Biology 1406.260 Practical 2

How many cells are created at the end of mitosis?

2 identical cells

When the substrate was metabolized, what products were formed? Which of these products could immediately be used to create energy?

the products formed were glucose and galactose. Glucose could be used right away.

Why is the crossover event important to the overall function of meiosis?

the source of genetic diversity

At the end of your pea experiment, what colors did you expect to see for each set of peas? Why?

we expected to see yellow for non boiled and red for boiled

Do you think that size will always determine the rate of respiration for an organism? Why or why not?

yes, the easier to break down, the faster the process

In males, how many cells are created at the end of meiosis? How many survive?

4 Cilla (sperm)

In females, how many cells are created at the end meiosis? How many survive?

4 are created, 1 survives

What is the proper wavelength for the color red?

620-750nm

Write the equation for photosynthesis.

6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP -> C6 H12 O6 + 602

As mentioned previously, the cell cycle is highly regulated to ensure that it does not advance before the cell is prepared for the next stage. Can you think of a problem that could arise if the cell cycle was not regulated, and a cell could continuously divide without ever stopping?

Cancer/ tumor, uncontrolled growth of cells, outpaces growth of normal cells

What is this equation C6H12O6 + 602-> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

Cellular respiration

Photosynthesis occurs in what organelle?

Chloroplast

What is the paper called that we used in today's lab? Was it hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Ch 10 - Photosynthesis

Chromatography paper, hydrophilic

As stated in the introduction, cell cycle is a highly regulated process. When a cell is dividing, it is important that each daughter cell only receive the 46 chromosomes it is supposed to receive. Can you think of why it may be problematic if the cell were to receive more or less than 46 chromosomes at the end of mitosis?

Could lead to Trisomy - extra Chromosome (47), Could lead to Monosomy - lost chromosome (46)

What was the name of the enzyme that we used, and what was the name of its particular substrate? Ch 8 - Enzymes

Enzyme is lactase and substrate is lactose

Which phase of Meiosis does crossing over occur?

Metaphase

Pellets what were placed at the bottom of the respiration chamber. These pellets were made of what compound? What purpose did they serve?

Potassium hydroxide pellets, made to absorb CO2

What is the dependent variable in this lab?

Wavelength/presence of starch

Phenol Red will turn what color in the presence of Oxygen?

Red

You measure the amount of time that it takes a 30g mouse to inhale 2ml of oxygen, and find it to be 90 seconds. Please calculate the rate of respiration based off this information.

The average rate of respiration is 0.74

What cell types perform meiosis?

germ

Under what conditions in an organism would mitosis be used for cellular division?

in need of identical cells or speed

What is the independent variable in this lab? Ch 10 - Photosynthesis

light exposure

What is the last phase in cellular respiration?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Please list the physical/chemical factors that affected the rate at which the Janus Green and Potassium Permanganate moved through the agar plate. Using these factors, give a scenario where a molecule would move through the agar at the fastest rate possible.

Physical: molecular mass / Chemical: temperature / Fastest Rate: high temperature

Which of the following is not a product of photosynthesis?

ATP

What is an enzyme? What is its role, and how does it perform this role?

An enzyme is a protein that works as a catalyst, lowering the activation needed for reactions to progress in cells

Please state the different way in which plant and animal cells perform the division of the two daughter cells. Why is there a difference in the way in which these two cell types divide?

Animal cells divide with mitosis via sexual reproduction, plant cells vegetative state divides with mitosis then gametes will reproduce via meiosis

Is cytokinesis a phase of Mitosis? T/F

False

The Calvin Cycle has to take place during hours when there is no light present? T/F

False

The molecule that is broken down in cellular respiration is?

Fat

What is this?

Fermentation tube

Mitosis produces what kind of cells?

Gametes

Mitosis produces what type of cell? (Genetically identical or genetically unique?)

Genetically identical

The molecule that is broken down in cellular respiration is?

Glucose

Please draw out the general equation for respiration that shows products and reactants on each side of the equation. Which of these products and reactants did we measure in our experiments?

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide and Water / C6 H12 O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O. We measured glucose as the variable and we measured CO2 production as a product.

How do you humans store additonal nutrients and carbohydratrs in their bodies?

Glycogen

What happens if a cell doesn't pass a checkpoint during the cell cycler

It goes to G0, a non-dividing stage

The experiment that you performed with yeast tested what kind of cellular process?

It tested alcoholic fermentation

Using your knowledge about the effect of temperature on diffusion, do you think that Janus Green and Potassium Permanganate would move faster or slower through agar that was placed at 0 °C? Why?

It would move much slower since the temperature is much lower

The substrate used in last week's lab was? Ch 8 - Enzymes

Lactose

Fermentation occurs because?

No oxygen is present

Did having a mixture of the molecules have any effect on their ability to diffuse or to not diffuse through the membrane?

No, all were still dependable on the presence of ions

The seeds began to germinate once they were placed in water. If the seeds had never been placed in water, do you believe that you would have received the same results? Why or why not?

No, the water is what caused the germination process to begin with

Where in your body do you think you have cells that are dividing rapidly? Where in your body do you think you have cells that are dividing at a much slower rate?

Skin cells are the fastest/nerve cells are the slowest

What is the difference between starch and glucose? Why might you see differing results in yeast grown in these differing media?

Starch is is a a disaccharide and it will need additional ATP to break down, Glucose is a monosaccharide and it will need no additional ATP to break down

What does the term germination mean?

The development of a plant from a seed or a spore after dormancy

What color did the phenol red turn for each of the germinating peas? Why do you think you obtained these results?

The non-boiled peas yellow and the boiled peas were red. This is because the seeds were exposed to water, which stimulates the germination process.

In experiment 7.3, what do your results tell you about the permeability of the bag? What property of the molecules used allowed some of them to pass through the bag and prevented others from doing so?

The permeability favored ions. Only sulfate ions and chloride ions were able to pass

What was the purpose of the white pellets at the bottom of the chamber with the rats?

To absorb carbon dioxide

I should label every table and graph separately. T/F

True

I should list out my materials in a list format. T/F

True

What do these different colors mean in terms of the product being produced or not being produced in each scenario?

When the peas were red, that meant no CO2 was produced, ,and when the peas were yellow that meant CO2 was produced

Based upon your results can you state whether or not osmosis still occurs in pant cells, which have cell wall.

Yes, osmosis still occurs in plant cells. Plant cells have a cell wall that is permeable to water molecules, so the wall mag still be firm and supportive while also letting water pass through.

You have three tubes containing solutions of 0%, 20% glucose and 20% sucrose. You place yeast in these tubes and allow them to incubate for 30 minutes. At the end of the time you remove the tubes from the incubator. Please describe what you would expect to see in each tube in regards to products produced, the relative amount of products produced from tube to tube (i.e. this tube would contain more than this tube), and why you believe you would obtain these results.

You would see that O% produced no bubbles of CO2, sucrose produced some, and glucose produced the most bubbles of CO2. Glucose catalyzed this fermentation process and 0% would have no concentration.