BIOLOGY 2 TEST USING HW

Characteristics of an ELECTRON microscope:

1. uses beam of electrons 2.preperations kills living cells 3.high cost 4.can observe thick samples

examples of Catabolic pathway

1.A nucleic acid molecule is broken down into nucleotide subunits 2.Glycolysis converts one molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate.

statements that describe the energy cells use to drive cell processes

1.ATP is a form of chemical energy that is used to power cell processes. 2.The energy stored in chemical bonds is a form of potential energy.

sodium-potassium pump

1.ATP is necessary for the pumps function 2.The pump moves potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell

examples of Allosteric inhibition

1.ATP prevents the synthesis of additional ATP by binding to protein domain that does not include the active site 2.Issolecucine inhibits an enzyme by binding to a regulatory domain that is seperate from its catalytic domain

How do organisms use energy according to the first law of thermodynamics?

1.Animals eat to obtain chemical energy that they convert into kinetic energy 2.the light energy collected during photosynthesis is converted to chemical energy

Extracellular matrix found in animals

1.It can contain water and sugars and can have a sticky consistency 2.Its functions include providing structural support

Phagocytosis

1.Large particles are engulfed 2.Large vesicles are formed 3.Pseudopodia are used

What does the fluid mosaic model describe about the structure of plasma membrane?

1.Phospholipids in the membrane are not covalently bonded to eachother. 2.Proteins and other membrane components are embedded in the membrane.

examples of Anabolic pathway

1.Photosynthesis generates storage carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O 2.A protein molecule is constructed from amino acid subunits

endocytosis

1.The cell expends energy to transport materials into the cytosil (Active Transport) 2.The cell membrane engulfs a particle in the cytoplasm and forms a vesicle around it

examples of EXERGONIC

1.a ball rolling down a hill 2.breaking down glucose in cellular respiration 3.metabolizing DNA into nucleotides

examples that describe energy TRANSFORMATION

1.an oven uses electrical energy to generate heat to bake a cake 2.An individual uses energy obtained from eating pizza to run a marathon 3.A plant uses light energy to construct sugars in photosynthesis

Intermediate filaments

1.are not involved in cell mobility 2.fix certain organelles in place

Plant cell

1.cell wall 2.central vacuole 3.golgi apparatus 4.chloroplasts 5.mitochondrion 6.endoplasmic reticulum 7.nucleus

Microtubules

1.composed of tubulin subunits 2.make up the core of cilia and flagella 3.maintain cell shape by resisting compression

Use a ELECTRON microscope for:

1.examine surface of an adult fly 2.observe grains in a rock sample 3.observe structures on a cells surface

microfilaments(actin filaments)

1.function in muscle contraction 2.play a role in amoeboid movement

examples of ENDERGONIC

1.generating carbohydrates in photosynthesis 2.pedaling a bike up a steep hill 3.constructing DNA from nucleotides

description of Eukaryotic cell:

1.has complex structure 2.is generally large cell 3.DNA is enclosed by a membrane 4.contains organelles in cytosol

examples of competitive inhibition

1.ibuprofen binds tightly to the active site of COX enzymes instead of the natural substrate 2.Ethanol outcompetes methanol for binding to the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase

Pinocytosis

1.it is referred to as "cellular drinking" 2.Tiny vesicles are formed

A plasma membrane:

1.maintains the correct ion concentration inside the cell 2.creates a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell

exocytosis

1.primary method of transporting large molecules out of the cell 2.secretes materials from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane

Flagella

1.relatively long length 2.undulatory motion 3.one or two per cell 4.powered by ATP 5.can be used for locomotion 6.outside of a cell

Cilia

1.relatively short length 2.sweeping motion 3. many per cell 4.powered by ATP 5.can be used for locomotion 6.outside of a cell

Use a LIGHT microscope for:

1.see behavior of microrganisms 2.locate cell types in a tissue smear 3.count red blood cells in a sample

description of a Prokaryotic cell:

1.simple structure 2.is generally small cell 3. DNA is not enclosed by a membrane 4.does not contain organelles in the cytosol

Characteristics of a LIGHT microscope:

1.uses visible light 2.can observe living samples 3.inexpensive 4.requires thin samples

a vesicle

A small, membrane-bound sac that functions in storage and transport within a cell

When a muscle moves a phosphate is removed from ATP. Breaking a bond in ATP allows the chemical energy stored in the bond to disperse in muscle cell in the forms of chemical energy and heat energy. How does the second law of thermodynamics apply to this process?

As the confined energy in ATP is released, some of the energy does work and some escapes as thermal energy.

The 2nd law of thermodynamic states the entropy or disorder in a system constantly increases. How do biological systems remain highly ordered?

Biological systems require an input of energy to remain highly ordered

1st law of thermodynamics?

Energy can be transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed

A specialized protein in saliva breaks up starch molecules in food into smaller chains of simple sugars. Which is enzyme, substrate and Product?

Enzyme = specialized protein Substrate = starch molecules Product = small chains of simple sugars

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration are cellular processes that involve glucose. How do these 2 processes differently affect the metabolism of glucose?

Glucose is produced during photosynthesis to hold the energy gathered from light, whereas glucose is broken down during cellular respiration to release stored cellular energy.

Which molecules are the main structural components of the PLASMA MEMBRANE?

LIPIDS and PROTEINS

phagocytosis

Specialized cells can identify specific targets for Ingestion and engulf proteins, debris, and other cells.

What is the basic unit of every organism?

The Cell

Where is the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphiosphate (ATP)?

The phosphate groups that repel each other due to multiple negatively charged atoms

why does the body use chemical energy?

The potential energy stored in chemical bonds can be released to perform work within a cell.

ROUGH endoplasmic membrane

Uses ribosomes to make proteins, such as insulin, that will be modified and sent out of the cell. MEMBRANE SYNTHESIS AND PROTEIN MODIFICATION.

How do enzymes recognize their substrate?

a binding site that fits the shape and complements the charge of the substrate

peroxisomes

a class of small,round organelles that contain oxidative enzymes. The enzymes break down organic substances via oxidation reactions.

describe an ANABOLIC pathway

a pathway that generates molecules from smaller subunits

Which of the following describes the fluid mosaic model?

a phospholipid bilayer with various molecules embedded within and floating between the layers

What is the nucleolus?

a structure in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits

cell junction: DESMOSOMES

act as rivets to hold adjecent cells together when epithelial tissues moves

moves against its concentration gradient

active transport

cell junction: PLASMODESMATA

allows passage of materials through cell walls of adjacent PLANT cells

Allosteric inhibition occurs when

an inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a site that is not the active site

Plant Cell(MITOCHONDRIA) function:

cellular respiration

Plant cell (CENTRAL VACUOLE) function:

cellular storage

Enzymes ____________ the activation energy of a reaction

decrease

large macromolecules cant

diffuse and are excluded from the membrane

Facilitated diffusion always travels

down their concentration gradient

Cytoskeleton

found in cytoplasm. provides structure and support to the cell and is composed of interconnected protein fibers.

Osmosis is when water travels

from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one

activation energy is best described as the energy that

is required to bring the reactant molecules to a transition state

an enzyme catalyzes a reaction in a way that results in a lower activation energy.What is the significance of a lower activation energy?

it increases the rate of cellular reaction.

lysosome

membrane bound organelle that digests nutrients and cellular waste

facilitated diffusion is best described as?

passive transport

Plant Cell (Chloroplasts) function:

photosynthesis

cell juinction: TIGHT junction

produce a watertight barrier between adjacent cells

Golgi apparatus

referred to as the "post office". sorts, modifies and repackages proteins and lipids. PROTEIN TRANSPORT OUT OF CELL.

Function of cholesterol in a cells plasma membrane?

regulating membrane fluidity

cell junction: GAP junctions

small protein-lined channels connecting adjacent ANIMAL cells

Mitochondrion

smooth outer membrane, an extensively folder inner membrane, and is the site of ATP production in eukaryotic cells

electrochemical gradient

sum of the differences in charge and chemical concentration of ions across a membrane

Plant Cell(ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM) function:

synthesis of proteins and lipids

ribosomes

synthesizes proteins

what is energy?

the ability of a system to perform work

what is free energy(G)?

the energy available to perform work

Competitive inhibition occurs when

the inhibitor binds to the same site on the enzyme as the substrate

The membranes are selectively permeable, meaning that

the membrane permits the transport of only certain substances

diffusion is best described as

the movement of substance from a region where it is MORE concentrated to a region where it is LESS concentrated DOWN its concentration gradient