Biology 151--Ch. 1

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The 4 scientific theories

1. Cell 2. Biogenesis 3. Evolution 4. Gene

What are the 7 characteristics of living things?

1. Living things are complex and organized 2. Living things reproduce 3. Living things grow and develop 4. Living things take materials and energy from the environment and convert them to different forms. 5. Living things respond to stimuli. 6. Living things are homeostatic 7. Living things are adapted and have the capacity to evolve.

The order of living things

1. Molecule 2. Organelle 3. Cell 4. Tissue 5. Organ 6. Organ System 7. Organism 8. Population 9. Community 10. Ecosystem 11. Biosphere

5 elements that explain what science is

1. guided by natural laws 2. must explain what is observed with reference to these natural laws 3. testable against the empirical world 4. conclusions are tentative pending additional information 5. it is potentially falsifiable

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

1. living things are complex and organized 2. living things reproduce 3. living things grow and develop 4. living things take materials and energy from the environment and convert to different forms 5. living things respond to stimuli 6. living things are homeostatic 7. living things are adapted and have the capacity to evolve

Steps of scientific method

1. purpose, questions 2. research and hypothesis 3. experiment 4. analysis 5. conclusion

What is a scientific theory?

A scientific theory is a conclusion based on many conclusions in the same field.

example of a molecule

DNA

the nucleus holds

DNA

DNA stands for

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

asexual reproduction produces

clones

testable against the empirical world means what?

collect data, run experiments

Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: The data show that vaccines protect people from disease.

conclusion

What step in the scientific method follows experiments and observations?

conclusion/results

What do you call a sample that goes through all the steps of an experiment and does not contain the factor being tested?

control

Scientific Knowledge has what 3 components

cumulative, progressive, self-corrective

What do you call the information scientists collect when doing experiments and making observations?

data

general premises to specific results IF the premises are true

deductive reasoning

sexual offspring is - from parents

different

Which of these is an organ system? - stomach - mucosa -dog -digestive -gamete

digestive

forms of sexual reproduction

egg and pollen grain and egg and sperm

anything that does work

energy

pants use what two main things to make food

energy and matter

@ cellular level all living organisms are

equally complex

Who follows the scientific method?

everyone, no matter what type of scientist

all living things comes from a common ancestor

evolution

organisms contain coded info

gene

using the words specific and general describe deductive reasoning

general to specific

the offspring is what in sexual reproduction

genetic

DNA is

genetic info

sexual reproduction is the exchange of

genetic information

clones are

genetically identical to the parent

plant food is in the form of

glucose

The process of homeostasis is: -how cells produce energy. - how organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment. -the mechanism by which living organisms evolve. -a good name for a rock and roll band.

how organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment

Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: If a pillbug travels 5 mm in 60 sec, what is its rate of speed?

hypothesis

Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: What can be concluded if a pillbug curls into a ball?

hypothesis

What is a tentative explanation of observed phenomenon?

hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation:

hypothesis

The complexity of living systems: - is unique to living systems. - is found only in humans. -is the single defining characteristic of living things. -is also highly organized.

is also highly organized

bio means

life

viruses are not

living organisms

example of inductive reasoning

male cardinals are all red because it is impossible to see all male cardinals in one lifetime

anything that has mass and takes up space

matter

What is the correct order for the hierarchy of biological organization? -molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, ecosystem, community, population -molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem - molecule, organelle, tissue, cell, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem -molecule, cell, tissue, organelle, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

Identify a characteristic that is representative of some, but not all, life-forms. - movement over great distances - maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite changing external environments -change over time in order to adapt to changing environments -acquisition and use of energy

movement over great distances

Can data prove a hypothesis true (Yes or No)

no

does asexual reproduction exchange genetic info?

no

energy and matter are the same or not

not

example of an organelle

nucleus

help scientists begin their study of a particular topic

observations

plasma membrane bound structure with a specific function

Organelle

How is a scientific theory different from a conclusion?

Scientific Theory is based on many experiments and takes many years to be accepted, while a conclusion is a result of one.

Why is it important to use one substance at a time when testing a pillbug's reaction?

So, the pillbug is still not showing a reaction from the last pillbug. There should always be a clean environment while working in a lab.

A property of life known as energy processing refers to the fact that living things _____. -obtain energy from their environment and use it to power their own activities and chemical reactions -regulate their internal environments -can sense stimuli from the environment -can reproduce

obtain energy from their environment and use it to power their own activities and chemical reactions

deductive and inductive reasoning are -

opposites

that living things are complex and organized

order

What level are humans on

organ system

a plant makes their own food through

photosynthesis

examples of natural laws

physics, chemistry laws

T or F: All life is organized in the same way

True

example of deductive reasoning True and False

True: all organisms are made of cells, koala bears are organisms, therefore koala's are made of cells False: all oranges are fruits, all fruits grow on trees, therefore oranges grow on trees

life comes only from life

biogenesis

Fungi do what types of reproduction?

both asexual and sexual

What cell organisms can grow and develop?

both single cell and multi-cellular

protistas are also called

produce

What are the two main types of cells? - bacteria and archaea - plant and animal -bacteria and protists -prokaryotes and eukaryotes -bacteria and eukaryotes

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

empirical means

real, pertaining to logic

Which of the following things would be considered complex AND organized? -red blood cell in the human body - Atlantic Ocean -salt crystal

red blood cell in the human body

scientific theories have never been

refuted

doing science examples

running experiments, collecting data

if science is not potentially falsifiable it is not

science

the process in which we do science

scientific method

Two types of reproduction

sexual and asexual

using the words specific and general describe inductive reasoning

specific to general

DNA is a molecule that directly allows a living thing to: -store information. - speak. - move.

store information

Human bodies run on

sugar

An example of a stimulus that a plant would respond to is: - sunlight. - the sound of a radio. -the smell of candy.

sunlight

plants take energy in what form

sunlight

Plant necessities

sunlight and nutrients

To be of value to science, hypotheses must be _____. -proven correct - popular - established facts - testable

testable

An organ, such as the liver, is composed of _____. - organs - populations -atoms -communities -tissues

tissues

benefit of formulating a hypothesis

to help scientists decide how an experiment will be conducted

What is the purpose of a conclusion?

to summarize the outcome of the experiment

nutrients for plants consist of

water and carbon dioxide

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major health issue in many countries. Treatment for these resistant forms of bacteria is longer and requires more expensive antibiotics. Scientists attribute this to natural selection. Under these circumstances, what does natural selection mean? -Tuberculosis bacteria discovered a way to avoid these particular antibiotics. - The tuberculosis genes mutated to avoid being killed by the antibiotic. -An environment was created in which the tuberculosis bacterium carrying the antibiotic-resistant genes could reproduce. -The antibiotic changed the DNA of the tuberculosis bacterium.

An environment was created in which the tuberculosis bacterium carrying the antibiotic-resistant genes could reproduce.

Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: Pillbugs that back away from a substance are (attracted to/repelled by) the substance.

Conclusion

The two domains of life that consist of prokaryotic organisms are _____ and _____. - Archaea ... Bacteria - Bacteria ... Plantae -Archaea ... Eukarya -Bacteria ... Eukarya

Archaea...Bacteria

Which domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms? -Bacteria -Archaea -Eukarya -Fungi

Eukarya

When the human virus, HIV, first appeared, the mortality rate was close to 100%. However, recent information shows some individuals are unaffected by the virus. Why is this not surprising? -Individuals started to use protective measures more frequently. - Humans are genetically diverse, and some are immune to the virus. -New pharmaceutical medicines were produced that were more effective. -The virus mutated through natural selection.

Humans are genetically diverse, and some are immune to the virus.

Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: How many body divisions does a pillbug have?

Hypothesis

derives generalizations from a large number of specific observations

Inductive reasoning

What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? - Inductive reasoning is used to develop testable hypotheses; deductive reasoning is used to derive general principles. - "Human cells are similar to dog cells" is a statement that is derived from inductive reasoning. "All cells are fundamentally similar" is a statement derived from deductive reasoning. -Inductive reasoning flows from the specific to the general; deductive reasoning flows from the general to the specific. -Inductions are testable; deductions are not testable.

Inductive reasoning flows from the specific to the general; deductive reasoning flows from the general to the specific.

What is science?

Latin word meaning "to know"

Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: All living things are made of cells.

Theory

Which of the following statements is true about the chemical nutrients in an ecosystem? -They flow through the ecosystem, and some nutrients are lost in the process. -They depend on sunlight as their source. -They cycle within the ecosystem and are constantly reused.

They cycle within the ecosystem and are constantly reused

Why must a scientist keep a complete record of an experiment?

accuracy

Living systems need energy to: - help maintain a relatively constant internal environment. - grow larger. -replace worn-out parts and build new parts. -all of the above

all of the above

Which of these is an example of a population? - all of the grasses on a prairie -liver -a desert -all of the red oak trees in a forest

all of the red oak trees in a forest

5 groups of living organisms

animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, Protistas

Which is more comprehensive, a conclusion or a theory?

theory


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