Biology, 8e (Campbell) (2)

Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. How many electrons are needed to complete the valence shell of a fluorine atom? A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 7 E) 9

1

When an ionic compound such as sodium chloride (NaCl) is placed in water the component atoms of the NaCl crystal dissociate into individual sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-). In contrast, the atoms of covalently bonded molecules (e.g., glucose, sucrose, glycerol) do not generally dissociate when placed in aqueous solution. Which of the following solutions would be expected to contain the greatest number of particles (molecules or ions)? A) 1 L of 0.5 M NaCl B) 1 L of 0.5 M glucose C) 1 L of 1.0 M NaCl D) 1 L of 1.0 M glucose E) C and D will contain equal numbers of particles.

1 L of 1.0 M NaCl

Assume that acid rain has lowered the pH of a particular lake to pH 4.0. What is the hydroxyl ion concentration of this lake? A) 1 × 10-10 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water B) 1 × 10-4 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water C) 10.0 M with regard to hydroxyl ion concentration D) 4.0 M with regard to hydroxyl ion concentration E) both B and D

1 × 10-10 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water

Life is diverse. How many species are estimated to be presently on the earth? A) 1,800 B) 180,000 C) 1,800,000 D) 18,000,000 E) 180,000,000

1,800,000

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long? A) 12 B) 11 C) 10 D) 9 E) 8

10

One liter of a solution of pH 2 has how many more hydrogen ions (H+) than 1 L of a solution of pH 6? A) 4 times more B) 400 times more C) 4,000 times more D) 10,000 times more E) 100,000 times more

10,000 times more

What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake described in question 7? A) 10-7 M B) 10-4 M C) 10-10 M D) 10-14 M E) 10 M

10-10 M (10 to the power negative 10)

Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake? A) 4.0 M B) 10-10 M C) 10-4 M D) 104 M E) 4%

10-4 M (10 to the power negative 4)

The nutritional information on a cereal box shows that one serving of a dry cereal has 200 kilocalories. If one were to burn one serving of the cereal, the amount of heat given off would be sufficient to raise the temperature of 20 kg of water how many degrees Celsius? A) 0.2°C B) 1.0°C C) 2.0°C D) 10.0°C E) 20.0°C

10.0°C

Equal volumes of vinegar from a freshly-opened bottle are added to each of the following solutions. After complete mixing, which of the mixtures will have the highest pH? A) 100 mL of pure water B) 100 mL of freshly-brewed coffee C) 100 mL of household cleanser containing 0.5M ammonia D) 100 mL of freshly-squeezed orange juice E) 100 mL of tomato juice

100 mL of household cleanser containing 0.5M ammonia

One liter of a solution pH 9 has how many more hydroxyl ions (OH-) than 1 L of a solution of pH 4? A) 5 times more B) 100 times more C) 1,000 times more D) 10,000 times more E) 100,000 times more

100,000 times more

A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. If we could burn the pizza and use all the heat to warm a 50 -L container of cold water, what would be the approximate increase in the temperature of the water? (Note: A liter of cold water weighs about 1 kg.) A) 50°C B) 5°C C) 10°C D) 100°C E) 1°C

10°C

A double-stranded DNA molecule contains a total of 120 purines and 120 pyrimidines. This DNA molecule could be composed of A) 120 adenine and 120 uracil molecules. B) 120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules. C) 120 cytosine and 120 thymine molecules. D) 240 adenine and 240 cytosine molecules. E) 240 guanine and 240 thymine molecules

120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules.

The atomic number of each atom is given to the left of each of the elements below. Which of the atoms has the same valence as carbon ( 12 6 C)? A) 7nitrogen B) 9flourine C) 10neon D) 12magnesium E) 14silicon

14silicon

An atom with an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19 would have an atomic mass of approximately A) 9 daltons. B) 9 grams. C) 10 daltons. D) 20 grams. E) 19 daltons

19 daltons

How many electrons would be expected in the outermost electron shell of an atom with atomic number 12? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8

2

How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C4H10? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 3 E) 11

2

What is the maximum number of covalent bonds an element with atomic number 8 can make with hydrogen? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 6

2

What is the maximum number of electrons in a 2p orbital of an atom? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

2

What is the maximum number of electrons in the 1s orbital of an atom? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

2

What is the valence of an atom with six electrons in its outer electron shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

2

Calcium has an atomic number of 20 and an atomic mass of 40. Therefore, a calcium atom must have A) 20 protons. B) 40 electrons. C) 40 neutrons. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

20 protons

How many different kinds of polypeptides, each composed of 12 amino acids, could be synthesized using the 20 common amino acids? A) 4^12 B) 12^20 C) 12^5 D) 20 E) 20^12

20^12

What coefficients must be placed in the following blanks so that all atoms are accounted for in the products? C6H12O6 → ___ C2H6O + ___ CO2 A) 1; 2 B) 2; 2 C) 1; 3 D) 1; 1 E) 3; 1

2; 2

What is the approximate atomic mass of an atom with 16 neutrons, 15 protons, and 15 electrons? A) 15 daltons B) 16 daltons C) 30 daltons D) 31 daltons E) 46 daltons

31 daltons

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5ʹATTGCA3ʹ, the other complementary strand would have the sequence A) 5ʹTAACGT3ʹ. B) 3ʹTAACGT5ʹ. C) 5ʹUAACGU3ʹ. D) 3ʹUAACGU5ʹ. E) 5ʹUGCAAU3ʹ.

3ʹTAACGT5ʹ.

A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) is formed when one atom of carbon (atomic number 6) is covalently bonded with two atoms of oxygen (atomic number 8). What is the total number of electrons that must be shared between the carbon atom and the oxygen atoms in order to complete the outer electron shell of all three atoms? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

4

How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8

4

If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine? A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 80 E) impossible to tell from the information given

40

At what temperature is water at its densest? A) 0°C B) 4°C C) 32°C D) 100°C E) 212°C

4°C

The molecular weight of water is 18 daltons. What is the molarity of 1 liter of pure water? A) 55.6M B) 18M C) 37M D) 0.66M E) 1.0M

55.6M

Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? A) 5ʹ-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3ʹ with 3ʹ-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5ʹ B) 5ʹ-A-G-C-T-3ʹ with 5ʹ-T-C-G-A-3ʹ C) 5ʹ-G-C-G-C-3ʹ with 5ʹ-T-A-T-A-3ʹ D) 5ʹ-A-T-G-C-3ʹ with 5ʹ-G-C-A-T-3ʹ E) All of these pairs are correct

5ʹ-A-T-G-C-3ʹ with 5ʹ-G-C-A-T-3ʹ

How many molecules of glucose (C6H2O6 molecular mass =180 daltons) would be present in one mole of glucose? A) 24 B) 342 C) 23 × 1014 D) 180 × 1014 E) 6.02 × 1023

6.02 × 1023 (10 to the power of 23)

How many molecules of glycerol (C3H8O3) would be present in 1 L of a 1 M glycerol solution? A) 1 B) 14 C) 92 D) 1 × 107 E) 6.02 × 1023

6.02 × 1023 (10 to the power of 23)

You have a freshly-prepared 1M solution of glucose in water. You carefully pour out a 100 mL sample of that solution. How many glucose molecules are included in that 100 mL sample? A) 6.02 × 1023 B) 3.01 × 1023 C) 6.02 × 1024 D) 12.04 × 1023 E) 6.02 × 1022

6.02 × 1024 (10 to the power 24)

You have a freshly-prepared 0.1M solution of glucose in water. Each liter of this solution contains how many glucose molecules? A) 6.02 × 1023 B) 3.01 × 1023 C) 6.02 × 1024 D) 12.04 × 1023 E) 6.02 × 1022

6.02 × 1024 (10 to the power of 24)

How many grams of acetic acid (C2H4O2) would you use to make 10 L of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of acetic acid? (Note: The atomic masses, in daltons, are approximately 12 for carbon, 1 for hydrogen, and 16 for oxygen.) A) 10.0 g B) 0.1 g C) 6.0 g D) 60.0 g E) 0.6 g

60.0 g

You have two beakers. One contains a solution of HCl at pH = 1.0. The other contains a solution of NaOH at pH = 13. Into a third beaker, you slowly and cautiously pour 20 mL of the HCL and 20 mL of the NaOH. After complete stirring, the pH of the mixture will be A) 2.0. B) 12.0. C) 7.0. D) 5.0. E) 9.0.

7.0.

The atomic number of carbon is 6. Carbon-14 is heavier than carbon-12 because the atomic nucleus of carbon-14 contains _____ neutrons. A) 6 B) 7 C) 8 D) 12 E) 14

8

Atoms can be represented by simply listing the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons Nfor example, 2p+; 2n0; 2e- for helium. Which one of the following lists represents the 18O isotope of oxygen? A) 6p+; 8n0; 6e B) 8p+; 10n0; 8e C) 9p+; 9n0; 9e D) 7p+; 2n0; 9e E) 10p+; 8n0; 9e

8p+; 10n0; 8e

Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein? A) 101 B) 100 C) 99 D) 98 E) 97

99

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? A) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. B) Macromolecular synthesis occurs through the removal of water and digestion occurs through the addition of water. C) Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. D) Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. E) A and B are correct

A and B are correct

Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella? A) centrosomes B) ribosomes C) actin D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

A and B only

Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded proteins? A) Alzheimerʹs B) Parkinsonʹs C) diabetes D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

A and B only

The atomic number of neon is 10. Therefore, which of the following is correct about an atom of neon? A) It has 8 electrons in its outer electron shell. B) It is inert. C) It has an atomic mass of 10 daltons. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C are correct

A and B only

Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules? A) cilia B) centrioles C) flagella D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

A and C only

One mole (mol) of a substance is A) 6.02 × 1023 molecules of the substance. B) 1 g of the substance dissolved in 1 L of solution. C) the largest amount of the substance that can be dissolved in 1 L of solution. D) the molecular mass of the substance expressed in grams. E) A and D only

A and D only

Which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water? A) Lakes donʹt freeze solid in winter, despite low temperatures. B) A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond. C) Organisms resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical reactions. D) Water can act as a solvent. E) The pH of water remains exactly neutral

A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) lipid. C) monosaccharide D) A and B only. E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

Dehydration reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds? A) triacylglycerides B) polysaccharides C) proteins D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

Microfilaments are well known for their role in which of the following? A) ameboid movement B) formation of cleavage furrows C) contracting of muscle cells D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

The hydrogenation of vegetable oil results in which of the following? A) saturated fats and unsaturated fats with trans double bonds B) an increased contribution to artherosclerosis C) the oil (fat) being a solid at room temperature D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

Which of the following is (are) true of natural selection? A) requires genetic variation B) results in descent with modification C) involves differential reproductive success D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

What would be an unexpected consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids? A) The primary structure of the protein would be changed. B) The tertiary structure of the protein might be changed. C) The biological activity or function of the protein might be altered. D) Only A and C are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.

A, B, and C are correct

Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in all organic molecules? A) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants. B) They were processed into sugars through photosynthesis. C) They are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide. D) Only A and C are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.

A, B, and C are correct.

The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is —CH2NOH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid alanine is —CH3. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution? A) Serine would be in the interior, and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. B) Alanine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. C) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior of the globular protein. D) Both serine and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. E) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein

Alanine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.

Which of the following is a false statement regarding DNA? A) Each chromosome has one very long DNA molecule with hundreds of thousands of genes. B) Every cell is enclosed by a membrane. C) Every cell uses DNA as its genetic information. D) All forms of life are composed of cells that have a membrane-enclosed nucleus. E) DNA is the unit of inheritance that is transmitted from parent to offspring

All forms of life are composed of cells that have a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity? A) Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. B) Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. C) Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. D) Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. E) All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.

All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.

Which of the following is true for this reaction? 3 H2 + N2 2 NH3 A) The reaction is nonreversible. B) Hydrogen and nitrogen are the reactants of the reverse reaction. C) Hydrogen and nitrogen are the products of the forward reaction. D) Ammonia is being formed and decomposed. E) Hydrogen and nitrogen are being decomposed

Ammonia is being formed and decomposed

A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification? A) Eukarya B) Archaea C) Animalia D) Protista E) Fungi

Archaea

A cell lacking the ability to make and secrete glycoproteins would most likely be deficient in its A) nuclear DNA. B) extracellular matrix. C) Golgi apparatus. D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

B and C only

From its atomic number of 15, it is possible to predict that the phosphorus atom has A) 15 neutrons. B) 15 protons. C) 15 electrons. D) 8 electrons in its outermost electron shell. E) B and C only

B and C only

Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include A) ribosomes. B) mitochondria. C) chloroplasts. D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

B and C only

Which of the following would be regarded as compounds? A) H2 B) H2O C) O2 D) CH4 E) B and D, but not A and C

B and D, but not A and C

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? A) Bacteria and Eukarya B) Archaea and Monera C) Eukarya and Monera D) Bacteria and Protista E) Bacteria and Archaea

Bacteria and Archaea

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is readily soluble in water, according to the equation CO2 + H2O → H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a weak acid. Respiring cells release CO2. What prediction can we make about the pH of blood as that blood first comes in contact with respiring cells? A) Blood pH will decrease slightly. B) Blood pH will increase slightly. C) Blood pH will remain unchanged. D) Blood pH will first increase, then decrease as CO2 combines with hemoglobin. E) Blood pH will first decrease, then increase sharply as CO2 combines with hemoglobin

Blood pH will decrease slightly

If the pH of a solution is decreased from 9 to 8, it means that the A) concentration of H+ has decreased to one-tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9. B) concentration of H+ has increased 10-fold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9. C) concentration of OH- has increased 10-fold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9. D) concentration of OH- has decreased to one-tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9. E) Both B and D are correct

Both B and D are correct

Buffers are substances that help resist shifts in pH by A) releasing H+ in acidic solutions. B) donating H+ to a solution when they have been depleted. C) releasing OH- in basic solutions. D) accepting H+ when the are in excess. E) Both B and D are correct.

Both B and D are correct.

Which statement correctly characterizes bound ribosomes? A) Bound ribosomes are enclosed in their own membrane. B) Bound and free ribosomes are structurally different. C) Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins. D) The most common location for bound ribosomes is the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. E) All of the above

Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins.

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? A) C18H36O18 B) C18H30O15 C) C6H10O5 D) C18H10O15 E) C3H6O3

C18 H30 O15

Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? A) C3H8 B) C2H6 C) CH4 D) C2H4 E) C2H2

C2H4

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? A) C60H120O60 B) C6H12O6 C) C60H102O51 D) C60H100O50 E) C60H111O51

C60H102O51

All of the following statements are part of Charles Darwinʹs concept of natural selection except A) Slight inheritable variations within a population may make an individual significantly more or less likely to survive in its environment, and thus to reproduce. B) Every organism has the potential to produce more offspring than the local environment can support. C) Characteristics of organisms are inherited as genes on chromosomes. D) Better adapted members of a species will survive and reproduce more successfully. E) Most individuals in a species do not survive to reproduce

Characteristics of organisms are inherited as genes on chromosomes.

What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds? A) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. B) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. C) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms. D) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms. E) Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms

Which of the following is a false statement regarding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)? A) Each deoxyribonucleic acid molecule is composed of two long chains of nucleotides arranged in a double helix. B) Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid. C) DNA is composed of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. D) DNA is a code for the sequence of amino acids in a protein. E) DNA is an enzyme that puts together amino acids to make a protein

DNA is an enzyme that puts together amino acids to make a protein

Which of the following statements best summarizes the structural differences between DNA and RNA? A) RNA is a protein, whereas DNA is a nucleic acid. B) DNA is a protein, whereas RNA is a nucleic acid. C) DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides. D) RNA is a double helix, but DNA is single-stranded. E) A and D are correct.

DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells? A) DNA → RNA → proteins B) RNA → proteins → DNA C) proteins → DNA → RNA D) RNA → DNA → proteins E) DNA → proteins → RNA

DNA → RNA → proteins

Research indicates that Albuterol, a drug used to relax bronchial muscles, improving airflow and thus offering relief from asthma, consists only of one enantiomer, the R-form. Why is it important for this drug to consist of only one enantiomeric form, rather than a mixture of enantiomers? A) Different enantiomers may have different or opposite physiological effects. B) It is impossible to synthesize mixtures of enantiomers. C) It is much less expensive to synthesize one enantiomer at a time. D) Albuterol is an example of a compound for which only one enantiomer exists. E) Only the R-form of Albuterol has been studied; until more information is available, physicians prefer to use the pure R-form

Different enantiomers may have different or opposite physiological effects.

The molecular mass of glucose is 180 g. Which of the following procedures should you carry out to make a 1 M solution of glucose? A) Dissolve 1 g of glucose in 1 L of water. B) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in 1 L of water. C) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in 100 g of water. D) Dissolve 180 mg (milligrams) of glucose in 1 L of water. E) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L

Dissolve 180 g of glucose in water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L

The molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6) is 180 g. Which of the following procedures should you carry out to make a 0.5 M solution of glucose? A) Dissolve 0.5 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of solution is 1 L. B) Dissolve 90 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L. C) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L. D) Dissolve 0.5 g of glucose in 1 L of water. E) Dissolve 180 g of glucose in 1 L of water

Dissolve 90 g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L.

Who was/were the first to propose that cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers? A) H. Davson and J. Danielli B) I. Langmuir C) C. Overton D) S. Singer and G. Nicolson E) E. Gorter and F. Grendel

E. Gorter and F. Grendel

Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This ʺtaggingʺ of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted by pancreatic cells. What is its most likely pathway? A) ER → Golgi → nucleus B) Golgi → ER → lysosome C) nucleus → ER → Golgi D) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane E) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Nitrogen (N) is much more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following statements is correct about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)? A) Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge. B) The nitrogen atom has a strong positive charge. C) Each hydrogen atom has a slight negative charge. D) The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge. E) There are covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms

Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge

If a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the nanometer level, as opposed to the best light microscope, this is due to which of the following? A) The focal length of the electron microscope is significantly longer. B) Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal. C) Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light. D) The electron microscope has much greater ratio of image size to real size. E) The electron microscope cannot image whole cells at one time.

Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light.

A common form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process is called positive feedback

False

A theory in science is equivalent in scope to a well-structured hypothesis

False

Charles Darwin presented verifiable evidence that supported the view that life can arise by spontaneous generation

False

The goal of systems biology is to construct models to predict the emergent properties of cells

False

Which of the following best describes chemical equilibrium? A) Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products. B) Concentrations of products are higher than the concentrations of the reactants. C) Forward and reverse reactions have stopped so that the concentration of the reactants equals the concentration of the products. D) Reactions stop only when all reactants have been converted to products. E) There are equal concentrations of reactants and products, and the reactions have stopped

Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products

Which of the following people was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from inorganic starting materials? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé

Friedrich Wohler

Which of the following peopleʹs synthesis of this compound from inorganic starting materials provided evidence against vitalism? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé

Friedrich Wohler

Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted? A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisom

Golgi apparatus

Who proposed that membranes are a phospholipid bilayer between two layers of hydrophilic proteins? A) H. Davson and J. Danielli B) I. Langmuir C) C. Overton D) S. Singer and G. Nicolson E) E. Gorter and F. Grendel

H. Davson and J. Danielli

Which of the following molecules contains the strongest polar covalent bond? A) H2 B) O2 C) CO2 D) H2O E) CH4

H2O

The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound: A) HS B) HS2 C) H2S D) H3S2 E) H4S

H2S

Which of the following ionizes completely in solution and is considered to be a strong acid? A) NaOH B) HCl C) NH3 D) H2CO3 E) CH3COOH

HCl

Which of the following people synthesized an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganic substances that had been prepared directly from pure elements? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé

Hermann Kolbe

Which of the following peopleʹs synthesis of this compound from inorganic starting materials provided evidence against vitalism? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé

Hermann Kolbe

Why does ice float in liquid water? A) The liquid water molecules have more kinetic energy and thus support the ice. B) The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the ice from sinking. C) Ice always has air bubbles that keep it afloat. D) Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water. E) The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid water.

Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.

Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? A) Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. B) Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. C) Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. D) Hypotheses and theories are essentially the same thing. E) Theories are proved true in all cases; hypotheses are usually falsified by tests

Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.

Which of these is based on a deduction? A) My car wonʹt start. B) My carʹs battery is dead. C) My car is out of gas. D) I lost my car key. E) If I turn the key in the ignition while stepping on the gas pedal, then my car will start

If I turn the key in the ignition while stepping on the gas pedal, then my car will start

Which of the following best describes the logic of hypothesis-based science? A) If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it. B) If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis. C) If my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis. D) If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results. E) If my experiments are set up right, they will lead to a testable hypothesis

If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results

A mycoplasma is an organism with a diameter between 0.1 and 1.0 ΐm. What does its size tell you about how it might be classified? A) It must be a single celled protist. B) It must be a single celled fungus. C) It could be almost any typical bacterium. D) It could be a typical virus. E) It could be a very small bacterium.

It could be a very small bacterium.

Which of the following is true of cellulose? A) It is a polymer composed of sucrose monomers. B) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells. C) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in animal cells. D) It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. E) It is a major structural component of animal cell plasma membranes

It is a major structural component of plant cell walls.

A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound? A) It lacks an asymmetric carbon, and it is probably a fat or lipid. B) It should dissolve in water. C) It should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent. D) It wonʹt form hydrogen bonds with water. E) It is hydrophobic.

It should dissolve in water.

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The probability of finding chitin in fungal cell walls (B) The probability of finding chitin in arthropod exoskeletons A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The number of purines in the DNA strand 5ʹ-AAGAGGAGAAA-3ʹ (B) The number of pyrimidines in the DNA strand 5ʹ-AAGAGGAGAAA-3ʹ A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B)

Item (A) is greater than item (B).

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The probability that amino acids with nonpolar side chains are hydrophobic. (B) The probability that amino acids with side chains containing a carboxyl group are hydrophobic. A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B)

Item (A) is greater than item (B).

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The number of alpha glucose 1-4 linkages in cellulose (B) The number of alpha glucose 1-4 linkages in starch A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B)

Item (A) is less than item (B).

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The number of cis double bonds in saturated fatty acids (B) The number of cis double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B)

Item (A) is less than item (B).

Why isnʹt the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system? A) It only has two membrane layers. B) Its structure is not derived from the ER. C) It has too many vesicles. D) It is not involved in protein synthesis. E) It is not attached to the outer nuclear envelope

Its structure is not derived from the ER

One of the following people was the first to suggest that organic compounds, those found in living organisms, were distinctly different from inorganic compounds found in the nonliving world. Though this suggestion is now known to be incorrect, it stimulated important research into organic compounds. Who suggested this? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé

Jakob Berzelius

Which of the following takes place as an ice cube cools a drink? A) Molecular collisions in the drink increase. B) Kinetic energy in the drink decreases. C) A calorie of heat energy is transferred from the ice to the water of the drink. D) The specific heat of the water in the drink decreases. E) Evaporation of the water in the drink increases.

Kinetic energy in the drink decreases

Which of the following makes it necessary for animal cells, although they have no cell walls, to have intercellular junctions? A) Cell membranes do not distinguish the types of ions and molecules passing through them. B) Large molecules, especially proteins, do not readily get through one, much less two adjacent cell membranes. C) Cell-to-cell communication requires physical attachment of one cell to another. D) Maintenance of connective tissue shape requires cells to adhere to one another. E) The relative shapelessness of animal cells requires a mechanism for keeping the cells aligned

Large molecules, especially proteins, do not readily get through one, much less two adjacent cell membranes.

Recent evidence shows that the extracellular matrix can take part in regulating the expression of genes. A likely possibility for this might be which of the following? A) Mechanical signals of the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, which can alter intracellular signaling. B) Intracellular signals might cause changes in the fibronectin binding to the cell surface. C) Orientation of microfilaments to the ECM can change the gene activity. D) Fibronectin binds to integrins built into the plasma membrane. E) Proteoglycans in the ECM become large enough in aggregate to force genetic alteration

Mechanical signals of the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, which can alter intracellular signaling.

The atomic number of chlorine is 17. The atomic number of magnesium is 12. What is the formula for magnesium chloride? A) MgCl B) MgCl2 C) Mg2Cl D) Mg2Cl2 E) MgCl3

MgCl2

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true? A) The dynamic aspect of cytoskeletal function is made possible by the assembly and disassembly of a large number of complex proteins into larger aggregates. B) Microfilaments are structurally rigid and resist compression, while microtubules resist tension (stretching). C) Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other. D) Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would cause little effect on the cellʹs metabolism E) Transport vesicles among the membranes of the endomembrane system produce the cytoskeleton

Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.

Which of the following statements is completely correct? A) H2CO3 is a weak acid, and NaOH is a weak base (alkali). B) H2CO3 is a strong acid, and NaOH is a strong base (alkali). C) NH3 is a weak base (alkali), and H2CO3 is a strong acid. D) NH3 is a weak base (alkali), and HCl is a strong acid. E) NH3 is a strong base (alkali), and HCl is a weak acid.

NH3 is a weak base (alkali), and HCl is a strong acid.

In ammonium chloride salt (NH4Cl) the anion is a single chloride ion, Cl-. What is the cation of NH4Cl? A) N, with a charge of +3 B) H, with a charge of +1 C) H2 with a charge of +4 D) NH4 with a charge of +1 E) NH4 with a charge of +4

NH4 with a charge of +1

You have two beakers; one contains pure water, the other contains pure methanol (wood alcohol). The covalent bonds of methanol molecules are nonpolar, so there are no hydrogen bonds among methanol molecules. You pour crystals of table salt (NaCl) into each beaker. Predict what will happen. A) Equal amounts of NaCl crystals will dissolve in both water and methanol. B) NaCl crystals will NOT dissolve in either water or methanol. C) NaCl crystals will dissolve readily in water but will not dissolve in methanol. D) NaCl crystals will dissolve readily in methanol but will not dissolve in water. E) When the first crystals of NaCl are added to water or to methanol, they will not dissolve; but as more crystals are added, the crystals will begin to dissolve faster and faster.

NaCl crystals will dissolve readily in water but will not dissolve in methanol.

Which of the following ionizes completely in solution and is considered to be a strong base (alkali)? A) NaCl B) HCl C) NH3 D) H2CO3 E) NaOH

NaOH

Centrioles, cilia, flagella, and basal bodies have remarkably similar structural elements and arrangements. This leads us to which of the following as a probable hypothesis? A) Disruption of one of these types of structure should necessarily disrupt each of the others as well. B) Loss of basal bodies should lead to loss of all cilia, flagella, and centrioles. C) Motor proteins such as dynein must have evolved before any of these four kinds of structure. D) Evolution of motility, of cells or of parts of cells, must have occurred only once. E) Natural selection for motility must select for microtubular arrays in circular patterns

Natural selection for motility must select for microtubular arrays in circular patterns

Consider two solutions: solution X has a pH of 4; solution Y has a pH of 7. From this information, we can reasonably conclude that A) solution Y has no free hydrogen ions (H+). B) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 30 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y. C) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y is 1,000 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X. D) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 3 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y. E) None of the other answer choices correctly describes these solutions

None of the other answer choices correctly describes these solutions

Tubulin is a dimer, made up of 2 slightly different polypeptides, alpha and beta. Given the structure above, what is the most likely consequence to the structure of the microtubule? A) One ʺhalf-pipeʺ side of the tubule must be heavier in alpha and the other in beta subunits. B) One end of a microtubule can grow or release dimers at a faster rate than the other. C) Microtubules grow by adding a complete circular layer at a time rather than spiraling. D) Microtubules in cilia must never grow or become shorter. E) Tubulin molecules themselves must be rigid structures

One end of a microtubule can grow or release dimers at a faster rate than the other

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which Darwinʹs theory of natural selection is based? A) Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. B) There is heritable variation among individuals. C) Because of overproduction of offspring, there is competition for limited resources. D) Individuals whose inherited characteristics best fit them to the environment will generally produce more offspring. E) A population can become adapted to its environment

Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring

Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is not correct? A) Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus. B) Prokaryotic cells contain small membrane-enclosed organelles. C) Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus. D) DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. E) DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells contain small membrane-enclosed organelles

Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein disposal from prokaryotic cells? A) Prokaryotes are unlikely to be able to excrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system. B) The mechanism of protein excretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes. C) Proteins that are excreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. D) In prokaryotes, the ribosomes that are used for the synthesis of secreted proteins are located outside of the cell. E) Prokaryotes contain large pores in their plasma membrane that permit the movement of proteins out of the cell

Proteins that are excreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.

Which of the following statements is false? A) Atoms of the various elements differ in their number of subatomic particles. B) All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons in their nuclei. C) The neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom are almost identical in mass; each has a mass of about 1 dalton. D) An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of the element. E) Protons and electrons are electrically charged particles. Protons have one unit of negative charge, and electrons have one unit of positive charge

Protons and electrons are electrically charged particles. Protons have one unit of negative charge, and electrons have one unit of positive charge

Who proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids? A) H. Davson and J. Danielli B) I. Langmuir C) C. Overton D) S. Singer and G. Nicolson E) E. Gorter and F. Grendel

S. Singer and G. Nicolson

One of the following people set up a closed system to mimic Earthʹs early atmosphere and discharged electrical sparks through it. A variety of organic compounds common in organisms were formed. Who did this? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé

Stanley Miller

Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? A) Testosterone and estradiol are structural isomers but have the same molecular formula. B) Testosterone and estradiol are geometric isomers but have the same molecular formula. C) Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton. D) Testosterone and estradiol have distinctly different chemical structures, with one including four fused rings of carbon atoms, while the other has three rings. E) Testosterone and estradiol are enantiomers of the same organic molecule

Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton.

Which of the following statements about the 5ʹ end of a polynucleotide strand of DNA is correct? A) The 5ʹ end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. B) The 5ʹ end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. C) The 5ʹ end has thymine attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. D) The 5ʹ end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. E) The 5ʹ end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases

The 5ʹ end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.

Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions? A) The atom has more electrons than protons. B) The atom has more protons than electrons. C) The atom has fewer protons than does a neutral atom of the same element. D) The atom has more neutrons than protons. E) The net charge is 12

The atom has more electrons than protons

Quantum dots are small (15—30 nm diameter), bright particles visible using light microscopy. If the dots can be specifically bound to individual proteins on a plasma membrane of a cell, which of the following correctly describes the advantage of using quantum dots in examining proteins? A) The dots permit the position of the proteins to be determined more precisely. B) The dots permit the average distance between the proteins to be determined more precisely. C) The dots permit the size of the proteins to be determined more precisely. D) The dots permit the motion of the proteins to be determined more precisely. E) The dots permit visualization of proteins interacting with lipids

The dots permit the motion of the proteins to be determined more precisely.

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data? A) The temperature decreased from 20°C to 15°C. B) The plantʹs height is 25 centimeters (cm). C) The fish swam in a zig-zag motion. D) The six pairs of robins hatched an average of three chicks. E) The contents of the stomach are mixed every 20 seconds

The fish swam in a zig-zag motion

The mitochondrion, like the nucleus, has two or more membrane layers. How is the innermost of these layers different from that of the nucleus? A) The inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded. B) The two membranes are biochemically very different. C) The space between the two layers of the nuclear membrane is larger. D) The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is separated out into thylakoids. E) The inner mitochondrial membrane is devoid of nearly all proteins

The inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? A) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. B) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. C) They are hydrophilic. D) They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity. E) They are lighter than water

The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen? A) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 7 daltons and an atomic mass of 14. B) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 14 daltons and an atomic mass of 7. C) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic mass of 7 grams. D) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 7 grams and an atomic number of 14. E) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic mass of approximately 14 daltons.

The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic mass of approximately 14 daltons.

A 100 mL beaker contains 10 mL of NaOH solution at pH = 13. A technician carefully pours into the beaker, 10 mL of HCl at pH = 1. Which of the following statements correctly describes the results of this mixing? A) The concentration of Na+ ion rises. B) The concentration of Cl- ion falls. C) The concentration of undissociated H2O molecules remains unchanged. D) The pH of the beakerʹs contents rises. E) The pH of the beakerʹs contents falls.

The pH of the beakerʹs contents falls.

DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase? A) The two strands of the double helix would separate. B) The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.

The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.

Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? A) The two strands of the double helix would separate. B) The phosphodiester linkages between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. C) The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. D) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. E) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.

The phosphodiester linkages between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.

Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium? A) The concentrations of products and reactants are equal. B) The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. C) Both forward and reverse reactions have halted. D) The reaction is now irreversible. E) No reactants remain

The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

Which of the following describes any reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium? A) The concentration of the reactants equals the concentration of the products. B) The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. C) All of the reactants have been converted to the products of the reaction. D) All of the products have been converted to the reactants of the reaction. E) Both the forward and the reverse reactions have stopped with no net effect on the concentration of the reactants and the products

The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that a very inexpensive microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the much more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference? A) The ad agency is misrepresenting the ability of the toy microscope to magnify. B) The toy microscope does not have the same fine control for focus of the specimen. C) The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images. D) The college microscope produces greater contrast in the specimens. E) The toy microscope usually uses a different wavelength of light source

The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms described below? Atom 1 Atom 2 31 15P 32 15P A) They contain 31 and 32 electrons, respectively. B) They are both phosphorus cations. C) They are both phosphorus anions. D) They are both isotopes of phosphorus. E) They contain 31 and 32 protons, respectively

They are both isotopes of phosphorus

Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose? A) They are both polymers of glucose. B) They are geometric isomers of each other. C) They can both be digested by humans. D) They are both used for energy storage in plants. E) They are both structural components of the plant cell wall

They are both polymers of glucose.

The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic of all of these extracellular structures? A) They must block water and small molecules in order to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. B) They must permit information transfer between the cellʹs cytoplasm and the nucleus. C) They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume. D) They are constructed of materials that are largely synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell. E) They are composed of a mixture of lipids and carbohydrates

They are constructed of materials that are largely synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms described below? Atom 1 Atom 2 1 1 H 3 1 H A) They are isomers. B) They are polymers. C) They are isotopes. D) They contain 1 and 3 protons, respectively. E) They each contain 1 neutron

They are isotopes

Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups? A) They are basic in pH. B) They are found in amino acids. C) They contain nitrogen. D) They are nonpolar. E) They are components of urea.

They are nonpolar.

Which of the following statements is false for the class of biological molecules known as lipids? A) They are soluble in water. B) They are an important constituent of cell membranes. C) They contain more energy than proteins and carbohydrates. D) They are not true polymers. E) They contain waxes and steroids

They are soluble in water

Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids? A) They are essential components of cell membranes. B) They are steroids, which are not soluble in water. C) They are made of fatty acids. D) They are hydrophilic compounds. E) They contribute to atherosclerosis

They are steroids, which are not soluble in water

Which of the following is true regarding saturated fatty acids? A) They are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil. B) They have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids. C) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter. D) They are usually liquid at room temperature. E) They are usually produced by plants

They are the principal molecules in lard and butter.

According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids? A) They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane. B) They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other. C) They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane. D) They are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution. E) They have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane.

They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane.

Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true? A) They are more common in animals than in plants. B) They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. C) They generally solidify at room temperature. D) They contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. E) They have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule.

They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.

All of the following statements concerning saturated fats are true except A) They are more common in animals than in plants. B) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. C) They generally solidify at room temperature. D) They contain more hydrogen than saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. E) They are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis

They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.

Which of the following statements correctly describes geometric isomers? A) They have variations in arrangement around a double bond. B) They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images. C) They have the same chemical properties. D) They have different molecular formulas. E) Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different sequences

They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.

Which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions? A) They maintain a constant pH when bases are added to them but not when acids are added to them. B) They maintain a constant pH when acids are added to them but not when bases are added to them. C) They maintain a constant pH of exactly 7 in all living cells and biological fluids. D) They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them. E) They are found only in living systems and biological fluids

They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them.

How does the cell multiply its peroxisomes? A) They bud off from the ER. B) They are brought into the cell from the environment. C) They are built de novo from cytosol materials. D) They split in two after they are too large. E) The cell synthesizes hydrogen peroxide and encloses it in a membrane

They split in two after they are too large

Discovery science has contributed much to our understanding of nature without most of the steps of the so-called scientific method

True

Discovery science uses inductive reasoning to derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations

True

In hypothesis-based science, deductive reasoning is used to predict a result that would be found if a particular hypothesis is correct

True

Recent evidence points to the conclusion that the ancestral finches of the Galapagos originated in the islands of the Caribbean

True

Science requires that hypothesis be testable and falsifiable and that observations be repeatable

True

Three or four of the following statements are true and correct. Which one, if any, is false? If all the statements are true, choose answer E. A) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up approximately 96% of living matter. B) The trace element iodine is required only in very small quantities by vertebrates. C) Virtually all organisms require the same elements in the same quantities. D) Iron is an example of an element needed by all organisms. E) All of the other statements are true and correct

Virtually all organisms require the same elements in the same quantities.

Why is it important that an experiment include a control group? A) The control group is the group that the researcher is in control of; it is the group in which the researcher predetermines the nature of the results. B) The control group provides a reserve of experimental subjects. C) A control group is required for the development of an ʺif, thenʺ statement. D) A control group assures that an experiment will be repeatable. E) Without a control group, there is no basis for knowing if a particular result is due to the variable being tested or to some other factor.

Without a control group, there is no basis for knowing if a particular result is due to the variable being tested or to some other factor.

Roger Kornberg used this method for elucidating the structure of RNA polymerase. A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation

X-ray crystallography

With rough sketches, draw a biological hierarchy similar to the one in Figure 1.4 in the text but using a coral reef as the ecosystem, a fish as the organism, its stomach as the organ, and DNA as the molecule. Include all levels in the hierarchy

Your figure should show: (1) For the biosphere, the Earth with an arrow coming out of a tropical ocean; (2) for the ecosystem, a distant view of a coral reef; (3) For the community, a collection of reef animals and algae, with corals, fishes, some seaweed, and any other organisms you can think of; (4) for the population, a group of fish of the same species; (5) for the organism, one fish from your population; (6) for the organ, the fishʹs stomach, and for the organ system, the whole digestive tract (see Chapter 41 for help); (7) for a tissue, a group of similar cells from the stomach; (8) for a cell, one cell from the tissue, showing its nucleus and a few other organelles; (9) for an organelle, the nucleus, where most of the cellʹs DNA is located; and (10) for a molecule, a DNA double helix. Your sketches can be very rough!

Which is the best description of a carbonyl group? A) an oxygen joined to a carbon by a single covalent bond B) a nitrogen and two hydrogens joined to a carbon by covalent bonds C) a carbon joined to two hydrogens by single covalent bonds D) a sulfur and a hydrogen joined to a carbon by covalent bonds E) a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond

a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond

Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes? A) a cell that is secreting proteins B) a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes C) a cell that is constructing its cell wall or extracellular matrix D) a cell that is digesting food particles E) a cell that is enlarging its vacuole

a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes

The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be the most likely consequence? A) the loss of all nuclear function B) the inability of the cell to withstand enzymatic digestion C) a change in the shape of the nucleus D) failure of chromosomes to carry genetic information E) inability of the nucleus to keep out destructive chemicals

a change in the shape of the nucleus

All the organisms on your campus make up A) an ecosystem. B) a community. C) a population. D) an experimental group. E) a taxonomic domain

a community.

A group of molecular biologists is trying to synthesize a new artificial compound to mimic the effects of a known hormone that influences sexual behavior. They have turned to you for advice. Which of the following compounds is most likely to mimic the effects of the hormone? A) a compound with the same number of carbon atoms as the hormone B) a compound with the same molecular mass (measured in daltons) as the hormone C) a compound with the same three-dimensional shape as part of the hormone D) a compound with the same number of orbital electrons as the hormone E) a compound with the same number of hydrogen and nitrogen atoms as the hormone

a compound with the same three-dimensional shape as part of the hormone

Which of the following is not considered to be a weak molecular interaction? A) a covalent bond B) a van der Waals interaction C) an ionic bond in the presence of water D) a hydrogen bond E) A and B only

a covalent bond

One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid H2CO3. Carbonic acid is a weak acid that when placed in an aqueous solution dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). Thus, H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ If the pH of the blood increases, one would expect A) a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of H2O. B) an increase in the concentration of H2CO3 and a decrease in the concentration of H2O. C) a decrease in the concentration of HCO3- and an increase in the concentration of H2O. D) an increase in the concentration of HCO3- and a decrease in the concentration of H2O. E) a decrease in the concentration of HCO3- and an increase in the concentration of both H2CO3 and H2O

a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of H2O

Sometimes atoms form molecules by sharing two pairs of valence electrons. When this occurs, the atoms are said to be joined by A) a double covalent bond. B) an electronegative bond. C) a hydrogen bond. D) a protonic bond. E) a complex bond

a double covalent bond

The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called? A) a covalent bond B) a hydrogen bond C) an ionic bond D) a hydrophilic bond E) a hydrophobic bond

a hydrogen bond

What is a triacylglycerol? A) a protein with tertiary structure B) a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol C) a lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane D) a molecule formed from three alcohols by dehydration reactions E) a carbohydrate with three sugars joined together by glycosidic linkages

a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides? A) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group B) a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar D) a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil E) a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from A) a bacterium. B) an animal, but not a plant. C) a plant, but not an animal. D) a plant or an animal. E) any kind of organism

a plant or an animal.

What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms? A) a nonpolar covalent bond B) a polar covalent bond C) an ionic bond D) a hydrogen bond E) a hydrophobic interaction

a polar covalent bond

When applying the process of science, which of these is tested? A) a question B) a result C) an observation D) a prediction E) a hypothesis

a prediction

Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement? A) a steroid B) cellulose C) DNA D) an enzyme E) a contractile protein

a steroid

What is a hypothesis? A) the same thing as an unproven theory B) a tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable C) a verifiable observation sensed directly, or sensed indirectly with the aid of scientific instrumentation D) a fact based on qualitative data that is testable E) a fact based on quantitative data that is falsifiable

a tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable

When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they most likely would use A) a light microscope. B) a scanning electron microscope. C) a transmission electronic microscope. D) A and B E) B and C

a transmission electronic microscope.

Waterʹs high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the A) small size of the water molecules. \ B) high specific heat of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. C) absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form. D) fact that water is a poor heat conductor. E) inability of water to dissipate heat into dry air.

absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form.

A given solution contains 0.0001(10-4) moles of hydrogen ions [H+] per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution? A) acidic: H+ acceptor B) basic: H+ acceptor C) acidic: H+ donor D) basic: H+ donor E) neutral

acidic: H+ donor

Evolution is biologyʹs core theme that ties together all the other themes. This is because evolution explains A) the unity and diversity of life. B) how organisms become adapted to their environment through the differential reproductive success of varying individuals. C) why distantly related organisms sometimes resemble each other. D) explains why some organisms have traits in common. E) all of the above

all of the above

Two species that belong to the same genus must also belong to the same A) kingdom. B) phylum. C) class. D) order. E) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following properties or processes do we associate with living things? A) evolutionary adaptations B) energy processing C) responding to the environment D) growth and reproduction E) all of the above

all of the above

A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so? A) carboxyl B) sulfhydryl C) hydroxyl D) amino E) phosphate

amino

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base? A) hydroxyl B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) amino E) phosphate

amino

Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen? A) an alcohol such as ethanol B) a monosaccharide such as glucose C) a steroid such as testosterone D) an amino acid such as glycine E) a hydrocarbon such as benzene

an amino acid such as glycine

Electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy. However, if an atom absorbs sufficient energy, a possible result is that A) an electron may move to an electron shell farther out from the nucleus. B) an electron may move to an electron shell closer to the nucleus. C) the atom may become a radioactive isotope. D) the atom would become a positively charged ion, or cation. E) the atom would become a negatively charged ion, or anion

an electron may move to an electron shell farther out from the nucleus.

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except A) DNA. B) a cell wall. C) a plasma membrane. D) ribosomes. E) an endoplasmic reticulum.

an endoplasmic reticulum.

Which of these individuals is most likely to be successful in an evolutionary sense? A) a reproductively sterile individual who never falls ill B) an organism that dies after 5 days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce C) a male who mates with 20 females and fathers 1 offspring D) an organism that lives 100 years and leaves 2 offspring, both of whom survive to reproduce E) a female who mates with 20 males and produces 1 offspring

an organism that dies after 5 days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce

What method did Frederick Sanger use to elucidate the structure of insulin? A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation

analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. Thus, the atomic mass of an oxygen atom is A) exactly 8 grams. B) exactly 8 daltons. C) approximately 16 grams. D) approximately 16 daltons. E) 24 amu (atomic mass units)

approximately 16 daltons

Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope? A) animal B) plant C) archaea D) fungi E) protists

archaea

Research indicates that Ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that A) have identical three-dimensional shapes. B) are mirror images of one another. C) lack an asymmetric carbon. D) differ in the location of their double bonds. E) differ in their electrical charge.

are mirror images of one another

Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are similar in that they A) are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis. B) are synthesized from monomers by dehydration reactions. C) are synthesized as a result of peptide bond formation between monomers. D) are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions. E) all contain nitrogen in their monomer building blocks.

are synthesized from monomers by dehydration reactions.

Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified? A) as a pentose B) as a hexose C) as a monosaccharide D) as a disaccharide E) as a polysaccharide

as a disaccharide

Each element is unique and different from other elements because of the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms. Which of the following indicates the number of protons in an atomʹs nucleus? A) atomic mass B) atomic weight C) atomic number D) mass weight E) mass number

atomic number

Atoms whose outer electron shells contain eight electrons tend to A) form ionic bonds in aqueous solutions. B) form covalent bonds in aqueous solutions. C) be stable and chemically nonreactive, or inert. D) be unstable and chemically very reactive. E) be isotopes and very radioactive.

be stable and chemically nonreactive, or inert

Which of the following uses the amino acid sequences of polypeptides to predict a proteinʹs three-dimensional structure? A) X-ray crystallography B) bioinformatics C) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments D) NMR spectroscopy E) high-speed centrifugation

bioinformatics

Which of the following is one of the ways that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold? A) by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane B) by increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane C) by decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins in the membrane D) by co-transport of glucose and hydrogen E) by using active transport

by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane

Which term includes all others in the list? A) monosaccharide B) disaccharide C) starch D) carbohydrate E) polysaccharide

carbohydrate

Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of A) functional groups. B) vital forces interacting with matter. C) carbon compounds. D) water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules. E) inorganic compounds.

carbon compounds.

About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? A) carbon, sodium, chlorine, nitrogen B) carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen C) oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium D) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen E) carbon, oxygen, sulfur, calcium

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group? A) amino B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) sulfhydryl E) aldehyde

carboxyl

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? A) ketone and aldehyde B) carbonyl and carboxyl C) carboxyl and amino D) phosphate and sulfhydryl E) hydroxyl and aldehyde

carboxyl and amino

Which functional groups can act as acids? A) amine and sulfhydryl B) carbonyl and carboxyl C) carboxyl and phosphate D) hydroxyl and aldehyde E) ketone and amino

carboxyl and phosphate

The lowest level of biological organization that can perform all the activities required for life is the A) organelle-for example, a chloroplast. B) cell-for example, a skin cell. C) tissue-for example, nervous tissue. D) organ system-for example, the reproductive system. E) organism-for example, an amoeba, dog, human, or maple tree

cell-for example, a skin cell

On food packages, to what does the term ʺinsoluble fiberʺ refer? A) cellulose B) polypeptides C) starch D) amylopectin E) chitin

cellulose

Which of the following possesses a microtubular structure similar to a basal body? A) centriole B) lysosome C) nucleolus D) peroxisome E) ribosome

centriole

What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins? A) tertiary protein B) chaperonin C) enzyme protein D) renaturing protein E) denaturing protein

chaperonin

Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen? A) starch B) glycogen C) cellulose D) chitin E) amylopectin

chitin

The ionic bond of sodium chloride is formed when A) chlorine gains an electron from sodium. B) sodium and chlorine share an electron pair. C) sodium and chlorine both lose electrons from their outer valence shells. D) sodium gains an electron from chlorine. E) chlorine gains a proton from sodium

chlorine gains an electron from sodium

Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system? A) nuclear envelope B) chloroplast C) Golgi apparatus D) plasma membrane E) ER

chloroplast

Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in A) vacuoles. B) chloroplasts. C) mitochondria. D) lysosomes. E) nuclei.

chloroplasts

Which of the following are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy? A) chloroplasts B) mitochondria C) leucoplasts D) peroxisomes E) Golgi bodies

chloroplasts

A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the organelles. Organelles in one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, while organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain, respectively, A) mitochondria and chloroplasts. B) chloroplasts and peroxisomes. C) peroxisomes and chloroplasts. D) chloroplasts and mitochondria. E) mitochondria and peroxisomes.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

Which of the following relationships between cell structures and their respective functions is correct? A) cell wall: support, protection B) chloroplasts: chief sites of cellular respiration C) chromosomes: cytoskeleton of the nucleus D) ribosomes: secretion E) lysosomes: formation of ATP

chloroplasts: chief sites of cellular respiration

All of the following contain amino acids except A) hemoglobin. B) cholesterol. C) antibodies. D) enzymes. E) insulin

cholesterol

What is the structural feature that allows DNA to replicate? A) sugar-phosphate backbone B) complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases C) disulfide bonding (bridging) of the two helixes D) twisting of the molecule to form an ΅ helix E) three-component structure of the nucleotides

complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases

If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7, it means that the A) concentration of H+ is twice (2X) what it was at pH 5. B) concentration of H+ is half (1/2) what it was at pH 5. C) concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5. D) concentration of OH- is one-hundredth (0.01X) what it was at pH 5. E) concentration of H+ is 100 times greater and the concentration of OH- is one-hundredth what they were at pH 5

concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5

Systems biology is mainly an attempt to A) understand the integration of all levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere. B) simplify complex problems by reducing the system into smaller, less complex units. C) construct models of the behavior of entire biological systems. D) build high-throughput machines for the rapid acquisition of biological data. E) speed up the technological application of scientific knowledge

construct models of the behavior of entire biological systems

The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA A) is a six-carbon sugar and the sugar in RNA is a five-carbon sugar. B) can form a double-stranded molecule. C) has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. D) can attach to a phosphate. E) contains one less oxygen atom

contains one less oxygen atom

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? A) ionic B) hydrogen C) covalent D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

covalent

Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type? A) guanine and adenine B) cytosine and uracil C) thymine and guanine D) ribose and deoxyribose E) adenine and thymine

cytosine and uracil

Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures? A) sites of energy production in cellular respiration B) membrane proteins C) ribosomes D) cytoskeletons E) cellulose fibers in the cell wall

cytoskeletons

What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers? A) phosphodiester linkages B) hydrolysis C) dehydration reactions D) ionic bonding of monomers E) the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers

dehydration reactions

The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a proteinʹs three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds? A) hydrolysis B) stabilization C) destabilization D) renaturation E) denaturation

denaturation

There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another? A) different carboxyl groups attached to an alpha (΅) carbon B) different amino groups attached to an alpha (΅) carbon C) different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (΅) carbon D) different alpha (΅) carbons E) different asymmetric carbons

different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (΅) carbon

The method of scientific inquiry that describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and the analysis of data is known as A) hypothesis-based science. B) discovery science. C) experimental science. D) quantitative science. E) qualitative science

discovery science

Collecting data based on observation is an example of __________; analyzing this data to reach a conclusion is an example of __________ reasoning. A) hypothesis-based science; inductive B) the process of science; deductive C) discovery science; inductive D) descriptive science; deductive E) hypothesis-based science; deductive

discovery science; inductive

A strong covalent bond between amino acids that functions in maintaining a polypeptideʹs specific three-dimensional shape is a (an) A) ionic bond. B) hydrophobic interaction. C) van der Waals interaction. D) disulfide bond. E) hydrogen bond

disulfide bond

A filamentous organism has been isolated from decomposing organic matter. This organism has a cell wall but no chloroplasts. How would you classify this organism? A) domain Bacteria, kingdom Prokaryota B) domain Archaea, kingdom Bacteria C) domain Eukarya, kingdom Plantae D) domain Eukarya, kingdom Protista E) domain Eukarya, kingdom Fungi

domain Eukarya, kingdom Fungi

Van der Waals interactions result when A) hybrid orbitals overlap. B) electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule. C) molecules held by ionic bonds react with water. D) two polar covalent bonds react. E) a hydrogen atom loses an electron

electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule

Which of the following is reflective of the phrase ʺthe whole is greater than the sum of its partsʺ? A) high-throughput technology B) emergent properties C) natural selection D) reductionism E) feedback regulations

emergent properties

The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals A) enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops. B) enables the animal to remove hydrogen atoms from saturated phospholipids. C) enables the animal to add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated phospholipids. D) makes the membrane less flexible, allowing it to sustain greater pressure from within the cell. E) makes the animal more susceptible to circulatory disorders

enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops.

A type of protein critical to all cells is organic catalysts called A) feedback activators. B) feedback inhibitors. C) enzymes. D) metabolites. E) nutrients

enzymes.

Species that are in the same __________ are more closely related than species that are only in the same __________. A) phylum; class B) family; order C) class; order D) family; genus E) kingdom; phylum

family; order

A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) fatty acid. C) protein. D) nucleic acid. E) hydrocarbon

fatty acid.

Of the following functions, the major purpose of RNA is to A) transmit genetic information to offspring. B) function in the synthesis of protein. C) make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity. D) act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA. E) form the genes of higher organisms.

function in the synthesis of protein.

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through A) plasmodesmata. B) intermediate filaments. C) tight junctions. D) desmosomes. E) gap junctions

gap junctions

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells? A) peroxisomes B) desmosomes C) gap junctions D) extracellular matrix E) tight junctions

gap junctions

Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions [H +]? A) gastric juice at pH 2 B) vinegar at pH 3 C) tomato juice at pH 4 D) black coffee at pH 5 E) household bleach at pH 12

gastric juice at pH 2

The two molecules shown in Figure 4.3 are best described as A) enantiomers. B) radioactive isotopes. C) structural isomers. D) nonisotopic isomers. E) geometric isomers

geometric isomers

Which of the following is not a polymer? A) glucose B) starch C) cellulose D) chitin E) DNA

glucose

All of the following are polysaccharides except A) glycogen B) starch C) chitin D) cellulose E) amylopectin

glycogen

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the ΅ form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) glycogen B) cellulose C) chitin D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

glycogen

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the ΅ form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin B) glycogen and cellulose C) cellulose and chitin D) starch and chitin E) starch, amylopectin, and cellulose

glycogen, starch, and amylopectin

In a hypothetical world, every 50 years people over 6 feet tall are eliminated from the population. Based on your knowledge of natural selection, you would predict that the average height of the human population will A) remain unchanged. B) gradually decline. C) rapidly decline. D) gradually increase. E) rapidly increase

gradually decline

In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine hydrogen bonds to A) deoxyribose. B) ribose. C) adenine. D) thymine. E) guanine

guanine

Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type? A) cytosine and guanine B) guanine and adenine C) adenine and thymine D) thymine and uracil E) uracil and cytosine

guanine and adenine

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because A) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose. B) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the beta (Ά) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the alpha (΅) glycosidic linkages of cellulose. C) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha (΅) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta (Ά) glycosidic linkages of cellulose. D) humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract. E) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is maltose

humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha (΅) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta (Ά) glycosidic linkages of cellulose.

Which of the following explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to one another? A) nonpolar covalent bond B) polar covalent bond C) ionic bond D) hydrogen bond E) hydrophobic interaction

hydrogen bond

What gives rise to the cohesiveness of water molecules? A) hydrophobic interactions B) nonpolar covalent bonds C) ionic bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) both A and C

hydrogen bonds

What maintains the secondary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) hydrogen bonds C) disulfide bonds D) ionic bonds E) phosphodiester bonds

hydrogen bonds

Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize? A) ionic bonds B) nonpolar covalent bonds C) polar covalent bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) covalent bonds

hydrogen bonds

Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha helix and the beta-pleated sheet structures of proteins? A) hydrophobic interactions B) nonpolar covalent bonds C) ionic bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) peptide bonds

hydrogen bonds

The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are A) ionic bonds. B) hydrogen bonds between water molecules. C) covalent bonds between atoms within water molecules. D) polar covalent bonds. E) nonpolar covalent bonds

hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with modification which stated that organisms of a particular species are adapted to their environment when they possess A) non-inheritable traits that enhance their survival in the local environment. B) non-inheritable traits that enhance their reproductive success in the local environment. C) non-inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment. D) inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment. E) inheritable traits that decrease their survival and reproductive success in the local environment

inheritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment.

Of the following molecules of the ECM, which is capable of transmitting signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton? A) fibronectin B) proteoglycans C) integrins D) collagen E) middle lamella

integrins

The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following? A) gap junctions B) the nucleus C) DNA and RNA D) integrins E) plasmodesmata

integrins

Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates? A) nitrogen B) calcium C) iodine D) sodium E) phosphorus

iodine

Which of the following results from a transfer of electron(s) between atoms? A) nonpolar covalent bond B) polar covalent bond C) ionic bond D) hydrogen bond E) hydrophobic interaction

ionic bond

A new organism is discovered in the forests of Costa Rica. Scientists there determine that the polypeptide sequence of hemoglobin from the new organism has 72 amino acid differences from humans, 65 differences from a gibbon, 49 differences from a rat, and 5 differences from a frog. These data suggest that the new organism A) is more closely related to humans than to frogs. B) is more closely related to frogs than to humans. C) may have evolved from gibbons but not rats. D) is more closely related to humans than to rats. E) may have evolved from rats but not from humans and gibbons

is more closely related to frogs than to humans.

Different atomic forms of an element contain the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. What are these different atomic forms called? A) ions B) isotopes C) neutronic atoms D) isomers E) radioactive atoms

isotopes

Which of these is reflective of the hierarchical organization of life from most to least inclusive? A) kingdom, order, family, phylum, class, genus, species B) phylum, class, order, kingdom, family, genus, species C) kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species D) genus, species, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family E) class, order, kingdom, phylum, family, genus, species

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is A) light energy. B) kinetic energy. C) thermal energy. D) chemical energy. E) ATP

light energy

The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that A) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy. B) light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy. C) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells. D) A and B E) B and C

light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.

Which of the following is a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids

lipids

The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that A) simple organic compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory from inorganic precursors, but complex organic compounds like carbohydrates and proteins can only be synthesized by living organisms. B) a life force ultimately controls the activities of living organisms and this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods. C) although a life force, or vitalism, exists in living organisms, this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods. D) living organisms are composed of the same elements present in nonliving things, plus a few special trace elements found only in living organisms or their products. E) living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena

living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena

In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalization? A) chloroplast B) lysosome C) central vacuole D) peroxisome E) glyoxysome

lysosome

Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes? A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome

lysosome

A controlled experiment is one that A) proceeds slowly enough that a scientist can make careful records of the results. B) may include experimental groups and control groups tested in parallel. C) is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurate. D) keeps all environmental variables constant. E) is supervised by an experienced scientist.

may include experimental groups and control groups tested in parallel

Which structure-function pair is mismatched? A) nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits B) lysosome; intracellular digestion C) ribosome; protein synthesis D) Golgi; protein trafficking E) microtubule; muscle contraction

microtubule; muscle contraction

The differences among the three categories of cytoskeletal elements would suggest that each of the following has specialized roles. Which of the following is a correct match? A) microfilaments and the nuclear lamina B) microtubules and cleavage furrow formation C) microfilaments and ciliary motion D) intermediate filaments and cytoplasmic streaming E) microtubules and chromosome movement

microtubules and chromosome movement

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide would be found within the A) mitochondria. B) ribosomes. C) peroxisomes. D) lysosomes. E) endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria.

Of the following, which cell structure would most likely be visible with a light microscope that has been manufactured to the maximum resolving power possible? A) mitochondrion B) microtubule C) ribosome D) largest microfilament E) nuclear pore

mitochondrion

Which is one of the main energy transformers of cells? A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome

mitochondrion

Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes? A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome

mitochondrion

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? A) chloroplast B) wall made of cellulose C) central vacuole D) mitochondrion E) centriole

mitochondrion

Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex level? A) organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population, organism B) cell, community, population, organ system, molecule, organelle C) organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ D) ecosystem, cell, population, tissue, organism, organ system E) molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere

molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere

Which of these is a correct representation of the hierarchy of biological organization from least to most complex? A) organelle of a stomach cell, digestive system, large intestine, small intestine, intestinal tissue, organism B) organelle of an intestinal cell, digestive system, small intestine, large intestine, intestinal tissue, organism C) molecule, intestinal cell organelle, intestinal cell, intestinal tissue, digestive system, organism D) molecule, small intestine, large intestine, intestinal tissue, digestive system, organism E) molecule, digestive system, digestive cell organelle, small intestine, large intestine, intestinal cell, organism

molecule, intestinal cell organelle, intestinal cell, intestinal tissue, digestive system, organism

The element nitrogen is present in all of the following except A) proteins. B) nucleic acids. C) amino acids. D) DNA. E) monosaccharides.

monosaccharides.

Through time, the lineage that led to modern whales shows a change from four -limbed land animals to aquatic animals with two limbs that function as flippers. This change is best explained by A) natural philosophy. B) creationism. C) the hierarchy of the biological organization of life. D) natural selection. E) feedback inhibition

natural selection

When blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin, and as a result blood glucose level declines. When blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon, and as a result blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of blood glucose level is the result of A) catalytic feedback. B) positive feedback. C) negative feedback. D) bioinformatic regulation. E) protein-protein interactions

negative feedback

Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in lifeʹs hierarchy, proceeding downward from an individual animal? A) brain, organ system, nerve cell, nervous tissue B) organ system, nervous tissue, brain C) organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organ D) nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell E) organ system, tissue, molecule, cell

nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell

A solution contains 0.0000001(10-7) moles of hydroxyl ions [OH-] per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution? A) acidic: H+ acceptor B) basic: H+ acceptor C) acidic: H+ donor D) basic: H+ donor E) neutral

neutral

When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form A) equal numbers of isotopes. B) ions. C) polar covalent bonds. D) nonpolar covalent bonds. E) ionic bonds

nonpolar covalent bonds

Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are A) nonpolar substances that repel water molecules. B) nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules. C) polar substances that repel water molecules. D) polar substances that have an affinity for water. E) charged molecules that hydrogen-bond with water molecules

nonpolar substances that repel water molecules

Which of the following store and transmit hereditary information? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids

nucleic acids

Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge? A) ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria B) chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuoles C) nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts D) vacuoles, ribosomes, nucleus E) nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their A) mass in daltons. B) mass in grams. C) number of molecules. D) number of atoms. E) volume

number of molecules

How do isotopes of the same element differ from each other? A) number of protons B) number of electrons C) number of neutrons D) valence electron distribution E) amount of radioactivity

number of neutrons

The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Where are the corresponding reactions likely to occur in prokaryotic respiration? A) in the cytoplasm B) on the inner mitochondrial membrane C) on the endoplasmic reticulum D) on the inner plasma membrane E) on the inner nuclear envelope

on the inner plasma membrane

Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has A) a different atomic number. B) one more neutron. C) one more proton. D) one more electron. E) a different charge

one more neutron

A covalent bond is likely to be polar when A) one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom. B) the two atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative. C) the two atoms sharing electrons are of the same element. D) it is between two atoms that are both very strong electron acceptors. E) the two atoms sharing electrons are different elements

one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom

A covalent chemical bond is one in which A) electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another atom so that the two atoms become oppositely charged. B) protons and neutrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfy the requirements of both atoms. C) outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms. D) outer-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to the inner electron shells of another atom. E) the inner-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to the outer shell of another atom

outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms

What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxyl ion [OH-] concentration of 10-12 M? A) pH 2 B) pH 4 C) pH 10 D) pH 12 E) pH 14

pH 2

What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion [H+] concentration of 10-8 M? A) pH 2 B) pH 4 C) pH 6 D) pH 8 E) pH 10

pH 8

Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) hydrogen bonds C) disulfide bonds D) phosphodiester bonds E) A, B, and C

peptide bonds

Which of the following contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen? A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome

peroxisome

Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? A) muscle cell B) nerve cell C) phagocytic white blood cell D) leaf cell of a plant E) bacterial cell

phagocytic white blood cell

Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane? A) phospholipids and cellulose B) nucleic acids and proteins C) phospholipids and proteins D) proteins and cellulose E) glycoproteins and cholesterol

phospholipids and proteins

All of the following serve an important role in determining or maintaining the structure of plant cells. Which of the following are distinct from the others in their composition? A) microtubules B) microfilaments C) plant cell walls D) intermediate filaments E) nuclear lamina

plant cell walls

The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that A) plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells. B) plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells. C) plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm. D) animal cells are more spherical, while plant cells are elongated. E) the basic functions of plant cells are very different from those of animal cells

plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.

In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by A) hydrogen bonds. B) nonpolar covalent bonds. C) polar covalent bonds. D) ionic bonds. E) van der Waals interactions

polar covalent bonds

A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a A) biosystem. B) community. C) population. D) ecosystem. E) family

population

Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of A) a bioinformatic system. B) positive feedback. C) negative feedback. D) feedback inhibition. E) enzymatic catalysis

positive feedback

When a potassium ion (K+) moves from the soil into the vacuole of a cell on the surface of a root, it must pass through several cellular structures. Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion? A) plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → tonoplast B) secondary cell wall → plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → tonoplast C) primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → tonoplast D) primary cell wall → plasma membrane → tonoplast → cytoplasm → vacuole E) tonoplast → primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm

primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → tonoplast

The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the A) primary level. B) secondary level. C) tertiary level. D) quaternary level. E) All structural levels are equally affected.

primary level

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? A) lipids B) starches C) proteins D) steroids E) glucose

proteins

Enzymes are A) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) nucleic acids

proteins.

Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because A) protists eat bacteria. B) bacteria are not made of cells. C) protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack. D) bacteria decompose protists. E) protists are photosynthetic

protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack.

The mass number of an element can be easily approximated by adding together the number of __________ in an atom of that element. A) protons and neutrons B) energy levels C) protons and electrons D) neutrons and electrons E) isotopes

protons and neutrons

In order to understand the chemical basis of inheritance, one must understand the molecular structure of DNA. This is an example of the application of __________ to the study of biology. A) evolution B) emergent properties C) reductionism D) the cell theory E) feedback regulation

reductionism

Which of the following is not a theme that unifies biology? A) interaction with the environment B) emergent properties C) evolution D) reductionism E) structure and function

reductionism

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires which of the following? A) removal of a water molecule B) addition of a water molecule C) formation of an ionic bond D) formation of a hydrogen bond E) both A and C

removal of a water molecule

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? A) mitochondrion B) ribosome C) nuclear envelope D) chloroplast E) ER

ribosome

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common? A) a membrane-bounded nucleus B) a cell wall made of cellulose C) ribosomes D) flagella or cilia that contain microtubules E) linear chromosomes made of DNA and protein

ribosomes

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? A) rough ER B) lysosomes C) plasmodesmata D) Golgi vesicles E) tight junctions

rough ER

A biologist is studying kidney tubules in small mammals. She wants specifically to examine the juxtaposition of different types of cells in these structures. The cells in question can be distinguished by external shape, size, and 3-dimensional characteristics. Which would be the optimum method for her study? A) transmission electron microscopy B) cell fractionation C) light microscopy using stains specific to kidney function D) light microscopy using living unstained material E) scanning electron microscopy

scanning electron microscopy

Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydroxyl ions [OH-]? A) lemon juice at pH 2 B) vinegar at pH 3 C) tomato juice at pH 4 D) urine at pH 6 E) seawater at pH 8

seawater at pH 8

The ΅ helix and the Ά pleated sheet are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above

secondary

A primary objective of cell fractionation is to A) view the structure of cell membranes. B) identify the enzymes outside the organelles. C) determine the size of various organelles. D) separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined. E) crack the cell wall so the cytoplasmic contents can be released.

separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined.

In terms of the hierarchical organization of life, a bacterium is at the __________ level of organization, whereas a human is at the __________ level of organization. A) single-celled organism; multicellular organism B) single organelle; organism C) organelle; organ system D) single tissue; multicellular organism E) tissue; organism

single-celled organism; multicellular organism

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells? A) rough ER B) smooth ER C) Golgi apparatus D) Nuclear envelope E) Transport vesicles

smooth ER

Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids? A) ribosome B) lysosome C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondrion E) contractile vacuole

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Why is it important to know what microscopy method was used to prepare the images you wish to study? A) so that you can judge whether the images you are seeing are of cells or of organelles B) so that you can make a judgment about the likelihood of artifacts having been introduced in the preparation C) so that you can decide whether the image is actually of the size described D) so that you can know whether to view the image in color or not E) so that you can interpret the correct biochemical process that is occurring

so that you can make a judgment about the likelihood of artifacts having been introduced in the preparation

If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction? A) limbs, hearts, areas with a good deal of contraction B) microvilli, alveoli, and glomeruli C) all ducts, such as those from salivary or sebaceous glands D) sperm, larynx, and trachea E) egg cells (ova), uterus, and kidneys

sperm, larynx, and trachea

Testosterone and estradiol are A) nucleic acids. B) carbohydrates. C) proteins. D) phospholipids. E) steroids.

steroids.

Based on electron configuration, which of these elements would exhibit chemical behavior most like that of oxygen? A) carbon B) hydrogen C) nitrogen D) sulfur E) phosphorus

sulfur

For most ecosystems __________ is (are) the ultimate source of energy, and energy leaves the ecosystem in the form of __________. A) sunlight; heat B) heat; light C) plants; animals D) plants; heat E) producers; consumers

sunlight; heat

Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms? A) informatics B) schematic biology C) taxonomy D) genomics E) evolution

taxonomy

The application of scientific knowledge for some specific purpose is known as A) technology. B) deductive science. C) inductive science. D) anthropologic science. E) pure science.

technology

At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important? A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) all of the above

tertiary

An example of a hydrogen bond is the bond between A) C and H in methane (CH4). B) the H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule. C) Na+and Cl- in salt. D) the two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of hydrogen gas (H2). E) Mg+and Cl- in MgCl2

the H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule

One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid is a weak acid that dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). Thus, H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ If the pH of the blood drops, one would expect A) a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of HCO3-. B) the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH-) to increase. C) the concentration of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) to increase. D) the HCO3- to act as a base and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3. E) the HCO3- to act as an acid and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3.

the HCO3- to act as a base and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3.

Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature? A) waterʹs change in density when it condenses B) waterʹs ability to dissolve molecules in the air C) the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds D) the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds E) waterʹs high surface tension

the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds

Which of the following statements correctly defines a kilocalorie? A) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°F B) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C C) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°F D) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C E) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1,000 g of water by 1°F

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C

Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because A) oxygen has a valence of 2. B) the water molecule is shaped like a tetrahedron. C) the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds. D) the oxygen atom in a water molecule has a weak positive charge. E) each of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule is weakly negative in charge

the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds.

Pure, freshly-distilled water has a pH of 7. This means that A) there are no H+ ions in the water. B) there are no OH- ions in the water. C) the concentration of H+ ions in the water equals the concentration of OH- ions in the water. D) the concentration of H+ ions in the water is 7 times the concentration of OH- ions in the water. E) The concentration of OH- ions in the water is 7 times the concentration of H+ ions in the water

the concentration of H+ ions in the water equals the concentration of OH- ions in the water

In the term trace element, the modifier trace means A) the element is required in very small amounts. B) the element can be used as a label to trace atoms through an organismʹs metabolism. C) the element is very rare on Earth. D) the element enhances health but is not essential for the organismʹs long-term survival. E) the element passes rapidly through the organism

the element is required in very small amounts

The reactivity of an atom arises from A) the average distance of the outermost electron shell from the nucleus. B) the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell. C) the sum of the potential energies of all the electron shells. D) the potential energy of the valence shell. E) the energy difference between the s and p orbitals

the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell

The dynamics of any ecosystem include the following major processes: A) the flow of energy from sunlight to producers B) the flow of energy from sunlight to producers and then to consumers C) the recycling of chemical nutrients D) the flow of energy to producers and the recycling of nutrients E) the flow of energy from sunlight to producers and then to consumers, and the recycling of chemical nutrients.

the flow of energy from sunlight to producers and then to consumers, and the recycling of chemical nutrients.

The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by A) the physical separation of most membranes from each other. B) the transportation of membrane among the endomembrane system by small membrane vesicles. C) the function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting membrane components. D) the modification of the membrane components once they reach their final destination. E) the synthesis of lipids and proteins in each of the organelles of the endomembrane system.

the function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting membrane components.

When biological membranes are frozen and then fractured, they tend to break along the middle of the bilayer. The best explanation for this is that A) the integral membrane proteins are not strong enough to hold the bilayer together. B) water that is present in the middle of the bilayer freezes and is easily fractured. C) hydrophilic interactions between the opposite membrane surfaces are destroyed on freezing. D) the carbon-carbon bonds of the phospholipid tails are easily broken. E) the hydrophobic interactions that hold the membrane together are weakest at this point

the hydrophobic interactions that hold the membrane together are weakest at this point

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? A) the endoplasmic reticulum B) the Golgi apparatus C) the lysosome D) mitochondria E) membrane-bound ribosomes

the lysosome

Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells? A) the evolution of larger cells after the evolution of smaller cells B) the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes C) the evolution of eukaryotes after the evolution of prokaryotes D) the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cellʹs function E) the observation that longer cells usually have greater cell volume

the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cellʹs function

Cells can be described as having a cytoskeleton of internal structures that contribute to the shape, organization, and movement of the cell. Which of the following are part of the cytoskeleton? A) the nuclear envelope B) mitochondria C) microfilaments D) lysosomes E) nucleoli

the nuclear envelope

The fact that the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope has bound ribosomes allows one to most reliably conclude that A) at least some of the proteins that function in the nuclear envelope are made by the ribosomes on the nuclear envelope. B) the nuclear envelope is not part of the endomembrane system. C) the nuclear envelope is physically continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. D) small vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the nuclear envelope. E) nuclear pore complexes contain proteins

the nuclear envelope is not part of the endomembrane system

Recent evidence shows that individual chromosomes occupy fairly defined territories within the nucleus. Given the structure and location of the following parts of the nucleus, which would be more probably involved in chromosome location? A) nuclear pores B) the nucleolus C) the outer lipid bilayer D) the nuclear lamina E) the nuclear matrix

the nuclear matrix

A van der Waals interaction is the weak attraction between A) the electrons of one molecule and the electrons of a nearby molecule. B) the nucleus of one molecule and the electrons of a nearby molecule. C) a polar molecule and a nearby nonpolar molecule. D) a polar molecule and a nearby molecule that is also polar. E) a nonpolar molecule and a nearby molecule that is also nonpolar

the nucleus of one molecule and the electrons of a nearby molecule.

Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight into A) the energy of motion. B) carbon dioxide and water. C) the potential energy of chemical bonds. D) oxygen. E) kinetic energy.

the potential energy of chemical bonds

Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis? A) the reaction of two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide with the release of water B) the synthesis of two amino acids, forming a peptide with the release of water C) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water D) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water E) the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base with the production of a molecule of wate

the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires A) the release of a water molecule. B) the release of a carbon dioxide molecule. C) the addition of a nitrogen atom. D) the addition of a water molecule. E) both B and C

the release of a water molecule

Temperature usually increases when water condenses. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon? A) the change in density when it condenses to form a liquid or solid B) reactions with other atmospheric compounds C) the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds D) the release of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds E) the high surface tension of water

the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds

Which action could produce a carbonyl group? A) the replacement of the NOH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen B) the addition of a thiol to a hydroxyl C) the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate D) the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine with oxygen E) the addition of a sulfhydryl to a carboxyl

the replacement of the NOH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen

In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is A) the relative solubility of the component. B) the size and weight of the component. C) the percentage of carbohydrates in the component. D) the number of enzymes in the fraction. E) the presence or absence of lipids in the component.

the size and weight of the component.

Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms? A) matching DNA nucleotide sequences B) descent with modification C) the structure and function of DNA D) natural selection E) emergent properties

the structure and function of DNA

Organic chemistry is currently defined as A) the study of compounds made only by living cells. B) the study of carbon compounds. C) the study of vital forces. D) the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) compounds. E) the study of hydrocarbons.

the study of carbon compounds.

Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life? A) the ubiquitous use of catalysts by living systems B) the universality of the genetic code C) the structure of the nucleus D) the structure of cilia E) the structure of chloroplasts

the universality of the genetic code

A controlled experiment is one in which A) the experiment is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate. B) the experiment proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data. C) there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment. D) there are at least two groups, one differing from the other by two or more variables. E) there is one group for which the scientist controls all variables

there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment.

The hybrid orbitals in a molecule of methane are oriented A) toward the corners of a tetrahedron centered on the carbon atom. B) toward the corners of a cube centered on the carbon atom. C) toward the corners of a triangle centered on the carbon atom. D) toward the corners of a rectangle centered on the carbon atom. E) toward the edges of an oval centered on the carbon atom

toward the corners of a tetrahedron centered on the carbon atom

The peroxisome gets its name from its interaction with hydrogen peroxide. If a liver cell is detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, it does so by removal of hydrogen from the molecules. What, then, do the enzymes of the peroxisome do? A) combine the hydrogen with ATP B) use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen peroxide C) transfer the harmful substances to the mitochondria D) transfer the hydrogens to oxygen molecules

transfer the hydrogens to oxygen molecules

One difference between carbon-12 ( 12 6 C) and carbon-14 ( 14 6 C) is that carbon-14 has A) two more protons than carbon-12. B) two more electrons than carbon-12. C) two more neutrons than carbon-12. D) A and C only E) B and C only

two more neutrons than carbon-12

3 H is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. One difference between hydrogen-1 ( 1 1 H) and hydrogen-3 ( 3 1 H) is that hydrogen-3 has A) one more neutron and one more proton than hydrogen-1. B) one more proton and one more electron than hydrogen-1. C) one more electron and one more neutron than hydrogen-1. D) two more neutrons than hydrogen-1. E) two more protons than hydrogen-1.

two more neutrons than hydrogen-1

The tertiary structure of a protein is the A) bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds. B) order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain. C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide. D) organization of a polypeptide chain into an ΅ helix or Ά pleated sheet. E) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.

unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide

Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome

vacuole

Early 19th-century scientists believed that living organisms differed from nonliving things as a result of possessing a ʺlife forceʺ that could create organic molecules from inorganic matter. The term given to this belief is A) organic synthesis. B) vitalism. C) mechanism. D) organic evolution. E) inorganic synthesis.

vitalism

Research indicates that acid precipitation can damage living organisms by A) buffering aquatic systems such as lakes and streams. B) decreasing the H+ concentration of lakes and streams. C) increasing the OH- concentration of lakes and streams. D) washing away certain mineral ions that help buffer soil solution and are essential nutrients for plant growth. E) both B and C

washing away certain mineral ions that help buffer soil solution and are essential nutrients for plant growth.

Which of the following is a hydrophobic material? A) paper B) table salt C) wax D) sugar E) pasta

wax

A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it A) would function only as an acid because of the carboxyl group. B) would function only as a base because of the amino group. C) would function as neither an acid nor a base. D) would function as both an acid and a base. E) is impossible to determine how it would function.

would function as both an acid and a base.