BIOLOGY BOOK 9
Each turn of the citric acid cycle produces
3 NADH and 1 FADH2
The second event in oxidative phosphorylation is the production of ATP by the enzyme ATP ____
ATP synthase
As a result of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, the carbons from acetyl CoA are released as ________________?
Carbon dioxide
The high-energy electrons that are used for oxidative phosphorylation come from molecules of ____________and .__________
NADH and FADH2
Which of the following best describes the chemical reactions of oxidative phosphorylation?
NADH is oxidized and ATP is produced.
What happens during the fermentation reactions that occur in muscle cells?
NADH is oxidized to NAD+. Pyruvate is reduced to lactate.
The use of energy stored in a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP is called
Chemiosmosis
When a muscle is working strenuously and becomes anaerobic, pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to lactate to allow the oxidation of
NADH to NAD+
The sources of high-energy electrons for oxidative phosphorylation include:
NADH, FADH(2)
Glucose contains covalent bonds that store a large amount of
chemical energy
Energy stored in a proton gradient is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi during the process of
chemiosmosis
In the final stage of glucose metabolism, the high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are removed and used to produce more ATP. This process is called
oxidative phosphorylation
which process requires oxygen to proceed?
oxidative phosphorylation
In prokaryotes, where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
plasma mebrane
The purpose of the energy investment phase of glycolysis is to
prime glucose for the exergonic reactions to follow
Formation of ATP within the electron transport chain is catalyzed by the enzyme
ATP synthase
In glycolysis, what is the net yield of ATP per molecule of glucose?
2 ATP molecules
Which of the following serve as REACTANTS in the net reaction of glycolysis?
2 NAD+ 2 ADP2- 2 Pi2-
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into
2 pyruvate molecules
The net products of glycolysis are
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O
In the first reaction of the citric acid cycle, oxaloacetate, which contains _______ carbons, is combined with acetyl-CoA, which contains ______ carbons in its acetyl group, to produce citric acid, which contains _____ carbons.
4;2;6
What is true about all forms of anaerobic respiration?
A molecule other than O2 is used as the final electron acceptor.
During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced by which enzyme?
ATP synthase
During oxidative phosphorylation, what enzyme produces ATP?
ATP synthase
What energy intermediates are produced in the citric acid cycle?
FADH2 NADH GTP
True or false: The flow of electrons through the electron transport chain requires an input of energy.
FALSE
During glycolysis, one molecule of_________ is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, driving the synthesis of ATP.
Glucose
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is _______
Oxygen
the location of oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes is the:
Plasma membrane
The structural components of the electron transport chain include which of the following?
Protein complexes and small organic molecules.
In eukaryotic cells, which of the following metabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria?
The breakdown of pyruvate The citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation
Why are phosphate groups added to glucose during the first phase of glycolysis?
To raise its free energy so that later reactions can be exergonic
The metabolic intermediate that is shared in common in the utilization of protein, carbohydrates and fat for energy is
acetyl-CoA
How can the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain be described?
an exorgonic process
An environment where oxygen is absent is termed
anaerobic
Some organisms can metabolize organic molecules in the absence of oxygen by using a substance other than O2 as the final electron acceptor of an electron transport chain. This process is called
anaerobic respiration
the location of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes is the:
cristae (inner) mitochondrial membrane
Glycolysis occurs in the ______ in eukaryotic cells.
cytosol
What type of pathway produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation without any net oxidation of organic molecules?
fermentation
In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the
inner mitochondrial membrane
The oxidation of NADH in the mitochondrion leads to an electrochemical gradient where there are more protons in the ________ space than there are in the matrix.
intermembrane
The oxidation of NADH initially leads to a high concentration of protons in the...
intermembrane space
During the first phase of glycolysis, there is a(n) ___________.
investment of ATP
In eukaryotes, the three metabolic pathways of pyruvate breakdown, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation all occur in the
mitochondria
Where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrial matrix
In order for cellular respiration to continue, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis must be transported into the
mitochondrion
The remaining steps of respiration occur in the _______ of the cell.
mitochondrion
Muscle cells overcome the buildup of NADH and decrease of NAD+ under anaerobic conditions by
reducing pyruvate to lactate
During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis is coupled to ___________.
the removal of high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2
primary roll of mitochondria
to make ATP
The number of ATP molecules hydrolyzed during the first stage of glycolysis is
two
Glycolysis results in a net gain of ______ ATP per glucose molecule.
two ATP
When electrons are transferred to oxygen in the final step of the electron transport chain, a molecule of _______ is produced.
water/H2O
