Biology: Cell Transportation Test
nonpolar
repelled by water
Transport Protein
protein that moves substances or wastes through the plasma membrane
Carrier, change their shape
*blank * proteins- proteins that *blank* after interacting with a specific molecule in order to let it pass through.
Water, polar
*blank* is a *blank* molecule
Channel, simple tunnels, gated, open, close
*blank* protein- *blank* that molecules can use to enter or exit the cell. Can be *blank* to *blank* and *blank* (Facilitated Diffusion)
Water inside the cell is higher
A cell is in a hypertonic solution if the concentration of *blank* than the concentration outside the cell
Water inside the cell is lower, enters
A cell is in a hypotonic solution if the concentration of blank than the cell concentration outside the cell Water *blank* the cell, and the cell could burst.
lipid, phosphate group
A phospholipid is a *blank* with a *blank* attached.
Sodium-potassium pump
A specialized protein that pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions that are moved into cell; moves sodium and potassium against the concentration gradient
name tags, identify the cell
Marker proteins are like *blank* that *blank*
Brownian movement
Molecules are able to naturally diffuse due to a mechanism called *blank*
Simple Diffusion
Molecules simply diffuse through a semipermeable without any aid of transport proteins [Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide]
Against, very big
Molecules that are actively transported go *blank* The concentration gradient or are actively transported because the molecules are *blank*
the rate of diffusion decreases
Once the equilibrium is reached, what happens?
immune
One of the functions of marker proteins is to enable a person's *blank* system to distinguish its cells from those of invading cells
Water
Osmosis is the diffusion of *blank*
Exo
Out
Gated channel proteins
channel proteins that have a gate or flap to open and close in order to let certain substances out
concentration gradient
What must exist to allow molecules to diffuse?
water-based fluids
What surrounds each side of the cell membrane?
Salt water
What will dehydrate you severely?
Passive
Which transport does not require energy?
Active
Which transport requires energy?
against, low, high, very large
Active transport moves substances across the cell membrane *blank* the concentration gradient (from *blank* to *blank*) OR is used to move *blank* molecules that will not fit through the membranes or the transport proteins.
An active transport in which a protein pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions that enter
Define sodium-potassium pump
Both
Are Channel and carrier proteins passive or active?
proteins to help
Bigger molecules need *Blank* get in or out of the cell
changing their shape
Carrier proteins- transport proteins that can move substances by *blank* (both active and passive)
Cyto
Cell
Isotonic
Cell environment where concentrations of water are equal inside and out of cell
Burst
Cell will *blank* if environment remains a hypotonic; percentage of water is higher outside cell than in
Shrink
Cell will *blank* if it is exposed to a hypertonic environment; percentage of water is lower outside of the cell than in
Size, small, Polarity is not strong
Despite water's polarity, it can sneak through the cell membrane because of its *blank.* It is *blank* enough that it's *blank* enough for the cell membrane to repel
small openings, ions or polar molecules
Channel proteins- *blank* in the cell membranes, usually used for *blank*
the random movement of particles
Define Brownian movement
the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Define Osmosis.
A difference of concentrations between two regions
Define concentration gradient.
The diffusion of polar molecules and amino acids with the assistance of transport proteins
Define facilitated diffusion
too big
Endocytosis- a process by which cells surround and engulf substances that are *blank* to enter the cell.
Concentrations, both sides, equal
Equilibrium- the state in which the *blank* on *blank* of the semipermeable membrane are the same *(blank)*
Expels it out of the cell
Exocytosis - opposite endocytosis. When a cell forms of vesicle around unwanted particles and *blank*
Proteins
Facilitated diffusion is passive *transport* used to move *ions and polar molecules* in and out of the membrane with the assistant of *blank*
polar molecules
Facilitated diffusion use proteins to allow *blank* and amino acids into and out of the cell
Polar, ions, transport proteins
Facilitated diffusion- the transport of *blank* substances or *blank* across a semipermeable membrane that requires *blank*
moving materials in and out of the cell
For what are transport proteins responsible?
flap
Gated channel proteins- channel proteins that have a gate or *blank* to open and close in order to let certain substances in an out
Endo
In
membrane, engulf, vesicle
In endocytosis, the cell uses its own *blank* to *blank* the substance into a *blank* and bring it in.
with the concentration gradient
In passive transport, substances move across the membrane *blank*
Channels, ions
Ion channels are proteins with special *blank* that can open or close to let *blank* in and out
Ions, with, low
Ion channels- specialized channels used in passive transport. Allow *blank* in and out of the cell *blank* the concentration gradient (high to *blank*)
Equal, no net movement
Isotonic - water concentration stays *blank* inside and outside the cell What enters and leaves the cell *blank*
Nonpolar, polar
Proteins are needed to assist ions and polar molecules because the inner portion of the cell is *blank* and will resist any *blank* molecules trying to pass
Receptor Proteins
Proteins that allow the cell to react and communicate with other cells by picking up signals from other cells. The part of this on the exterior of the cell surface binds to a molecule, causing the portion of the inside of cell to change shape- triggering a reaction, sending a message.
Marker Protein
Proteins that are like markers and identify the cell. "glycoproteins" is another name because they contain carbs. Function: enable person's immune system.
Requires energy
Recall the active transport *blank* (ATP)
interact, communicate, picking up signals
Receptor proteins allow the cell to *blank* and *blank* with other cells by *blank* from other cells
Nonpolar
Simple diffusion is passive and does not require proteins- substances that are *blank* and have no charge can simply diffuse through the membranes
Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
What are the types of Passive transport?
Endocytosis, exocytosis, and sodium-potassium pump
What are three examples of active transport?
Molecules diffuse at a net rate of zero
What happens once the equilibrium reached?
diffuse
Small molecules can *blank* through the membrane (including water)
Channel Proteins
Small openings in the cell membranes; usually used for ions or polar molecules
electrical signals, fatal, ion channels, to diffuse back into the cell
Sodium potassium pump- Sodium plays a key role in generating *blank* among our cells. If sodium build up in our cells, it can cause them to malfunction and can be *blank* Sodium is constantly sneaking back into our cells after it is pumped out. HOW? *blank* (passive transport) allows them *blank* (with the concentration gradient)
move from high to low
Substances *blank* concentration (Passive)
Pinocytosis
Taking in dissolved or broken-down particles
Phagocytosis
Taking in solid food particles
S.J. Singer, Mosaic, structure of the cell membrane, many different molecules
The Fluid Mosaic Model proposed by *Blank* A *blank* is a work of art made of different colored or textured tiles assembled to form a picture or design The term "fluid mosaic model" the model used to describe the *blank* This is because there are so *blank* attached to the cell membrane. forming mosaic.
Receptor mediated
The cell brings in specific substances using receptors (specific hormones, proteins, etc).
barrier
The cell membrane acts as a *blank,* separating the cell's inside from its outside
plasma membrane, semi-permeable membrane
The cell membrane is also known as the *blank* and is often referred to as the *blank.*
both sides have water-based fluids
What helps with the integrity of the cell?
Diffusion
What is another name for passive transport?
Phospholipid bilayer
What is the structure out of which the cell membrane is made?
triggering a reaction, signal
The part of the receptor protein on the exterior of the cell surface binds to a molecule. This causes the portion of the portein on the outside pf the cell to change shape, *blank* within the cell; thus, sending a *blank.*
hate
The tails of phospholipids *blank* water.
the tendency for the cell to allow some materials in, not all.
To what does semi-permeable refer?
Hypertonic
Too little water in the cell
Hypotonic
Too much water in the cell
Carrier Protein
Transport protein that can move substances by changing their shape.
Leaves the cell
Water *blank* in hypertonic
Na+, K+, Cl-
What are examples of ions?
Ions, salts, and potassium
What are examples of transport proteins?
regulate what enters and leaves, provide protection and support, and communicate with other cells
What are the three functions of the cell membrane?
Transport proteins, marker proteins, and receptor proteins
What are the three proteins embedded into the cell membrane?
Passive and active transport
What are the two types of cellular transport?
Polar
attracted to water
love
the heads of phospholipids *blank* water.
