BIOLOGY 346 Microbes and society

Bacterial Disease examples

Botulism, Campylobacter, staphylococcus, Escherichia Coli (normally good but is infective), salmonella

Head of virus contains

DNA

3 domains of life:

Eukaryote, Prokaryote (bacteria), and Archea (like bacteria)

Viral disease examples

Flu, cold, smallpox, AIDS, measels, mumps. Difficult to treat. Grows in cells of the host.

Edward Jenner 1796

In 1796, (before the germ theory), Edward Jenner did the first clinical trial of vaccination -people had been doing some form of vaccination before Jenner but Jenner did the first public demonstration. He demonstrated that if you vaccinated someone with cowpox (a minor skin disease for humans) that they would protected against smallpox (a more severe disease)

Acetobactor

MAKES VINEGAR. produces carbohydrate and grows in very little oxtgen

PROKARYOTIC CELL: cytoplasmic membrane

Made of phospholipids and proteins. Determines what moves into the cell and out of the cell. Also performs the same function as the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in eukaryotic cells

microbiome

The complete genetic content of all the microorganisms that typically inhabit a particular environment, especially a site on or in the body, such as the skin or the nose

Three things microbiology was trying to uncover during the time of 1880

The spontaneous genera<on of life (life from inanimate objects).* Infectious disease (transmissible forms).* Philosopher's Stone (substance that was said to be able to turn base metals, such as lead, into gold)

what is agar?

a carbohydrate

plant cells are the ___ cells

biggest

Koch

develop principles to determine if bacteria is pathogenic on not

What do microbes help clean up

environmental disasters (such as oil spills, they degrade it with enzymes)

What is the growth of bacteria determined by?

nutrition/ presence of nutrients

DNA is ___

the most improtant molecule in genetic determination

Transcription

transcribing DNA to make mRNA

Ignaz Semmelweis (1847)

"Savior of mothers"-discovered that the incidence of childbed fever could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection in maternity wards Some doctors were offended at the suggestion that they should wash their hands. Practice became accepted later after his death and Pasteur confirmed the germ theory.

theory of spontaneous generation: Jan Baptista van Helmont (early 1600s)

"observed" that rats originate from wheat bran and old rags. A 17th century mouse recipe: •1 pair sweaty underwear •several husks of wheat Place sweaty underwear and wheat husks in an open-‐mouthed jar -‐ let sit for 21 days - Accepted by common people -‐ based on their observations of slime that produced toads, and meat that generated worm-‐like maggots

theory of spontaneous generation: Fransesco Redi (1668)

- disputed theory of SG. Set up a series of tests -‐ covered some jars of meat with fine gauze or paper (test cases) to prevent the entry of flies, compared results to jars of meat left exposed (control). Hypothesis: covered meat should not produce maggots. One piece was left in the open air, resulting in maggots. Another jar was covered with fine gauze to prevent flies from entering the jar. No maggots develop on the meat Although Redi's experiment should have put the notion of spontaneous generation to rest, reports of wee animalcules became widespread during the 1700s

Pasteur and his swan neck flasks

-shape of the flask was an important part of the experiment -The life force in the air can enter flask -‐ flask is not sealed. The bend in the flask's neck traps microbes -There's nothing wrong with the broth in the flask- it will support the growth of microbes if microbes are added to it. -The theory of spontaneous generation has been disproved

for what reasons would bacteria NOT grow

-there was no bacteria in the place that was swabbed -wrong medium was used for the bacteria- maybe AGAR was not suitable for this particular bacteria -the bacteria is potentially not developing quickly enough

LIMITATIONS OF KOCHS POSTULATES

1) Corresponding with number one. Microorganisms of the normal flora/ orignal, under specific circumstances, can cause disease in others. Microorganisms would then be found on healthy and sick individuals (EX: ear infections- caused by bacteria present on the skin) 2) corresponds with number two. Some microorganisms can't be grwon as pure culture- we might not have suitable growth media (we dont know what they eat), some microorganisms must exist in partnership with another microorganism. Virsuses cant be cultivated as pure cultures, cells must always be present. 3) corresponds with number three. Some microorganisms cause disease in one species but not in another. Salmonella is pathogenic to humans but not to turtles or chickens

Koch's postulates/ principles

1) the suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals 2) the suspected organism should be grown in a pure culture 3) cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal 4) the organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original

Robert Hooke First description of cells (1665)

1.All organisms* are composed of fundamental units called cells. 2.All organisms are unicellular or multicellular 3.All cells are fundamentally alike with regard to their structure and metabolism 4.Cells arise only from previously existing cells ("life begets life")

how many pathogenic bacteria that affect humans?

1000

The first pure cultures of bacteria first obtained and grown in the ___

1850s (19th cent)

Golden age of microbiology

1876-1902. Human pathogenic bacteria were discovered during this peroid

around what time did microbiology really get going?

1880

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles- structurally complex and larger than eukaryote ex) plants, yeasts, molds, fungi, animals

Joseph Lister 1865

An early application of the germ theory was Joseph Listers use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic in the treatment of surgical wounds Death rate from infection dropped drastically

Eukaryote

Anything with a relationship to humans --> Any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cell contains a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus.

around the time of 1880 what were people arguing around disease?

At this time, people were beginning to argue that disease was a transmittable agent. Others disbelieved -disease was considered a punishment for sin. Infectious disease was thought of in strange ways -caused by vapours or miasmas. When people came to believe that diseases were caused by germs, it made for a more logical and practical treatment of disease

Fungal disease examples

Athletes foot. Difficult to treat bc Fungi is a Eukaryote (too closely related to humans- can negatively impact humans)

CDC and BCCDC

Centre for disease control- tell you where not to travel

How do you know that something is living? Hallmarks of life

Compartmentalization and metabolism - Cells take up nutrients from the environment, transform them, and release wastes into the environment. The cell is thus an open system. Reproduction (growth)- chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the genetic direction of preexisting cells Differentiation- Some cells can form new cell structures such as a spore, usually as a part of a cellular life cycle Communication- cells communicate or interact by means of chemicals that are released or taken up Movement- Some cells are capable of self propulsion Evolution- Cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties. Phylogenetic trees show the evolutionary relationship between cells

Dom Perignon (1678)

Credited with discovering (accidentally) champagne. Wine was fermented in a barrel, but fermentation went dormantwiththe cold weather of winter. It resumed in the spring, and the yeast begin a second fermentation. Additional yeast and sugars are added (to produce the bubbles)

What were microbes first associated with?

Disease (BUT they do alot of good as well)

Prokaryote

Do not have a membrane bound nucleus - simpler morphologically ex) bacteria and archea

Binomial bacteria name examples

Escherichia (family) Coli (class) Staphylococcus (family) aureus/ epidermis (class)

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1684)

First describe the presence of bacteria in pepper-‐water soltions (and other natural substances). Also described eggs on the wheat grains with his microscope. Opposed the theory of spontaneous generation - which was thought to be the cause of disease - observed animalcules (moved with purpose, were alive)

Robert Koch

First scientist to prove a specific bacterium causes a specific disease (1890). Develop methodology to develop pure cultures of bacteria. Worked with B. anthracis, M. tuberculosis (all on the open counter) -‐ never contracted disease.

How to identify a pathogen: Robert Koch's Principles

If you find it in sick and healthy people, it is probably not a pathogen. If you find it in only sick people it is probably a pathogen. 1) INFECTIOUS ORGANISM FOUND ONLY IN SICK PEOPLE. 2) GIVE THE PATHOGEN TO ANIMALS AND IT MAKES THEM SICK--> you isolate the pathogen from the sick rat to confirm the organism is the cause of sickness

Louis Pasteur (1859)

Pasteur finally thought out the experiment to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation, once and for all

EUKARYOTIC CELLS: cell wall

Plant and algae cells are examples that do have cell walls .Provides mechanical strength to the cytoplasmic membrane.

Transcription

Process of converting DNA to RNA, the DNA is copied by enzymes in the cell

Pathogens: Extracellular

Produce toxins outside the cell. EX) Staphylococcus,

What do you need to have in sufficient supply for bacteria to grow?

Protein (chemically supplies amino acids) metal ions (ex. FE) vitamins sugar need to have chemical interactions between a community

Spallanzanis experiment

Spallanzani boiled broth's for longer periods of time, sealed some flasks by melting the glass, left others open -After 2 days, the open flasks were teaming with microbes, sealed flasks were sterile. This initiated a heated argument between Needham and Spallanzani over sterilization (boiled broth in closed vs opencontainers) as a way of refuting spontaneous generation Needham claimed that Spallanzanis over-‐extensive boiling used to sterilize the containers had killed the vital force or life force. Needham argued that bacteria could not spontaneously generate in the sealed containers because the life force could not get in. In open containers, the life force could be replenished. In the minimally-‐boiled flasks, he felt the boiling was not severe enough to destroy the life force, so bacteria were still able to develop

when did the theory of spontaneous generation continue to and why??

The controversy over spontaneous generation continued into the mid-‐1800s because many felt that air was necessary for life, and Spallanzanis experiment excluded air

theory of spontaneous generation: Aristotle

The idea that life forms arose spontaneously from non-‐living matter. Aristotle wrote that: •flies, worms, etc., arise from decaying matter, •frogs arise from flooded fields.His observations laid the basis for the doctrine of spontaneous generation

Microbiolgy and its history-when did things begin to happen?

Things really started to happen around the 19th century

PROKARYOTIC CELL: nucleoid

This is the region of the cell where the DNA is concentrated. DNA is the genetic blue-‐print of the cell. DNA is transcribed (copied) by RNA polymerase to make mRNA.

Viral coat

Viruses have a coat of viral proteins and a tail that peirces the cell

PROKARYOTIC CELL: cytoplasm

Water filled compartment where the cell does most of its chemical reactions. Filled with building blocks of cellular molecules

PROKARYOTIC CELL: Cell wall

Water moves freely across the membrane. So much water moves in that the cell membrane could rupture -‐ the cell wall adds mechanical strength to the cytoplasmic membrane

Of the five classes if microbes, which two are related closest to humans?

Yeasts and fungi

5 Classes of microbes

Yeasts, Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Archea

Does the cell usually die after bacterial infection?

Yes (too much DNA or protein)

viruses have to grow in___

a cell (attacks the cell and makes 100s or 1000s of virus copies per cell)

PROKARYOTIC CELL: somethings that may be on the outside of the cell... capsule

a layer to protect the cell from drying out- some capsule material is used in food industry (Xanthan gum)

PROKARYOTIC CELL: somethings that may be on the outside of the cell... pili

allows transfer of genetic material

PROKARYOTIC CELL: periplasm

between the membrane and the cell wall- it has proteins which help to transport nutrients into the cell

how to bacteria grow?

by dividing into two identical cells- binary fission (A type of asexual reproduction common among prokaryotes wherein a cell divides giving rise to two cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the original cell.) One cell turns into two.. two into four.. etc

Lichen

combination of fungus and algae and bacteria. It can be poisonous but it purifies the air and reduces pollution. If lichens are growing in a certain area, it means the air is pretty clean

Translation

converts message of RNA and produces proteins

Pasteur

did alot of work on Tuberculosis- great white plague.

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1767)

discredited Needham- said that the heating of his bottle didnt kill everything inside - repeated experiment- and no growth occured BUT SG persisted

Bacillus Subtilis

divides by cell division- can form spores, almost indestructive

How does e coli grow?

divides by cell division- does not form spores. When it runs out of nutrition it is stagnant

Non pathogens

do not cause disease

Pasteur

identified pathogen and was able to grow it seperately from patient -also worked with rabies -inovled in making first vaccine for TB (not successful)

Bacteriophage

infects bacteria

Virus

infects plants, humans

bacteria define the limitis of ____ (in terms of...)

life (In terms of pressure, temperature, humidity, dryness, shortage of oxygen)

bacteria found where:

life exists (E.g. Not in volcanoes)

Pathogens: Intracellular

lives inside a cell. EX) E. Coli, Salmonella

PROKARYOTIC CELL: somethings that may be on the outside of the cell... Flagella

long protein structure- may have one or many- involved in cell movement

Archea

look and act like bacteria but have different properties -DNA analysis -discovery in 1970s

PROKARYOTIC CELL: chromosome

made of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid: has all of the genitic information the cell needs on how to be a cell- it is a single chromosome and in a circular shape -sometimes there are also plasmids which are also made of DNA and circular- they can contain genetic information that gives the cell a real advantage under some circumstances

It was originally thought that there weren't ___ bacteria

many

Anything fermented means ______ were at work

microbes

do bacteria exist on their own in nature?

no they exist in bacterial communities

more bacteria on earth than any other...

organism

what is the difference between pathogens and non pathogens?

pathogens have more DNA (Genes) than non pathogens

PROKARYOTIC CELL: ribosomes

protein manufacturers for the cell- they recieve orders from DNA by they way of an intermediate called mRNA -They translate the information on mRNA to make protein. -They assemble proteins from amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids that are used to make proteins. The instructions of what order and how many amino acids are needed is provided in the mRNA (messenger RNA)

EUKARYOTIC CELLS: cytoplasmic membrane

regulates what goes in and out of the cell Made of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins.

Pasteur and wine :)

saved french wine industry in 1857 The theory was that wine was made by a chemical breakdown of grape juice to alcohol Pasteur observed yeast in wine, and that soured wine contain populations of barely visible bacteria Pasteur proposed that yeast was involved in the fermentation of wine, and the bacteria caused it to spoil -Boiled grape juice, add back the yeast, and fermentation proceeds normally -‐ if all bacteria were removed, the wine did not go sour

is there a large or small number of bacteria that cause disease?

small

bacteria cells are the ___ cells

smallest

PROKARYOTIC CELL: inclusions

store nutrients for the cell or vacuoles for buoancy

theory of spontaneous generation: John Needham 1748

suggested that microbes arise spontaneously in mutton gravy. Needham had boiled the gravy and sealed the containers with cork, but yet microbes appeared -‐ his experiments were faulty. the heating of the bottle did not kill all of the microbes that were living there because: 1. some micorbes can survive hot temps 2. air has microbes, flasks werent covered

Why wouldn't bacteria grow on a petri plate?

the medium (agar) did not work for that microbe-not sufficient growing conditions

Translation

translation of the mRNA on a ribosome to make a protein

fungi, yeats, and bacteria are all....

unicellular

If you cant grow bacteria what can you do?

use genome sequencing

Virus takes over bacterial reproduction system

vDNA is converted into RNA, makes viral proteins, reform to create complete virus

steps of bacterial cell infection

viral DNA injected into bacterium, makes RNA, Mrna makes proteins producing the virus uses cell to reproduce virus, the cell will then lyse and produce 100s or 1000s of virus

Where does vancouver's dirty waste water go?

waste water treatment plant- relies on microbes to clean up the water

only way to eliminate infectious disease?

with vaccine. bc it protects people so they cant get the infection. -could have happened with poli- a few places wont give the vaccine for political/ religious reasons -only a few samples of smallpox around the world OR Eliminate source of disease EX) mosquitos and malaria

Did pasteurs work on wine shock the community?

yes! No one new that microbes could be agents of change (analogous to factories where chemical changes occur) -‐ and that bacteria appeared to make the wine sick Before Pasteurs discovery, physicians had thought that bacteria was an effect of disease (they appeared during illness) -‐ now Pasteurs work suggested they are the cause of disease