Biology 2 Quiz 2 and Exam 2 Questions

Evolution

In chapter 6, The Forces of Evolution, of E. O Wilson's book The Diversity of Life, the author boldly states, "What we understand best about __________ is mostly genetic, and what we understand least is mostly ecological."

Adaptive Radiation

In chapter 7 of E.O. Wilson's book The Diversity of Life, __________ is the term applied to the spread of species of common ancestry into different niches.

Unexplored

In chapter 8, Wilson considers the Earth's biosphere to be largely ___________.

Virus

A(n) _________ is a tiny, infectious particle consisting of a nucleic acid core (its genetic material) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid.

Ecosystem, Community, Guild, Species, Organism, Gene

According to E. O. Wilson, one important way of describing diversity is by the level of biological organization. The organizational levels of importance to biological diversity are arrayed in this hierarchy: __________.

Viruses, bacteria

Bacteriophages are _________ that infect ___________.

Diploid Sporophyte

In flowering plants, the _________ generation is dominant.

Xylem

In seed plants, the _________ conducts water upward from the roots to the leaves.

RNA, DNA

Retroviruses, such as HIV, use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their __________ genome to synthesize a ___________ intermediate.

Allow gas exchange for photosynthesis and respiration

Stomata _____________.

Cell wall

The eubacterial _____________ includes peptidoglycan, a complex polymer that consists of two unusual types of sugars (amino sugars) linked with short polypeptides.

Plankton

The floating, often microscopic organisms that are the base of food webs in aquatic ecosystems are collectively called _____________.

Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax

Which was the first bacterium to be clearly identified as the cause of an infectious disease?

Carolus Linnaeus

Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?

Seeds contain a young plant and also are protected by a seed coat

Why might seeds be reproductively superior to spores?

Vascular tissues

Xylem and phloem make up the ________ of a plant.

Dictyostelium discoideum (a cellular slime mold)

You find a unicellular organism that forms lobe-like pseudopodia. When you expose the cells to cAMP, they aggregate into a slug like structure. Based on this information, you correctly conclude that the organism is known as:

Degeneration of the brain and central nervous system

Which is a symptom of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)?

Angiosperms

__________, which compose a single phylum, dominate most terrestrial landscapes and exhibit great diversity in both vegetative and reproductive structures.

Monophyletic

A group of organisms that includes a recent common ancestor and all its descendants is ____________.

Lignin

A strengthening compound found in cell walls of vascular plants is ___________.

Embryo

After fertilization occurs in plants, the fertilized egg develops into a multicellular ____________ within the archegonium.

Pseudopodia

Amoebas move and obtain food by means of __________.

Chemoheterotrophs

Animals, fungi and most bacteria are known as ___________, because they obtain energy from chemicals (typically by redox reactions), and because they can't fix carbon; they use organic molecules produced by other organisms as the building blocks from which they synthesize the carbon compounds they need.

Amoeboid

Cellular slime molds feed as individual ___________ cells.

Cilia

Ciliates use _______ for locomotion

Fragments of DNA (or RNA) released by a broken cell are taken in by another bacterial cell

Gene transfer among bacteria takes place by three different mechanisms. In transformation ___________.

Brown Algae

Kelps are _________ with multicellular bodies differentiated into blades, stipes, holdfasts, and gas-filled floats.

Cyanobacteria

Living stromatolites in Western Australia consist of mats (microbial biofilms) of __________ (photosynthetic prokaryotes) and minerals such as calcium carbonate.

Dinoflagellates

Members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?

Pathogens

Microorganisms that cause disease are called ___________.

Bryophytes

Mosses and other __________ lack vascular tissues and do not form true roots, stems, or leaves.

Monoecious

Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:

Zooxanthellae

Most dinoflagellates are a part of marine plankton. The _______ are endosymbiotic, photosynthetic dinoflagellates found in certain marine invertebrates; their mutualistic relationship with corals enhances the corals' reef-building ability.

aquatic

Most protists are:

Multi-nucleate

Plasmodial slime molds feed as ___________ plasmodia.

Genome, DNA

Temperate viruses do not always destroy their hosts. In a lysogenic cycle, the viral ________ usually becomes integrated into the host bacterial _________ and is then referred to as a provirus, or prophage.

Phytophthora

The Irish potato famine of the 19th century was precipitated by an Oomycete in the genus __________, which causes late blight of potato.

Trichonymphs

The __________ are specialized excavates that live in the guts of termites and wood-eating cockroaches. They ingest wood chips from the wood that termites or roaches eat and rely on endosymbiotic bacteria to digest cellulose in the wood. The insects, ____________, and bacteria all obtain their nutrients from this source. This is an excellent example of mutualism.

Cuticle

The airtight, waterproof, waxy layer that covers aerial parts of plants is the __________.

Pollen grains

The immature male gametophytes of pine are called __________.

Saprobes

The majority of heterotrophic bacteria are free-living _________ that get their nourishment form dead organic matter.

Two new genetically identical cells that differ genetically from what they were before

This is conjugation in parmecium. What is the outcome of the process illustrated in the accompanying figure? (Macronuclei (2n) switching a nuclei and splitting into diploid nuclei (2n))

Basal body

Which structure acts like a motor for the bacterial flagellum?

Flagella

Water molds (oomycetes) are heterokonts, organisms that have two different kinds of _____________.

A set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms

What are Koch's postulates?

Megasporangia

What do the large female cones of a pine tree contain?

Double fertilization

What unique reproductive process of a flowering plant accounts for its evolutionary success?

The viral envelope fuses with the host plasma membrane

When a virus enters an animal cell by membrane fusion ___________.

Plants

___________ have cell walls with cellulose and characteristically obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis using chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts, which gives them their green color. However, some are parasitic and may not produce normal amounts of chlorophyll or photosynthesize. They are also characterized by sexual reproduction, modular and indeterminate growth, and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations, although asexual reproduction is common.

Plasmids

In addition to their genetic DNA, most bacteria have a small amount of genetic information present as one or more ___________, small circular fragments of DNA.

Geologic time

In chapter 5 of E. O. Wilson's book The Diversity of Life, the author asserts that "Great biological diversity takes long stretches of ____________ and the accumulation of large reservoirs of unique genes."

Keystone

In chapter 9 of The Diversity of Life, E. O. Wilson uses the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) as an example of a classic ___________ species; a small predator that prevents a particular herbivorous species from eliminating dominant plant species. Since the prey numbers are low, the ___________ predator numbers can be even lower and still be effective. Yet without the predators, the herbivorous prey explode in numbers, wipe out the dominant plants, and dramatically alter the character of the ecosystem.

is caused by the apicomplexan Plasmodium falciparum, that spends part of its life cycle in the Anopheles mosquito and part in humans

Malaria _____________.

Systematics

The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms is _____________.

Diatoms

Which group of heterokonts contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells? It is estimated that there are approximately 100,000 extant species. They are a widespread group and can be found in the oceans, in freshwater, in soils and on damp surfaces. Most live pelagically (in open water), although some live as surface films at the water-sediment interface (benthic), or even under damp atmospheric conditions. They are especially important in oceans, were they are estimated to contribute up to 45% of the total oceanic primary production of organic material.

Ovary

Which part of a flowering plant eventually becomes the fruit?

Ovule

Which part of a flowering plant eventually becomes the seed?

Cyanobacteria

___________ contain chlorophyll a and are the only prokaryotes which, like plants, carry on the type of photosynthesis that generates molecular oxygen (O2) while fixing carbon. Some species fix nitrogen, as well.

Genus

The mold that produces penicillin is Penicillium notatum. The word "Penicillium" is the name of its _____________.

Angiosperms

The most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the: