Biology 151--Ch. 1
The 4 scientific theories
1. Cell 2. Biogenesis 3. Evolution 4. Gene
What are the 7 characteristics of living things?
1. Living things are complex and organized 2. Living things reproduce 3. Living things grow and develop 4. Living things take materials and energy from the environment and convert them to different forms. 5. Living things respond to stimuli. 6. Living things are homeostatic 7. Living things are adapted and have the capacity to evolve.
The order of living things
1. Molecule 2. Organelle 3. Cell 4. Tissue 5. Organ 6. Organ System 7. Organism 8. Population 9. Community 10. Ecosystem 11. Biosphere
5 elements that explain what science is
1. guided by natural laws 2. must explain what is observed with reference to these natural laws 3. testable against the empirical world 4. conclusions are tentative pending additional information 5. it is potentially falsifiable
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
1. living things are complex and organized 2. living things reproduce 3. living things grow and develop 4. living things take materials and energy from the environment and convert to different forms 5. living things respond to stimuli 6. living things are homeostatic 7. living things are adapted and have the capacity to evolve
Steps of scientific method
1. purpose, questions 2. research and hypothesis 3. experiment 4. analysis 5. conclusion
What is a scientific theory?
A scientific theory is a conclusion based on many conclusions in the same field.
example of a molecule
DNA
the nucleus holds
DNA
DNA stands for
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
asexual reproduction produces
clones
testable against the empirical world means what?
collect data, run experiments
Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: The data show that vaccines protect people from disease.
conclusion
What step in the scientific method follows experiments and observations?
conclusion/results
What do you call a sample that goes through all the steps of an experiment and does not contain the factor being tested?
control
Scientific Knowledge has what 3 components
cumulative, progressive, self-corrective
What do you call the information scientists collect when doing experiments and making observations?
data
general premises to specific results IF the premises are true
deductive reasoning
sexual offspring is - from parents
different
Which of these is an organ system? - stomach - mucosa -dog -digestive -gamete
digestive
forms of sexual reproduction
egg and pollen grain and egg and sperm
anything that does work
energy
pants use what two main things to make food
energy and matter
@ cellular level all living organisms are
equally complex
Who follows the scientific method?
everyone, no matter what type of scientist
all living things comes from a common ancestor
evolution
organisms contain coded info
gene
using the words specific and general describe deductive reasoning
general to specific
the offspring is what in sexual reproduction
genetic
DNA is
genetic info
sexual reproduction is the exchange of
genetic information
clones are
genetically identical to the parent
plant food is in the form of
glucose
The process of homeostasis is: -how cells produce energy. - how organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment. -the mechanism by which living organisms evolve. -a good name for a rock and roll band.
how organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment
Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: If a pillbug travels 5 mm in 60 sec, what is its rate of speed?
hypothesis
Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: What can be concluded if a pillbug curls into a ball?
hypothesis
What is a tentative explanation of observed phenomenon?
hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation:
hypothesis
The complexity of living systems: - is unique to living systems. - is found only in humans. -is the single defining characteristic of living things. -is also highly organized.
is also highly organized
bio means
life
viruses are not
living organisms
example of inductive reasoning
male cardinals are all red because it is impossible to see all male cardinals in one lifetime
anything that has mass and takes up space
matter
What is the correct order for the hierarchy of biological organization? -molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, ecosystem, community, population -molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem - molecule, organelle, tissue, cell, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem -molecule, cell, tissue, organelle, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
Identify a characteristic that is representative of some, but not all, life-forms. - movement over great distances - maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite changing external environments -change over time in order to adapt to changing environments -acquisition and use of energy
movement over great distances
Can data prove a hypothesis true (Yes or No)
no
does asexual reproduction exchange genetic info?
no
energy and matter are the same or not
not
example of an organelle
nucleus
help scientists begin their study of a particular topic
observations
plasma membrane bound structure with a specific function
Organelle
How is a scientific theory different from a conclusion?
Scientific Theory is based on many experiments and takes many years to be accepted, while a conclusion is a result of one.
Why is it important to use one substance at a time when testing a pillbug's reaction?
So, the pillbug is still not showing a reaction from the last pillbug. There should always be a clean environment while working in a lab.
A property of life known as energy processing refers to the fact that living things _____. -obtain energy from their environment and use it to power their own activities and chemical reactions -regulate their internal environments -can sense stimuli from the environment -can reproduce
obtain energy from their environment and use it to power their own activities and chemical reactions
deductive and inductive reasoning are -
opposites
that living things are complex and organized
order
What level are humans on
organ system
a plant makes their own food through
photosynthesis
examples of natural laws
physics, chemistry laws
T or F: All life is organized in the same way
True
example of deductive reasoning True and False
True: all organisms are made of cells, koala bears are organisms, therefore koala's are made of cells False: all oranges are fruits, all fruits grow on trees, therefore oranges grow on trees
life comes only from life
biogenesis
Fungi do what types of reproduction?
both asexual and sexual
What cell organisms can grow and develop?
both single cell and multi-cellular
protistas are also called
produce
What are the two main types of cells? - bacteria and archaea - plant and animal -bacteria and protists -prokaryotes and eukaryotes -bacteria and eukaryotes
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
empirical means
real, pertaining to logic
Which of the following things would be considered complex AND organized? -red blood cell in the human body - Atlantic Ocean -salt crystal
red blood cell in the human body
scientific theories have never been
refuted
doing science examples
running experiments, collecting data
if science is not potentially falsifiable it is not
science
the process in which we do science
scientific method
Two types of reproduction
sexual and asexual
using the words specific and general describe inductive reasoning
specific to general
DNA is a molecule that directly allows a living thing to: -store information. - speak. - move.
store information
Human bodies run on
sugar
An example of a stimulus that a plant would respond to is: - sunlight. - the sound of a radio. -the smell of candy.
sunlight
plants take energy in what form
sunlight
Plant necessities
sunlight and nutrients
To be of value to science, hypotheses must be _____. -proven correct - popular - established facts - testable
testable
An organ, such as the liver, is composed of _____. - organs - populations -atoms -communities -tissues
tissues
benefit of formulating a hypothesis
to help scientists decide how an experiment will be conducted
What is the purpose of a conclusion?
to summarize the outcome of the experiment
nutrients for plants consist of
water and carbon dioxide
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major health issue in many countries. Treatment for these resistant forms of bacteria is longer and requires more expensive antibiotics. Scientists attribute this to natural selection. Under these circumstances, what does natural selection mean? -Tuberculosis bacteria discovered a way to avoid these particular antibiotics. - The tuberculosis genes mutated to avoid being killed by the antibiotic. -An environment was created in which the tuberculosis bacterium carrying the antibiotic-resistant genes could reproduce. -The antibiotic changed the DNA of the tuberculosis bacterium.
An environment was created in which the tuberculosis bacterium carrying the antibiotic-resistant genes could reproduce.
Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: Pillbugs that back away from a substance are (attracted to/repelled by) the substance.
Conclusion
The two domains of life that consist of prokaryotic organisms are _____ and _____. - Archaea ... Bacteria - Bacteria ... Plantae -Archaea ... Eukarya -Bacteria ... Eukarya
Archaea...Bacteria
Which domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms? -Bacteria -Archaea -Eukarya -Fungi
Eukarya
When the human virus, HIV, first appeared, the mortality rate was close to 100%. However, recent information shows some individuals are unaffected by the virus. Why is this not surprising? -Individuals started to use protective measures more frequently. - Humans are genetically diverse, and some are immune to the virus. -New pharmaceutical medicines were produced that were more effective. -The virus mutated through natural selection.
Humans are genetically diverse, and some are immune to the virus.
Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: How many body divisions does a pillbug have?
Hypothesis
derives generalizations from a large number of specific observations
Inductive reasoning
What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? - Inductive reasoning is used to develop testable hypotheses; deductive reasoning is used to derive general principles. - "Human cells are similar to dog cells" is a statement that is derived from inductive reasoning. "All cells are fundamentally similar" is a statement derived from deductive reasoning. -Inductive reasoning flows from the specific to the general; deductive reasoning flows from the general to the specific. -Inductions are testable; deductions are not testable.
Inductive reasoning flows from the specific to the general; deductive reasoning flows from the general to the specific.
What is science?
Latin word meaning "to know"
Hypotheses, conclusion, or scientific theory: All living things are made of cells.
Theory
Which of the following statements is true about the chemical nutrients in an ecosystem? -They flow through the ecosystem, and some nutrients are lost in the process. -They depend on sunlight as their source. -They cycle within the ecosystem and are constantly reused.
They cycle within the ecosystem and are constantly reused
Why must a scientist keep a complete record of an experiment?
accuracy
Living systems need energy to: - help maintain a relatively constant internal environment. - grow larger. -replace worn-out parts and build new parts. -all of the above
all of the above
Which of these is an example of a population? - all of the grasses on a prairie -liver -a desert -all of the red oak trees in a forest
all of the red oak trees in a forest
5 groups of living organisms
animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, Protistas
Which is more comprehensive, a conclusion or a theory?
theory