Biology

A chromosome is one long, continuous thread of _________ that has many genes and regulatory information.

DNA

The word cytokinesis has the prefix cyto- that refers to a cell and the suffix -kinesis that refers to division or movement. Therefore, cytokinesis is the process where a cell's cytoplasm __________________.

Divides

The light-dependent reactions require light / do not require light, and they absorb and transfer sugars / energy.

Do not require light/ sugars

Interphase prepares a cell to divide by duplicating / removing its DNA and organelles.

Duplicating

6C02 + 6H20 = C6H1206 + 602

chemical equation for photosynthesis

Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis so that they can be more easily ________________ between the two nuclei.

divided

The G1 and G2 stages got their names because scientists could not observe any activity going on in cells, so they thought there were ____________ in cellular activity.

gaps

Chromosomes are not condensed during all stages of the cell cycle, because proteins need to be able to access _______________ during other stages of the cell cycle.

genes

The prefix chloro- means "green," and the suffix -phyll means "leaf." Therefore, chlorophyll is the light-absorbing molecule that makes leaves look _________.

green

The prefix in- means "not." Therefore, the reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light are called light-_________.

independent

Tissues make up what?

organs

Cells make up what?

tissues

Lipids

triglyceride yields about 146 ATP Molecules that store most of the energy in a person's body 9 calories per gram

All cells have the same DNA, but different types of cells express different sets of genes.

true

An organism benefits from organ systems that work together and communicate, because these systems help an organism to a. maintain heterogeneity. b. maintain homeostasis. c. carry out cell differentiation. d. carry out complex, specialized functions

B: Maintain Homeostasis D: Carry out complex, specialized functions

What two processes make up the M stage? a. fermentation b. mitosis c. glycolysis d. cytokinesis

B: Mitosis D: Cytokinesis

Why is the photosynthesis equation often written with several arrows?

Because many chemical reactions occur with the help of many enzymes

Organs make up a what?

organ systems

The suffix -tin indicates that something is stretched and thin. Keratin / Chromatin is the loose combination of DNA and proteins that looks sort of like spaghetti.

Chromatin

Circle the two things that must be coordinated for cells to stay the same size from generation to generation. a. division b. growth c. repetition d. size

A: Division B: Growth

They could avoid rejection issues when used in a patient.

Adult stem cells

They do not raise as many ethical concerns.

Adult stem cells

The two reactants in the photosynthesis equation are _________ and _________.

6CO2 and 6H20

The two products in the photosynthesis equation are _________ and _________.

6O2 and C6H12O6

What is the process by which unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells? a. cell development b. cell differentiation c. cell expansion d. cell unification

C: Cell Differentiation

Cells must pass through a critical checkpoint during which two stages of the cell cycle? a. M b. S c. G1 d. G2

C: G1 D: G2

What role does cell location play within a developing embryo? a. It helps determine how the cell will grow. b. It helps determine how the cell will function. c. It helps determine how the cell will differentiate. d. It helps determine how the cell will communicate.

C: It helps determine how the cell differentiate

Where does DNA synthesis happen in eukaryotic cells? a. cytoplasm b. mitochondria c. nucleus d. Golgi apparatus

C: Nucleus

Cytokinesis differs between animal and plant cells. In animal cells, the membrane pinches together to form a cleavage furrow. In plant cells, the membrane cannot pinch together because of the _________________. Instead, a ___________________ is laid down between the two nuclei. This structure develops into the new cell walls and cell membranes.

Cell wall/ Cell plate

Sister chromatids meet at the centromere / telomere, which looks pinched.

Centromere

Some organisms are called producers because they produce the source of chemical energy / light energy for themselves and for other organisms.

Chemical Energy

Chemosynthesis is a process by which some organisms use chemical energy / light energy instead of chemical energy / light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules.

Chemical energy/ Light energy

The prefix chemo- means "chemical," and synthesis comes from a Greek word that means "to put together." Therefore, chemosynthesis means "to put together with chemicals." In chemosynthesis, ______________ energy is used to produce carbon-based ____________ that store energy.

Chemicals/ Molecules

Multipotent to what?

Embryonic

They can be grown indefinitely in culture.

Embryonic stem cells

They can develop into virtually any type of cell.

Embryonic stem cells

The prefix photo- means "light," and synthesis means "to put together." During photosynthesis, __________ from light is used to put together _________.

Energy/ Sugars

To stay alive, a cell needs materials to move in and out across its membrane. As a cell grows bigger, its volume increases slower / faster than its surface area. At a certain point, the cell's volume would be too small / too large compared to the area available for materials to move in and out.

Faster/ Too large

Among different types of cells, the _________ stage of the cell cycle varies most in length.

G1

Some scientists name the stage where cells carry out their normal functions but are unlikely to divide. The name they give this stage is _________.

GO

Carbohydrates

Glucose yields about 36 ATP Molecules most commonly broken down 4 calories per gram

Thylakoids are coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments inside the _________.

Grana

ATP is a high-energy / low-energy molecule that is converted into higher-energy / lower-energy ADP when a phosphate group is removed and energy is released.

High-energy/Lower energy

DNA wraps around organizing proteins called chromosomes / histones.

Histones

Photosynthesis captures chemical energy / light energy to make sugars that store chemical energy / light energy.

Light energy/ Chemical energy

Stem cells have three identifying characteristics: i. They divide and renew themselves for short / long periods of time. ii. They remain differentiated / undifferentiated in form. iii. They develop into a variety of specialized / unspecialized cell types.

Long Undifferentiated Specialized

The cell nucleus and its contents divide by a process called _______________.

Mitosis

All cells use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy. ATP is a molecule /organelle that transfers energy from the breakdown of ADP / food molecules to cell processes.

Molecule/ food molecules

Pluripotent to what

Multipotent

largest structure to the smallest structure

Organ System, Organ, tissue, cell

ADP is converted back into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group / food molecule.

Phosphate group

Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles where _________ takes place in plants.

Photosynthesis

Cell differentiation is the process by which a(n) specialized / unspecialized cell becomes specialized / unspecialized.

Unspecialized/ specialized

There are several types of tissues found in plants. Two examples are __________________________ tissue and ______________________ tissue.

Photosynthetic/ conductive

totipotent to what

Pluripotent

The word "cycle" in cell cycle refers to the __Repeating pattern or repetition _________________________ of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells.

Repeating/ Repetition

Two examples of organ systems found in plants are the __________________ shoot system and the ____________________ system.

Shoot/ Root

The rate at which a particular type of cell divides is linked to the body's need for that cell type. Skin cells are typically exposed to more damaging conditions than are liver cells. Skin cells must be replaced more often than liver cells. Therefore, which of these statements is true? a. Skin cells and liver cells divide at the same rate. b. Liver cells divide more often than skin cells. c. Skin cells divide more often than liver cells. d. Neither skin cells nor liver cells divide

Skin cells divide more often than liver cells.

Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of a chloroplast: the _________ and the _________.

Stroma/ Grana

The ends of DNA molecules form structures called centromeres / telomeres that help prevent the loss of genes.

Telomeres

Chlorophyll is a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light / ultraviolet light.

Visible Light

Which typically increases faster as a cell grows, surface area or volume?

Volume

The prefix tri- means "three," and the prefix di- means "two." Therefore, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has ___________ phosphate groups, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) has __________________ phosphate groups.

Three/ two

G1--->S --->G2----->M

What are the four stages of the typical cell cycle?

Origin to what?

adult

Proteins

molecules least likely to be broken down store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates 4 calories per gram