BIOLOGY 2 TEST USING HW
Characteristics of an ELECTRON microscope:
1. uses beam of electrons 2.preperations kills living cells 3.high cost 4.can observe thick samples
examples of Catabolic pathway
1.A nucleic acid molecule is broken down into nucleotide subunits 2.Glycolysis converts one molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate.
statements that describe the energy cells use to drive cell processes
1.ATP is a form of chemical energy that is used to power cell processes. 2.The energy stored in chemical bonds is a form of potential energy.
sodium-potassium pump
1.ATP is necessary for the pumps function 2.The pump moves potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell
examples of Allosteric inhibition
1.ATP prevents the synthesis of additional ATP by binding to protein domain that does not include the active site 2.Issolecucine inhibits an enzyme by binding to a regulatory domain that is seperate from its catalytic domain
How do organisms use energy according to the first law of thermodynamics?
1.Animals eat to obtain chemical energy that they convert into kinetic energy 2.the light energy collected during photosynthesis is converted to chemical energy
Extracellular matrix found in animals
1.It can contain water and sugars and can have a sticky consistency 2.Its functions include providing structural support
Phagocytosis
1.Large particles are engulfed 2.Large vesicles are formed 3.Pseudopodia are used
What does the fluid mosaic model describe about the structure of plasma membrane?
1.Phospholipids in the membrane are not covalently bonded to eachother. 2.Proteins and other membrane components are embedded in the membrane.
examples of Anabolic pathway
1.Photosynthesis generates storage carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O 2.A protein molecule is constructed from amino acid subunits
endocytosis
1.The cell expends energy to transport materials into the cytosil (Active Transport) 2.The cell membrane engulfs a particle in the cytoplasm and forms a vesicle around it
examples of EXERGONIC
1.a ball rolling down a hill 2.breaking down glucose in cellular respiration 3.metabolizing DNA into nucleotides
examples that describe energy TRANSFORMATION
1.an oven uses electrical energy to generate heat to bake a cake 2.An individual uses energy obtained from eating pizza to run a marathon 3.A plant uses light energy to construct sugars in photosynthesis
Intermediate filaments
1.are not involved in cell mobility 2.fix certain organelles in place
Plant cell
1.cell wall 2.central vacuole 3.golgi apparatus 4.chloroplasts 5.mitochondrion 6.endoplasmic reticulum 7.nucleus
Microtubules
1.composed of tubulin subunits 2.make up the core of cilia and flagella 3.maintain cell shape by resisting compression
Use a ELECTRON microscope for:
1.examine surface of an adult fly 2.observe grains in a rock sample 3.observe structures on a cells surface
microfilaments(actin filaments)
1.function in muscle contraction 2.play a role in amoeboid movement
examples of ENDERGONIC
1.generating carbohydrates in photosynthesis 2.pedaling a bike up a steep hill 3.constructing DNA from nucleotides
description of Eukaryotic cell:
1.has complex structure 2.is generally large cell 3.DNA is enclosed by a membrane 4.contains organelles in cytosol
examples of competitive inhibition
1.ibuprofen binds tightly to the active site of COX enzymes instead of the natural substrate 2.Ethanol outcompetes methanol for binding to the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase
Pinocytosis
1.it is referred to as "cellular drinking" 2.Tiny vesicles are formed
A plasma membrane:
1.maintains the correct ion concentration inside the cell 2.creates a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell
exocytosis
1.primary method of transporting large molecules out of the cell 2.secretes materials from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane
Flagella
1.relatively long length 2.undulatory motion 3.one or two per cell 4.powered by ATP 5.can be used for locomotion 6.outside of a cell
Cilia
1.relatively short length 2.sweeping motion 3. many per cell 4.powered by ATP 5.can be used for locomotion 6.outside of a cell
Use a LIGHT microscope for:
1.see behavior of microrganisms 2.locate cell types in a tissue smear 3.count red blood cells in a sample
description of a Prokaryotic cell:
1.simple structure 2.is generally small cell 3. DNA is not enclosed by a membrane 4.does not contain organelles in the cytosol
Characteristics of a LIGHT microscope:
1.uses visible light 2.can observe living samples 3.inexpensive 4.requires thin samples
a vesicle
A small, membrane-bound sac that functions in storage and transport within a cell
When a muscle moves a phosphate is removed from ATP. Breaking a bond in ATP allows the chemical energy stored in the bond to disperse in muscle cell in the forms of chemical energy and heat energy. How does the second law of thermodynamics apply to this process?
As the confined energy in ATP is released, some of the energy does work and some escapes as thermal energy.
The 2nd law of thermodynamic states the entropy or disorder in a system constantly increases. How do biological systems remain highly ordered?
Biological systems require an input of energy to remain highly ordered
1st law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed
A specialized protein in saliva breaks up starch molecules in food into smaller chains of simple sugars. Which is enzyme, substrate and Product?
Enzyme = specialized protein Substrate = starch molecules Product = small chains of simple sugars
Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration are cellular processes that involve glucose. How do these 2 processes differently affect the metabolism of glucose?
Glucose is produced during photosynthesis to hold the energy gathered from light, whereas glucose is broken down during cellular respiration to release stored cellular energy.
Which molecules are the main structural components of the PLASMA MEMBRANE?
LIPIDS and PROTEINS
phagocytosis
Specialized cells can identify specific targets for Ingestion and engulf proteins, debris, and other cells.
What is the basic unit of every organism?
The Cell
Where is the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphiosphate (ATP)?
The phosphate groups that repel each other due to multiple negatively charged atoms
why does the body use chemical energy?
The potential energy stored in chemical bonds can be released to perform work within a cell.
ROUGH endoplasmic membrane
Uses ribosomes to make proteins, such as insulin, that will be modified and sent out of the cell. MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND PROTEIN MODIFICATION.
How do enzymes recognize their substrate?
a binding site that fits the shape and complements the charge of the substrate
peroxisomes
a class of small,round organelles that contain oxidative enzymes. The enzymes break down organic substances via oxidation reactions.
describe an ANABOLIC pathway
a pathway that generates molecules from smaller subunits
Which of the following describes the fluid mosaic model?
a phospholipid bilayer with various molecules embedded within and floating between the layers
What is the nucleolus?
a structure in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits
cell junction: DESMOSOMES
act as rivets to hold adjecent cells together when epithelial tissues moves
moves against its concentration gradient
active transport
cell junction: PLASMODESMATA
allows passage of materials through cell walls of adjacent PLANT cells
Allosteric inhibition occurs when
an inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a site that is not the active site
Plant Cell(MITOCHONDRIA) function:
cellular respiration
Plant cell (CENTRAL VACUOLE) function:
cellular storage
Enzymes ____________ the activation energy of a reaction
decrease
large macromolecules cant
diffuse and are excluded from the membrane
Facilitated diffusion always travels
down their concentration gradient
Cytoskeleton
found in cytoplasm. provides structure and support to the cell and is composed of interconnected protein fibers.
Osmosis is when water travels
from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one
activation energy is best described as the energy that
is required to bring the reactant molecules to a transition state
an enzyme catalyzes a reaction in a way that results in a lower activation energy.What is the significance of a lower activation energy?
it increases the rate of cellular reaction.
lysosome
membrane bound organelle that digests nutrients and cellular waste
facilitated diffusion is best described as?
passive transport
Plant Cell (Chloroplasts) function:
photosynthesis
cell juinction: TIGHT junction
produce a watertight barrier between adjacent cells
Golgi apparatus
referred to as the "post office". sorts, modifies and repackages proteins and lipids. PROTEIN TRANSPORT OUT OF CELL.
Function of cholesterol in a cells plasma membrane?
regulating membrane fluidity
cell junction: GAP junctions
small protein-lined channels connecting adjacent ANIMAL cells
Mitochondrion
smooth outer membrane, an extensively folder inner membrane, and is the site of ATP production in eukaryotic cells
electrochemical gradient
sum of the differences in charge and chemical concentration of ions across a membrane
Plant Cell(ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM) function:
synthesis of proteins and lipids
ribosomes
synthesizes proteins
what is energy?
the ability of a system to perform work
what is free energy(G)?
the energy available to perform work
Competitive inhibition occurs when
the inhibitor binds to the same site on the enzyme as the substrate
The membranes are selectively permeable, meaning that
the membrane permits the transport of only certain substances
diffusion is best described as
the movement of substance from a region where it is MORE concentrated to a region where it is LESS concentrated DOWN its concentration gradient