BIOLOGY BOOK 9

Each turn of the citric acid cycle produces

3 NADH and 1 FADH2

The second event in oxidative phosphorylation is the production of ATP by the enzyme ATP ____

ATP synthase

As a result of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, the carbons from acetyl CoA are released as ________________?

Carbon dioxide

The high-energy electrons that are used for oxidative phosphorylation come from molecules of ____________and .__________

NADH and FADH2

Which of the following best describes the chemical reactions of oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH is oxidized and ATP is produced.

What happens during the fermentation reactions that occur in muscle cells?

NADH is oxidized to NAD+. Pyruvate is reduced to lactate.

The use of energy stored in a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP is called

Chemiosmosis

When a muscle is working strenuously and becomes anaerobic, pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to lactate to allow the oxidation of

NADH to NAD+

The sources of high-energy electrons for oxidative phosphorylation include:

NADH, FADH(2)

Glucose contains covalent bonds that store a large amount of

chemical energy

Energy stored in a proton gradient is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi during the process of

chemiosmosis

In the final stage of glucose metabolism, the high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are removed and used to produce more ATP. This process is called

oxidative phosphorylation

which process requires oxygen to proceed?

oxidative phosphorylation

In prokaryotes, where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

plasma mebrane

The purpose of the energy investment phase of glycolysis is to

prime glucose for the exergonic reactions to follow

Formation of ATP within the electron transport chain is catalyzed by the enzyme

ATP synthase

In glycolysis, what is the net yield of ATP per molecule of glucose?

2 ATP molecules

Which of the following serve as REACTANTS in the net reaction of glycolysis?

2 NAD+ 2 ADP2- 2 Pi2-

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into

2 pyruvate molecules

The net products of glycolysis are

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O

In the first reaction of the citric acid cycle, oxaloacetate, which contains _______ carbons, is combined with acetyl-CoA, which contains ______ carbons in its acetyl group, to produce citric acid, which contains _____ carbons.

4;2;6

What is true about all forms of anaerobic respiration?

A molecule other than O2 is used as the final electron acceptor.

During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced by which enzyme?

ATP synthase

During oxidative phosphorylation, what enzyme produces ATP?

ATP synthase

What energy intermediates are produced in the citric acid cycle?

FADH2 NADH GTP

True or false: The flow of electrons through the electron transport chain requires an input of energy.

FALSE

During glycolysis, one molecule of_________ is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, driving the synthesis of ATP.

Glucose

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is _______

Oxygen

the location of oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes is the:

Plasma membrane

The structural components of the electron transport chain include which of the following?

Protein complexes and small organic molecules.

In eukaryotic cells, which of the following metabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria?

The breakdown of pyruvate The citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation

Why are phosphate groups added to glucose during the first phase of glycolysis?

To raise its free energy so that later reactions can be exergonic

The metabolic intermediate that is shared in common in the utilization of protein, carbohydrates and fat for energy is

acetyl-CoA

How can the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain be described?

an exorgonic process

An environment where oxygen is absent is termed

anaerobic

Some organisms can metabolize organic molecules in the absence of oxygen by using a substance other than O2 as the final electron acceptor of an electron transport chain. This process is called

anaerobic respiration

the location of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes is the:

cristae (inner) mitochondrial membrane

Glycolysis occurs in the ______ in eukaryotic cells.

cytosol

What type of pathway produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation without any net oxidation of organic molecules?

fermentation

In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the

inner mitochondrial membrane

The oxidation of NADH in the mitochondrion leads to an electrochemical gradient where there are more protons in the ________ space than there are in the matrix.

intermembrane

The oxidation of NADH initially leads to a high concentration of protons in the...

intermembrane space

During the first phase of glycolysis, there is a(n) ___________.

investment of ATP

In eukaryotes, the three metabolic pathways of pyruvate breakdown, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation all occur in the

mitochondria

Where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?

mitochondrial matrix

In order for cellular respiration to continue, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis must be transported into the

mitochondrion

The remaining steps of respiration occur in the _______ of the cell.

mitochondrion

Muscle cells overcome the buildup of NADH and decrease of NAD+ under anaerobic conditions by

reducing pyruvate to lactate

During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis is coupled to ___________.

the removal of high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2

primary roll of mitochondria

to make ATP

The number of ATP molecules hydrolyzed during the first stage of glycolysis is

two

Glycolysis results in a net gain of ______ ATP per glucose molecule.

two ATP

When electrons are transferred to oxygen in the final step of the electron transport chain, a molecule of _______ is produced.

water/H2O