Biology 1500 Lab Practical Review

100μL is equivalent to:

0.1ml

how to read a micropipette (unit conversions:

1,000µL=1ml 1,000,000µL=1L Typically used micropipettes: P 20 (1 μL - 20 μL), P 200 (20 μL - 200 μL), P 1000 (~100 μL - 1000 μL) P1000: 160uL Thousands: 0 Hundreds: 1 Tens: 6 P200: 16uL Hundreds: 0 Tens: 1 Ones: 6 P20: 1.6uL Tens: 0 Ones: 1 Tenths: 6

Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Ask a Question 2. Construct a Hypothesis 3. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment 4. Analyze Your Data 5. Draw a Conclusion 6. repeat the experiment

What is the process of cellular respiration ? What are the steps? and how many ATP are generated during aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration and fermentation?

1. Cellular respiration is the process in which sugar is broken down to generate ATP. 2. Steps are glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. 3. In aerobic respiration yields 36-38 ATP while anaerobic yields 20-30 ATP

What factors determine how fast water moves across a membrane?

1. Hydrostatic pressure 2. Solute concentration difference

what happens to cells placed in hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solutions

1. In hypertonic the cell will shrivel 2. in isotonic it will stay the same 3. in hypotonic it will burst

If you were to attend lab in person, what is the proper attire you must wear before entering the lab?

1. Lab Coat 2. Long Pants 3. Mask 4. Closed Toed Shoes

Understand the light vs. dark reactions

1. Light reactions occur in the thylakoid and produce ATP and NADPH and release oxygen. 2. The dark reactions known as the Calvin cycle occur in the stroma and produce sugar.

What determines resolution?

1. Visual Acuity 2. Lens 3. Quality 4. Magnification 5. Lens Diameter

Ocular lenses found in most compound light microscopes have a magnification of..?

10x

Match the phase (or step) of photosynthesis to the process.

1st phase/step: Light Reactions 2nd phase/step: Dark Reactions

What is the optimal temperature for most enzymes?

20-40 degrees Celsius

You are using a compound microscope and you have the objective lens set to 40x. What is the total magnification you are using to view the specimen

400x

Law of independent assortment

A gene on one chromosome does not affect the segregation or inheritance of other chromosomes

What is the enzyme we will be using in lab today?

ALP

what does ALP do? and where it's found

ALP can be used to diagnose diseases like bone cancer, jaundice, and cirrhosis of the liver. It is found in the liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system.

How to calculate Enzyme Activity?

Absorbance divided by time

If you get stuck while researching papers/topics or citing a paper what is the best solution?

Ask an NSU Librarian

Why are some species are unable to utilize oxygen as a final electron acceptor during cellular respiration?

Because of: 1. lack of oxygen in environment 2. lack of enzymes needed to inactivate toxic oxygen-based free radicals 3. lack if ETC proteins.

What color-producing chemical will be used in today's lab to determine the concentration of glucose solutions through absorbance readings?

Chromogen

What was used in place of NADP+ and why

DPIP was used because as it gets reduced it becomes colorless, allowing us to track the photosynthesis occurring.

What will happen in the experiment when light hits the chloroplasts?

DPIP will be reduced, it will change from blue to colorless, there will be an increase in light transmittance

What number do chromosomes of somatic cells contain?

Diploid number 2n

Name the two types of peas that we will be working with in the cellular respiration lab

Dormant peas and germinating peas

Understand the relationship between light wavelength and photosynthetic rate

Each photosystem has special pair of chlorophyll molecules, PSI and PSII. Plants grow better with blue or red light as opposed to green.

example of enzymes and substrate:

Enzyme: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and substrate para nitrophenol-phosphate (pNPP)

What are the products of fermentation?

Fermentation generates ATP and can produce ethanol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas (H2).

Why are GMO's used?

GMOs are used to increase the yield of crops or to breed desired traits or protect against issues like pest.

At which stages of aerobic cellular respiration are ATP produced?

Glycolysis Chemiosmosis Kreb's Cycle

Match the process to its substrate (i.e. starting material).

Glycolysis: glucose Kreb's Cycle: pyruvic acid/pyruvate ETC: electrons

Homozygous

HH

Hetero

Hh

There is a(n) __________ relationship between the color of a solution and the wavelength of light it best absorbs

Inverse

Know the difference between a mono-, di-, and trihybrid cross

Mono: One trait crossed (HHxhh) Di-: two traits crossed (HHIIxhhii) Tri-: three traits crossed ( HHIIJJxhhiijj)

Understand how respiration occurs in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Most eukaryotes use cellular respiration, aerobic, to make energy. Prokaryotes may use aerobic, anaerobic, or fermentation

What micropipette(s) could be used to measure out 175μL of liquid?

P1000 or P200

Know generation names (i.e., P1, F2, F3, F...)

P=parental, F1= first cross generation, F2= second cross generation

Match the photosystem to the specialized pigment molecules.

PSI: P700 PSII: P680

ALP catalyzes the hydrolysis of _______________ attached to proteins or lipids.

Phosphate groups

What macromolecule is an enzyme classified as?

Protein

What is the name of the machine we will use in today's lab to measure the amount of light that is absorbed by a solution?

Spectrophotometer

Parsimony:

States that the simplest explanation for how things work is usually best.

Similarity:

States that two experiments conducted in the exact same way will have the same results

Objectivity:

States that we should avoid letting our prior knowledge, prejudices, and biases influence how we collect and analyze data.

Flexibility:

States that we should be able to change our minds about long held ideas and theories once new data becomes available

During the dark reactions, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is brought into the leaf through tiny pores called: _________

Stomata

What happens to each component of the cellular respiration equation?

The equation shows that glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide and oxygen is reduced to water, and energy is made. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

What optima were found in the lab for temperature, pH, enzyme concentration of an enzyme?

The optima were at a neutral pH, high enzyme concentration, and temperature between 20-32 degrees Celsius.

Fermentation generates energy (i.e., ATP).

True

How does water move through diffusion?

Water moves from an area of low solute (high water) to high solute (little water)

how light spectra are reflected/absorbed and determine the color of an object

When sunlight is shined on a green leaf, the violet, red and orange wavelengths are absorbed. The reflected wavelengths appear green

Your resting heart rate is___________

When your heart rate is at its slowest; When your heart is pumping the least amount of blood

Sex chromosomes

XX or XY, determine sex and heritable genes

Compound Microscope:

allow for up to 1000x magnification, contains objectives and a fine focus knob, looks at subjects that cannot be seen by the naked eye

dissecting microscope

allow up to 100x magnification, lacks objective and fine knobs,used to look at larger subjects like a bug

Dependent Variable:

are determined by the independent variable.

Enzymes:

catalytic proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions

What is used to compare observed ratios for a given cross compare with predicted ratios?

chi-square analysis

If you were given a sample of bacteria to analyze, which microscope would be best for quickly identifying the specimen?

compound

In prokaryotic cells, catabolism of pyruvate takes place in the __________________. Whereas, in eukaryotic cells, it occurs in the _________________________.

cytoplasm, mitochondria

Dominant allele

determines the organism's appearance

Osmosis:

diffusion of water

Which has a smaller wavelength: electrons or visible light?

electrons

A denatured enzyme can catalyze a chemical reaction.

false

Dissecting microscopes allow higher magnification than compound microscopes.

false

Enzyme activity typically occurs within a very broad pH range.

false

Plant cells are like red blood cells and can potentially burst when placed in solutions of varying tonicity

false

Simple diffusion requires energy input.

false

Who is known as the 'founder' of genetics?

gregor mendel

Recessive allele:

has no noticeable effect on appearance

Absorbance:

how much light is absorbed by the sample

Transmittance:

how much light went through the sample

independent variable

include things that cannot be controlled by the scientist.

Precision:

is a measure of the standard deviation away from the mean.

Alternative Hypothesis:

is a statement of what the scientist is trying to prove; "the treatment did have an effect".

Null hypothesis:

is a statement that the scientist is trying to disprove; "the treatment will have no effect".

Resolution:

is the ability of the microscope to resolve, or separate, two points.

Magnification:

is the ratio of the size of the image seen in the microscope versus the actual size of the objec

What does crenation mean and why does it occur?

is the shrinkage of cells that occurs when the surrounding solution is hypertonic to the cellular cytoplasm.

Autosomal

normal chromosomes

Tonicity is the measure of what?

osmotic pressure

What is the in vitrosubstrate for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) that we will be using in lab?

pNPP

When leaf pigments absorb light, electrons are boosted to a higher energy level, providing energy to:

produce ATP, reduce NADP+

TEM:

produce flat images, work by having a beam electron pass through the subject.

SEM:

produces a 3D image of the subject

The difference between dialysis tubing and real cell membranes is that

real membranes are more selective

Blue-colored objects absorb which wavelength of light the most?

red

Beer-lamberts law

shows the linear relationship between the concentration of a colored solution and its light absorbance.

Which of the following molecules can diffuse through a cell membrane?

small molecules

How to calculate total magnification?

take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X.

What happens if either the enzyme or substrate is limited?

the enzyme's reaction rate will remain constant

Accuracy:

the measure of the mean or average of several measurements.

Diffusion

the movement of a substance through a semi-permeable membrane.

Focal Plane:

the space you observe when using a microscope, can be limited

Law of segregation:

the two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

how to find an Ideal Wavelength via maximal absorbance

the wavelength at which a colored solution will maximally absorb.

Moving molecules against their concentration gradient requires energy

true

When an enzyme's reaction rate doubles for every 10 degree Celsius increase in temperature it's called the Q10 effect.

true

Uniformity:

what we learn today will be true tomorrow, or that a certain experimental result today will cause the same result if we repeat the experiment tomorrow.

What color will the product of today's experiment (pNP) turn?

yellow