correct.

d.) All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following statements about dehydration reactions is false? a.) Covalent bonds are formed between the monomers. b.) One monomer loses a hydrogen atom, and the other loses a hydroxyl group. c.) H2O is formed as the monomers are joined. d.) Animal digestive systems utilize this process to break down food.

d.) Animal digestive systems utilize this process to break down food.

Humans belong to which kindom? a.) Prokarya b.) Plantae c.) Eukarya d.) Animalia e.) Homo Sapiens

d.) Animalia

Phosphate group ____________? a.) Binds to 3' Carbon b.) Binds T & A c.) Binds U & A d.) Binds to 5' Carbon

d.) Binds to 5' Carbon

A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. a.) Eukarya ... Fungi b.) Eukarya ... Protista c.) Eukarya ... Plantae d.) Eukarya ... Animalia e.) Bacteria ... Archaea

d.) Eukarya ... Animalia

Which of the following statements about hydrocarbons is false? a.) Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. b.) Hydrocarbons can form straight, branched, or ringed structures. c.) Hydrocarbons consist of atoms linked by single or double bonds. d.) Hydrocarbons are inorganic compounds.

d.) Hydrocarbons are inorganic compounds.

Which of the following statements about the monomers and polymers found in living organisms is false? a.) The monomers used to make polymers are essentially universal. b.) Cells typically make all of their macromolecules from a set of 40-50 common monomers and a few other ingredients that are rare. c.) Monomers serve as building blocks for polymers. d.) Monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis.

d.) Monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis.

Which of these is a scientific hypothesis? a.) My father's problem with excessive urination was alleviated when he took medicine for high blood pressure. b.) Researchers have observed that high blood pressure is often associated with excessive urination. c.) For the last three months, I have had problems with excessive urination. d.) My excessive urination may mean that I have high blood pressure.

d.) My excessive urination may mean that I have high blood pressure.

A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules: __________ and fatty acids.

glycerol

A weak bond called a __________bond results from an attraction between a slightly positive region in a molecule and a slightly negative region in the same or a different molecule.

hydrogen

Lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are ____________.

hydrophobic

A(n) ______ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by additional observations or by experiments.

hypothesis

An antibody is protein produced with multiple amino acid chains (subunits) that are bonded together. An antibody contains what level(s) of protein structure? a.) Primary only b.) secondary only c.) tertiary only d.) quaternary only e.) Primary and secondary only f.) secondary and tertiary only g.) tertiary and quaternary only h.) primary, secondary and tertiary only i.) primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

i.) primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

Using a type of logic known as ______, a generalized conclusion can often be drawn from a large number of specific observations.

inductive reasoning

A(n) ________bond forms when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom.

ionic

Atoms or molecules with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons are ______.

ions

The term for a solution that has an equal concentration of H+ and OH- is ________.

neutral

The monomers of nucleic acids consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a __________.

nitrogenous base

Atoms involved in a _________bond equally share electrons; there is no charge separation to the molecule.

nonpolar

In O2, the type of bond that holds the two oxygen atoms together is a ___________.

nonpolar covalent bond

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of __________ monomers.

nucleotide

Nucleic acids are polymers of ____________.

nucleotides

A _________bond is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. As a result, one end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge and the other a slightly positive charge.

polar

In H2O, the type of bond that holds one of the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom is a ______________.

polar covalent bond

RNA usually consists of a single ____________.

polynucleotidestrand

Specific species in an area (think about evolution)

population

In the equation, C6H12O6 is a ___________.

product

Breaks down proteins

protease

Which of the following particles are found in the nucleus of an atom? a.) protons and neutrons b.) neutrons and electrons c.) neutrons, electrons, and protons d.) protons and electrons

protons and neutrons

In the equation, CO2 is a _________.

reactant

The hydrocarbon chains of ______________ are not kinked, and thus pack closely together, making animal fats solid at room temperature.

saturated fatty acids

Scientists use a general process known as ______to ask and answer questions about nature.

scientific inquiry

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of ___________ monomers.

simple sugar

When one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms, a ________bond is formed.

single

A polynucleotide has a repeating ___________ backbone.

sugar-phosphate

The ultimate source of energy

the sun

A(n) _______ is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses.

theory

What does an atomic mass tell?

total # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Organisms with prokaryotic cells are separated into two ______, Bacteria and Archaea.

domains

When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms, a _________bond is formed.

double

The structure of DNA is a _____________, held together by the complementary base-pairing of cytosine with guanine, and adenine with thymine.

double helix

Polymers that contain sugars ... a.) May store hereditary information. b.) May store energy. c.) May protect cells. d.) Both (b) and (c). e.) (a), (b), and (c).

e.) (a), (b), and (c).

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain? a.) 50 b.) 25 c.) 150 d.) 200 e.) 75

e.) 75

Which of the following does not increase reaction rate? a.) increased temperature b.) Increased concentrations c.) smaller particle size d.) catalysts e.) Decrease in concentrations

e.) Decrease in concentrations

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____. a.) glycerol, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar b.) amino group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar c.) sulfhydryl group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar d.) phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a hydrocarbon e.) phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

e.) phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

The number of oxygen atoms on the left side of the equation is ___________ the number of oxygen atoms on the right side.

equal to

A hypothesis must be testable and ________--there must be some observation or experiment that could show that it is not true.

falsifiable

Denaturation destroys the folding process, proteins and has a loss of biological activity? a.) true b.) false

a.) true

Structure is related to function (duck with webbed feet) a.) true b.) false

a.) true

Protein polymers are made up of ___________ monomers.

amino acid

Breaks down carbs

amylase

Most of the prokaryotes known as ______alive in extreme environments, such as salty lakes.

archae

A theory is different from a hypothesis in that....

A hypothesis is falsifiable

_____________ is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table.

Atomic number

The chemical energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from __________. a.) the sun b.) carbon dioxide c.) heat d.) the decomposition of plants

a.) the sun

Function and structure of RNA? a.) Transcribe and single stranded b.) Transcribe and double stranded c.) Translate and single stranded d.) Translate and double stranded

a.) transcribe and single stranded

________, also called micronutrients, are any chemical element required by living organisms in miniscule amounts, but cells require them to survive.

Trace elements

Ionic bonds include

Transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another

_____________ have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains and are usually found in vegetable oils.

Unsaturated fatty acids

_______ is one of the fourteen trace elements and is a component of certain digestive enzymes and other proteins.

Zinc

Which is a decomposition (catabolic) reaction? a.) AB -> A+B b.) A+B -> AB c.) AB+C -> AC+B d.) AB+CD -> AD+C

a.) AB -> A+B

Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____. a.) Bacteria and Archaea b.) Bacteria and Eukarya c.) Bacteria and Protista d.) Bacteria e.) Protista and Archaea

a.) Bacteria and Archaea

Which statement about bacteria is true? a.) Bacteria are in a domain of their own. b.) All bacteria are multicellular organisms. c.) Archaea belong to the same domain. d.) Bacteria do not use the same genetic code as organisms in other domains.

a.) Bacteria are in a domain of their own.

Match structure with what's going on: a.) Primary b.) Secondary c.) Tertiary d.) Quaternary

a.) Beads, unfolded amino acid chain b.) Folds with hydrogen bonding between hydrogens and backbone c.) Further folding, R group interactions d.) Multiple proteins bonding together resulting in protein complexes

Match these monomers to their polymers: a.) Monosaccharides b.) Fatty Acids c.) Amino Acids d.) Nucleotides

a.) Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) b.) Lipids (Fats) c.) Proteins (Polypeptides, peptides) d.) Nucleic Acids

Fungi are classified into which Domain? a.) Eukarya b.) Archaea. c.) Bacteria d.) Eukarya and Archaea. e.) Eukarya and Bacteria.

a.) Eukarya

Specific molecule that binds to protein bonding site. a.) Ligand b.) Allosteric site (none active site) c.)Inhibitor (keeps it from bonding to active stuff) d.) Active sites

a.) Ligand

Which of the following statements about animal cell lipids is false? a.) Many lipids function as enzymes. b.) Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes. c.) Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is a component of cell membranes and steroid hormones. d.) Fats are a form of lipid that function to store energy.

a.) Many lipids function as enzymes.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about discoveries that have been made as a result of comparison of DNA sequences across many species? a.) Organisms possessing a genetic code drastically different from that used by humans have been discovered. b.) These studies have led to the identification of unknown organisms, such as some of the bacteria in your gut. c.) The actions of genes in other species have been studied. d.) Genes shared across many species have been identified.

a.) Organisms possessing a genetic code drastically different from that used by humans have been discovered.

If nothing in science has been changed except eliminating a prediction to a specific question which of the following is accepted? a.) The null hypothesis b.) The alternate hypothesis c.) The experimental hypothesis

a.) The null hypothesis

After reading the paragraph below, answer the question that follows. Your first big biology exam is coming up in a few days, and in order to prepare for late-night study sessions, you buy a box of Yummies, a delicious type of snack cake. After checking out the nutrition facts label on the side of the box, you discover that a single Yummie cake contains 4.5 grams of total fat, 27 grams of carbohydrate, 0 grams of fiber, and 1 gram of protein. The pH of the stomach is extremely acidic (~ pH 2). If you ate a Yummie cake, what do you think would happen to the protein that you ingested as it passes through the stomach? a.) The protein would become denatured due to the acidic environment. b.) The protein would get broken down via dehydration reactions. c.) The protein would form longer proteins via dehydration reactions. d.) The protein would speed up digestion because it is an enzyme.

a.) The protein would become denatured due to the acidic environment.

A theory is accepted as fact a.) True b.) False

a.) True

True or False? Scientific theories are accepted fact and are justified by all current scientific evidence. a.) True b.) False

a.) True

Proteins are polymers of _____. a.) amino acids b.) glycerol c.) hydrocarbons d.) CH2O units e.) nucleotides

a.) amino acids

The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____. a.) amino acids b.) nucleosides c.) nucleotide bases d.) codons

a.) amino acids

Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____. a.) are different ions b.) are different isotopes c.) have different atomic numbers d.) have different atomic masses e.) have different numbers of neutrons

a.) are different ions

Which element is closely associated with the field of organic chemistry? a.) carbon b.) nitrogen c.) potassium d.) sulfur

a.) carbon

Which of the following lists contains only polysaccharides? a.) cellulose, starch, and glycogen b.) fructose, cellulose, and glucose c.) sucrose, starch, and cellulose d.) starch, amino acids, and glycogen

a.) cellulose, starch, and glycogen

The tendency of water molecules to stick together is referred to as a.) cohesion. b.) polarity. c.) adhesion. d.) transpiration.

a.) cohesion.

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is known as a(n) _____. a.) element b.) compound c.) molecule d.) electron

a.) element

Which of the following organisms contain the polysaccharide chitin? a.) fungi and insects b.) plants and bacteria c.) animals and plants d.) insects and plants

a.) fungi and insects

Part complete Water's surface tension and heat storage capacity are accounted for by its a.) hydrogen bonds. b.) size. c.) mass. d.) orbitals.

a.) hydrogen bonds.

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken? a.) hydrolysis b.) condensation c.) combustion d.) dehydration

a.) hydrolysis

The results of dehydration reactions can be reversed by a.) hydrolysis reactions. b.) polymerization reactions. c.) condensation reactions. d.) the addition of an amino group.

a.) hydrolysis reactions.

Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system. a.) immune b.) nervous c.) cardiovascular d.) digestive e.) integumentary

a.) immune

The levels of carbon dioxide are expected to _____ of our oceans. a.) increase and lower the pH b.) increase and raise the pH c.) decrease and lower the pH d.) increase but not alter the pH

a.) increase and lower the pH

A property of life known as energy processing refers to the fact that living things __________. a.) obtain energy from their environment and use it to power their own activities and chemical reactions b.) regulate their internal environments c.) can reproduce d.) can sense stimuli from the environment

a.) obtain energy from their environment and use it to power their own activities and chemical reactions

There is (are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s). a.) one b.) two c.) three d.) four e.) five

a.) one

In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a ________ bond. a.) polar covalent b.) nonpolar covalent c.) double covalent d.) hydrogen

a.) polar covalent

The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom by ________ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by ________ bonds. a.) polar covalent; hydrogen b.) polar covalent; ionic c.) hydrogen; polar covalent d.) ionic; covalent

a.) polar covalent; hydrogen

In the equation 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O, the H2 molecules are ________ and the H2O molecules are ________. a.) reactants; products b.) created; destroyed c.) used; stored d.) products; reactants

a.) reactants; products

Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its _____. a.) shape b.) electrical charge c.) elemental d.) composition e.) size

a.) shape

The primary structure of a protein is a.) the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. b.) maintained by hydrogen bonds. c.) an alpha helix or a pleated sheet. d.) composed of two or more polypeptide chains.

a.) the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain.

Smallest unit of an element that retains its properties

atom

The number of protons plus neutrons in an atom, represented as an average of all naturally occurring forms of the element, is known as ________.

atomic weight

After reading the paragraph below, answer the question that follows. Uranium is a metallic element that is used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. The vast majority of uranium found on Earth is in the form of uranium-238, an isotope with a mass number of 238, while the uranium that is used for nuclear reactors and weapons is uranium-235, an isotope with a mass number of 235. If the atomic number of uranium is 92, how many neutrons does an atom of uranium-235 have in its nucleus? a.) 92 b.) 143 c.) 235 d.) 146

b.) 143

An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many electrons does boron have? a.) 11 b.) 5 c.) 2 d.) 15

b.) 5

Which of the following statements accurately describes a typical gene? a.) A gene is a protein that confers an observable characteristic. b.) A gene is a segment of DNA that directs the synthesis of a specific protein. c.) A gene is a nucleotide-either an A, T, G, or C. d.) found only in eukaryotes

b.) A gene is a segment of DNA that directs the synthesis of a specific protein.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major health issue in many countries. Treatment for these resistant forms of bacteria is longer and requires more expensive antibiotics. Scientists attribute this to natural selection. Under these circumstances, what does natural selection mean? a.) Tuberculosis bacteria discovered a way to avoid these particular antibiotics. b.) An environment was created in which the tuberculosis bacterium carrying the antibiotic-resistant genes had an increased likelihood of survival and reproduction. c.) The tuberculosis genes mutated to avoid being killed by the antibiotic. d.) The antibiotic changed the DNA of the tuberculosis bacterium.

b.) An environment was created in which the tuberculosis bacterium carrying the antibiotic-resistant genes had an increased likelihood of survival and reproduction.

Which statement best describes the relationship between a tissue and an organ system? a.) Tissues are not composed of cells; organ systems are composed of cells. b.) An organ system includes tissues. c.) A tissue cannot exist unless it is a component of an organ system, whereas an organ system can exist independently of tissues. d.) The tissue level of organization is more inclusive than the organ system level.

b.) An organ system includes tissues.

Nucleotides are ____________? a.) Linked together by dehydration synthesis b.) Both a and c c.) Bind to 3' Carbon d.) Bind to 5' Carbon

b.) Both a and c

Which of the following statements regarding carbon is false? a.) Carbon has the ability to bond together to form extensive branched or unbranched "carbon skeletons." b.) Carbon has the ability to bond with up to six other atoms. c.) Carbon has the capacity to form single and double bonds. d.) Carbon has a tendency to form covalent bonds.

b.) Carbon has the ability to bond with up to six other atoms.

Which is not a function of carbohydrates? a.) cell identification & signaling b.) Contains C,H,O in varying sizes c.) structural support for cell wall d.) Primary energy storage & source

b.) Contains C,H,O in varying sizes

Which of the following is true with regard to the relationship between ecosystems and communities? a.) Soil is an ecosystem component; water is a community component. b.) Ecosystems include the nonliving components of an environment; communities include only the living components of an environment. c.) An ecosystem is a part of a community. d.) Ecosystems exclude the living components of an environment; communities include the living components of an environment.

b.) Ecosystems include the nonliving components of an environment; communities include only the living components of an environment.

Which Domain(s) includes unicellular orgainsms? a.)Eukarya. b.) Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria. c.) Archaea. d.) Archaea and Bacteria only. e.) Bacteria.

b.) Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria.

What feature of fats makes them hydrophobic? a.) Fats have carboxyl groups. b.) Fats have nonpolar hydrocarbon chains. c.) Fats have polar fatty acids. d.) Fats include one glycerol molecule.

b.) Fats have nonpolar hydrocarbon chains.

What does the term amino acid signify about the structure of the molecule? a.) It consists of a carboxyl group only. b.) It consists of an amino group and a carboxyl group. c.) It consists of an amino group only. d.) It consists of an amino group and a carbonyl group.

b.) It consists of an amino group and a carboxyl group.

Which of the following best describes the atomic number of an atom? a.) the number of neutrons in the atom b.) the number of protons in the atom c.) the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in the atom d.) the number of electrons in the atom

b.) the number of protons in the atom

What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid? a.) The protein will unravel and become entirely nonfunctional. b.) It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein's function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function. c.) The protein will remain unchanged; several amino acids would have to be altered to have any effect on protein function. d.) The protein's fourth-level structure will be damaged.

b.) It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein's function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function.

Which of the following statements regarding the oxygen atom of a water molecule is true? a.) Oxygen is more positively charged than the hydrogen atoms. b.) Oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms. c.) Oxygen attracts electrons less strongly than the hydrogen atoms. d.) Oxygen is attracted to the negatively charged atoms of other molecules.

b.) Oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms.

Which of the following statements regarding chemical reactions is false? a.) Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds. b.) Some chemical reactions create electrons; others destroy them. c.) The reactants contain the same number of atoms as the products. d.) Although the atoms of a reaction's reactants and products are identical to each other, their molecular formulas differ.

b.) Some chemical reactions create electrons; others destroy them.

Which of the following statements is true about the chemical nutrients in an ecosystem? a.) They can be converted to energy. b.) They cycle within the ecosystem and are constantly reused. c.) They flow through the ecosystem, and some nutrients are lost in the process. d.) They depend on sunlight as their source.

b.) They cycle within the ecosystem and are constantly reused.

Which of the following statements regarding triglyceride molecules is false? a.) Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. b.) Triglycerides are hydrophilic. c.) Triglycerides play a role in energy storage. d.) Triglycerides are a type of fat.

b.) Triglycerides are hydrophilic.

Below is the structure of leucine, an amino acid. What type of bond is the arrow pointing to? The figure shows the structure of leucine, which is H2NCHCOOH, with a -CH2CH left parenthesis CH3 right parenthesis 2 group attached to the first (from left to right) carbon. The arrow points at a bond between H and N atoms. a.) an ionic bond b.) a polar covalent bond c.) a hydrogen bond d.) a nonpolar covalent bond

b.) a polar covalent bond

Organic compounds a.) are synthesized only by animal cells. b.) always contain carbon. c.) always contain nitrogen. d.) always contain oxygen.

b.) always contain carbon.

A typical soda contains sugar, flavorings, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide that have been dissolved in water. Soda is therefore _____. a.) a solvent b.) an aqueous solution c.) a molecule d.) a solute

b.) an aqueous solution

An ionic bond involves _____. a.) the sharing of a single pair of electrons b.) an attraction between ions of opposite charge c.) no atoms other than sodium and chlorine d.) water avoidance e.)the unequal sharing of an electron pair

b.) an attraction between ions of opposite charge

Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae _________. a.) obtain food by decomposing the remains of dead organisms and absorbing the nutrients. b.) are photosynthetic. c.) are unicellular.

b.) are photosynthetic.

Members of the kingdom Animalia ___________. a.) can obtain their food either by absorption or by photosynthesis. b.) can obtain their food by eating other organisms. c.) make their own food through photosynthesis.

b.) can obtain their food by eating other organisms.

The tree in your backyard is home to two cardinals, a colony of ants, a wasp's nest, two squirrels, and millions of bacteria. Together, all of these organisms represent a(n) a.) species. b.) community. c.) ecosystem. d.) population.

b.) community.

What is another name for a condensation reaction? a.) water formation b.) dehydration c.) monomerization d.) catabolism e.) hydrolysis

b.) dehydration

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____. a.) bonds between sulfur atoms b.) hydrogen bonds c.) peptide bonds d.) ionic bonds e.) hydrophobic interactions

b.) hydrogen bonds

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases. a.) covalent bonds b.) hydrogen bonds c.) S—S bonds d.) ionic bonds e.) hydrophilic interactions

b.) hydrogen bonds

Peptide bonds a.) are used to form amino acids. b.) link amino acids. c.) are formed by a hydrolysis reaction. d.) form between fatty acids.

b.) link amino acids.

In the equation 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O, a.) H2, O2, and H2O are all compounds. b.) only H2O is a compound. c.) H2, O2, and H2O are all elements. d.) only H2 and O2 are compounds.

b.) only H2O is a compound.

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure? a.) ionic b.) peptide c.) hydrophobic d.) S—S e.) hydrogen

b.) peptide

There are a number of properties that all organisms share. In humans, exposure to ultraviolet light can result in a darkening of the skin. What kind of property is this? a.) energy processing b.) response to the environment c.) growth and development d.) regulation

b.) response to the environment

Which is untrue of evolution? a.) any genetic change at population level b.) survival of the fittest c.) core theme of biology d.) natural selection is the mechanism for evolutionary adaption

b.) survival of the fittest

Which of the following would be affected when a protein is denatured? a.) primary structure b.) tertiary structure c.) amino groups d.) side chains

b.) tertiary structure

To be of value to science, hypotheses must be __________. a.) proven correct b.) testable c.) popular d.) established facts

b.) testable

In the figure below, what leads directly to the reproductive success of these beetles? Three figures show an example of natural selection in action. The first one has many similar white, gray, and black beetles, a population with varied inherited traits. The second figure shows how a bird eats white beetles from that population eliminating individuals with certain traits. And the third figure shows how only gray and black beetles remained leading to the reproduction of survivors. View Available Hint(s) a.) Some of the beetles found a better habitat than the others. b.) All the beetles are reproducing in great numbers. c.) The beetles' natural predators are dying out. d.) The beetles with traits best suited to the environment survive.

d.) The beetles with traits best suited to the environment survive.

Which of the following statements about enzymes is false? a.) They increase the rate of chemical reactions. b.) They function as chemical catalysts. c.) They regulate virtually all chemical reactions in a cell. d.) They are monomers used to build proteins.

d.) They are monomers used to build proteins.

At which level of interaction does life first appear? a.) organism b.) tissue c.) organelle d.) cell

d.) cell

What property of water makes it move upward from the roots of plants? Check all that apply. a.) adhesion b.) surface tension c.) transpiration d.) cohesion

d.) cohesion

Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex. a.) first b.) second c.) third d.) fourth

d.) fourth

The storage form of carbohydrates is ________ in animals and ________ in plants. a.) starch; glycogen b.) glycogen; cellulose c.) cellulose; glycogen d.) glycogen; starch

d.) glycogen; starch

A single-celled eukaryotic organism that is neither a consumer nor a decomposer would most likely be classified in _____. a.) the kingdom Plantae b.) the domain Archaea c.) the kingdom Animalia d.) one of the kingdoms of Protista

d.) one of the kingdoms of Protista

Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein? a.) muscles b.) spider silk c.) ligaments d.) ovalbumin e.) tendons

d.) ovalbumin

Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____. a.) hydrogen bonds b.) ionic bonds c.) hydrophobic interactions d.) peptide bonds e.) bonds between sulfur atoms

d.) peptide bonds

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are _____. a.) proteins b.) triglycerides c.) cholesterol d.) phospholipids

d.) phospholipids

A major type of lipid found in cell membranes is a.) unsaturated fats. b.) glycerol. c.) saturated fats. d.) phospholipids.

d.) phospholipids.

A protein containing more than one polypeptide chain exhibits the ________ level of protein structure. a.) primary structure b.) primary and secondary structure c.) primary, secondary, and tertiary structure d.) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

d.) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

Which of the following substances is made of lipids? a.) DNA b.) enzymes c.) cellulose d.) steroids

d.) steroids

Grapefruit juice is approximately pH 3, and tomato juice is approximately pH 4. A glass of grapefruit juice contains _____ H+ as a glass of tomato juice. a.) one-tenth as much b.) twice as much c.) half as much d.) ten times as much

d.) ten times as much

Technology is _____. a.) the primary driving force in understanding natural phenomena b.) dependent on inductive reasoning, whereas science depends on deductive reasoning c.) restricted to scientific questions such as "Can we develop DNA sequencing methods that can identify individual differences in a cost effective way?" rather than ethical questions such as "Should we provide insurance companies access to individuals' DNA information?" d.) the application of scientific knowledge for some specific purpose

d.) the application of scientific knowledge for some specific purpose

Amino acids can be distinguished from one another by a.) the chemical properties of their amino and carboxyl groups. b.) the type of bond between the R group and the rest of the amino acid molecule. c.) the number of R groups found on the amino acid molecules. d.) the chemical properties of their R groups.

d.) the chemical properties of their R groups.

What is the general function of enzymes within a cell? a.) to stop chemical reactions b.) to promote the synthesis of monomers c.) to induce chemical reactions d.) to speed up chemical reactions

d.) to speed up chemical reactions

A disaccharide forms when a.) two starches join by hydrolysis. b.) two starches join by dehydration reactions. c.) two monosaccharides join by hydrolysis. d.) two monosaccharides join by dehydration reactions.

d.) two monosaccharides join by dehydration reactions.

Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be a.) saturated. b.) completely hydrogenated. c.) monoglycerides. d.) unsaturated.

d.) unsaturated.

Nucleotide bonds to nucleotide when phosphate bonds to 3' via ______________.

dehydration synthesis