Biology

2) One centimeter= ________ millimeters

10

8) The diameter of most animal and plant cells ranges from

10 to 100 micrometers

4) A tree in your backyard is home to two cardinals, a colony of ants, a wasps nest, squirrels, and millions of bacteria. Together, all of these organisms represent

A community

5) A scientist wants to examine living cells lining the respiratory tract to determine how the cells use tiny hairs to move dirt and mucus away from the lungs. Which of the following instruments would be best, and why?

A light microscope, because it allows observations of whole, live cells

6) A scientist wants to magnify a pollen grain 8,000 times and examine the ridges and pores on its surface. Which of the following instruments would be best ?

A scanning electron microscope

44) Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function; as a result, the rate of

ATP synthesis deceases

8) Which of the following statements about the domain Bacteria is true?

All bacteria lack a nucleus

7) Organisms that are prokaryotes are in domains

Bacteria and Archea

31. A farmer decides to go into the business of raising trout for tourists who enjoy fishing. She builds six trout ponds and stocks each of them with trout from genetically identical stock. Her friends tell her that because she started each pond with just a few trout, she has created a bottleneck effect and her trout populations are likely to become genetically different rapidly. Which of the following statements about her trout is likely true?

Because the ponds are different and the populations are likely to experience different mutations, the populations will likely diverge evolutionarily, but only over many generations.

28. Mothers and teachers often say they need another pair of eyes on the backs of their heads. And another pair of hands would come in handy in many situations. You can imagine that these traits would have been advantageous to our early hunter-gatherer ancestors as well. According to sound evolutionary reasoning, what is the most likely explanation for why humans do not have these traits?

Because these variations have probably never appeared in a healthy human. As tetrapods, we are pretty much stuck with a four-limbed, two-eyed body plan; natural selection can only edit existing variations.

17) Which of the following structures is/are used by prokaryotes for attaching to surfaces

Capsule

20) Unlike animal cells, plant cells have _____ and ______. Unlike plant cells, animal cells have ______.

Chloroplasts, cell walls; centrioles

22) The nucleus of a cell

Contains DNA

29. In a large population of plants, notches in the leaves are caused by a dominant allele N and lack of notches by a recessive allele n. Over many generations the proportion of plants in the population with notched leaves increases. What is the most likely cause?

Directional selection favored plants with notched leaves.

10) Which of the following statements about evolution is true?

Evolution can result in adaption

9) Which of the following is a kingdom within the domain Eukarya

Fungi

18. Which of the following statements best describes the true nature of natural selection?

Heritable traits that promote reproduction become more frequent in a population from one generation to the next.

11) Which level of hierarch shown is a community?

Level C

2) During the 1950s, a scientist named Lysenko tried to solve the food shortages in the Soviet Union by breeding wheat that could grow in Siberia. He theorized that if individual wheat plants were exposed to cold, they would develop additional cold tolerance and pass it to their offspring. Based on the ideas of artificial and natural selection, do you think this project worked as planned?

No, because there was no process of selection based on inherited traits. Lysenko assumed that exposure could induce a plant to develop additional cold tolerance and that this tolerance would be passed to the plant's offspring.

13) Which of the following structures is exclusively associated with prokaryotic cells

Nucleoid

1) Which of the following statements about the properties of life is false?

Organisms have an unchanging, constant internal environment

53) Which of the following statements about a plant cell wall is false

Plant cell walls protect plant cells by forming an impermeable layer around the cell

15) ________ cells lack membrane enclose nucleus

Prokaryotic

25. A woman struggling with a bacterial illness is prescribed a month's supply of a potent antibiotic. She takes the antibiotic for about two weeks and feels much better. Should she save the remaining two-week supply, or should she continue taking the drug?

She should continue taking the drug until her immune system can completely eliminate the infection. Otherwise, some bacteria may remain in her system, and they will probably be resistant.

60) The oil from the sebaceous glands is produced by which of the following cell organelles?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

39) Which of the following statements about the functions of a plant cell central vacuole is false

The central vacuole of a plant cell may digest chemicals for recycling

15. A population of 1,000 birds exists on a small Pacific island. Some of the birds are yellow, a characteristic determined by a recessive allele. The others are green, a characteristic determined by a dominant allele. A hurricane on the island kills most of the birds from this population. Only 10 remain, and those birds all have yellow feathers. Which of the following statements is true?

The hurricane has caused a population bottleneck and a loss of genetic diversity. in the population.

30. A group of dog breeders is trying to design and develop an ideal dog. They want a dog with a gentle disposition, black fur, long ears, short legs, and a strong sense of smell. Which of the following comments from fellow dog breeders represents the biggest challenge they are likely to face?

There does not seem to be any genetic variation in sense of smell.

27. Some of your DNA may not code for any protein and has no known function in gene regulation; it is sometimes referred to as "junk" DNA. How do nucleotide sequences of "junk DNA" evolve?

They evolve through genetic drift and other chance processes.

56) A child dies following a series of chronic bacterial infections. At the autopsy, the physicians are startled to see that the child's white blood cells are loaded with vacuoles containing intact bacteria. Which of the following explanations could account for this finding?

a defect in the lysosomes of the white blood cells prevented the cells from destroying engulfed bacteria

11. A population is

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed.

26. Which of the following would most quickly be eliminated by natural selection?

a harmful allele in an asexual, haploid population

12. Microevolution, or evolution at its smallest scale, occurs when

a population's allele frequencies change over a span of generations.

48) The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that

a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells

3) Resolution is the

ability of an optical instrument to show two close objects as separate

55) Which of the following statements regarding cells in false

all cells have a cell wall

18) The membranous compartmentalization of a cell

allows different chemical conditions to be maintained in different parts of the cell

3) Whats is the difference between a tissue and an organ system?

an organ system includes tissues

10. What evidence is used to determine the branching sequence of an evolutionary tree?

anatomical or molecular homologous structures

11) In the plasma membrane, the phospholipids heads

are hydrophilic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane

50) Microfilaments differ from microtubules in that microfilaments

are mainly composed of actin, whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin

19)You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You conclude correctly that the cells

are plant cells

3) Broccoli, cabbages, and Brussels sprouts all descend from the same wild mustard and can still interbreed. These varieties were produced by

artificial selection

7) A scanning electron microscope is used to study _____ whereas a transmission electron microscope is used to study ______

cell surfaces; internal cell structures

21) Which of the following statements about cellular metabolism is false

cellular metabolism occurs in animal but not plant cells

43) The function of the mitochondria is

cellular respiration

23) Complex of proteins and DNA in non-dividing cell is called

chromatin

24) During cell reproduction, chromatin fibers coil up into structures called

chromosomes

47) Mitochondria differ from chloroplasts in that mitochondria

contain membrane folds called cristae, whereas chloroplasts contain disk-like vesicles in stacks called grans

14) The nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell

contains the cells DNA

45) The _____ of mitochondrion is/are an adaption that increases the surface area and enhances a mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP

cristae

4) Which of the following concepts best expresses the concept of natural selection

differential reproductive success based on inherited characteristics

21. After a copper smelter begins operation, local downwind populations of plants begin to adapt to the resulting air pollution. Scientists document, for example, that the acid tolerance of several plant species has increased significantly in the polluted area. This is an example of

directional selection.

22. A rabbit population consists of animals that are either very dark on top or very light on top. The color pattern is not related to sex. No rabbit shows intermediate coloration (medium darkness). This pattern might result from

disruptive selection

4) Which of the following statements about electron microscopes is true?

electron microscopes focus electron beams to create a magnified imaged

51) Most animal cells are

embedded in a extracellular matrix

30) An immune system cell called the plasma cell produces thousands of antibodies per second for release into the body. What type of intracellular structure would you expect to be very prominent within the cell?

endoplasmic reticulum

1) The core theme of biology, which explains both the unity and diversity of life, is

evolution

16. Thirty people are selected for a long-term mission to colonize a planet many light-years away from Earth. The mission is successful, and the population rapidly grows to several hundred individuals. However, certain genetic diseases are unusually common in this group, and the group's gene pool is quite different from that of the Earth population they have left behind. Which of the following phenomena has left its mark on this population?

founder effect

17. Genetic differences between populations tend to be reduced by

gene flow.

6) Your instructor asks you to look into your microscope to see a prokaryotic cell. You will be looking for the cell that

has a membrane

41) A manufacturing company dumps its wastes into a nearby pond. One of the wastes is found to paralyze the contractile vacuoles of certain protists. A biologist looking at individual samples of these organisms taken from the pond would find that they

have gained water and burst

8. Humans share several features with salamanders. Certain genes and proteins are nearly identical between the two species; both species have four limbs with a similar skeletal structure; the species' early embryos are very similar; and where the salamander has a functional tail, humans have a vestigial tailbone. In evolutionary terms, these are examples of

homology

52) The extracellular matrix attached to cells via glycoproteins may then bind to _____ in the plasma membrane

integrins

24. Mate-attracting features such as the bright plumage of a male peacock result from

intersexual selection.

23. Large antlers in male elk, which are used for battles between males, are a good example of a trait favored by

intrasexual selection.

26) Protein Synthesis requires the use of mRNA, which

is translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequences of proteins

14. In populations of the greater prairie chicken in Illinois, genetic diversity was

lost through genetic drift and restored by gene flow.

37) Which of the following statements about lysosomes is false?

lysosomes synthesize proteins from the recycled amino acids

25) The function of the nucleolus

manufacture ribosomal RNA

32) The main function of the endoplasmic reticulum is the production of

membrane and proteins secreted by the cell

49) The endosymbiosis hypothesis is supported by al of the following pieces of evidence except the fact that

mitochondria lack ribosomes like prokaryotes

2) Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive?

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

19. Which of the following will tend to produce adaptive changes in populations?

natural selection

7) Which of the following statements regarding natural selection is false

natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed toward improving an organisms fitness

16) A bacterial cell's DNA is found in its

nucleoid region

5) If you eat a hamburger, you are mainly eating ground up beef muscle What levels of organization are represented in this ground up muscle

organelle, cell and tissue

29) The endomembrane systems includes all of the following organelles except

peroxisome

46) The function of the chloroplast is

photosynthesis

27) Which location in the cell is unlikely to contain ribosomes or ribosomal subunits

plasma membrane

54) Which of the following statements regarding plasmodesmata is false ?

plasmodesmata are found in plant cells as well as some single-celled organisms

40) Contractile Vacuoles

prevents cells from bursting as a result of the influx of excess water

12) Archaea are composed of ______ cells

prokaryotic

33) Secretory proteins are

released from the cell through the plasma membrane

59) Based on their function, you would expect melanocytes in the skin to have a higher than usual number of

ribosomes

42) Insulin is a protein that is produced by pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. Which of the following options correctly lists the order of the structures through which insulin passes from its production to its exit from the cell?

rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, cell membrane

34) The cells that produce hair made of protein contain a lot of _____, white cells that produce the oils that coat the hair contain a lot of ______.

rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

20. An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full-grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size, although a few have antlers that are significantly larger or smaller than this average size. The average antler size remains constant over the generations. Which of the following effects probably accounts for this situation?

stabilizing selection

31) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium ions in muscle cells

35) The golgi apparatus

stores, modifies, and packages proteins

13. Genetic drift resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size is called

the bottleneck effect.

28) Which of the following statements regard the endomembrane system is false

the endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected

36) Which of the following statements regarding the golgi apparatus is false

the golgi apparatus decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production

6) A dog breeder wishes to develop a breed that does not bark. She starts with a diverse mixture of dogs. Generation after generation, she allows only the quietest dogs to breed. After 30 years of work she has a new breed of dog with interesting traits, but on average, the dogs still bark at about the same rate as other dog breeds. Which of the following would be a logical explanation for her failure?

the tendency to bark is not a heritable trait

9. Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures?

the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale

10) A pathologist who wants to examine a patients liver cells to determine if the mitochondria have an internal structural defect will likely need to use a

transmission electron microscope

38) When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. As a result of this, that cell will

undergo self-digestion and die

1) Light microscopes

use light and glass lenses to magnify an image

9) As cell size increases, the

volume increases proportionally more than the surface area

5) Which of the following assumptions or observations is not part of Darwins idea of natural selection

whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random chance